Update outdated Windows version warning (#6481)

* Change text

* clarify version number

* update gtk

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
           - { name: win-x64,     os: windows-latest, zip_os_name: win_x64     }
           - { name: linux-x64,   os: ubuntu-latest,  zip_os_name: linux_x64   }
           - { name: linux-arm64, os: ubuntu-latest,  zip_os_name: linux_arm64 }
-          - { name: osx-x64,     os: macOS-latest,   zip_os_name: osx_x64     }
+          - { name: osx-x64,     os: macos-13,       zip_os_name: osx_x64     }
 
       fail-fast: false
     steps:
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: Change config filename
         run: sed -r --in-place 's/\%\%RYUJINX_CONFIG_FILE_NAME\%\%/PRConfig\.json/g;' src/Ryujinx.Common/ReleaseInformation.cs
         shell: bash
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Change config filename for macOS
         run: sed -r -i '' 's/\%\%RYUJINX_CONFIG_FILE_NAME\%\%/PRConfig\.json/g;' src/Ryujinx.Common/ReleaseInformation.cs
         shell: bash
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os == 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os == 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Build
         run: dotnet build -c "${{ matrix.configuration }}" -p:Version="${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}" -p:SourceRevisionId="${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}" -p:ExtraDefineConstants=DISABLE_UPDATER
@@ -61,15 +61,15 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Publish Ryujinx
         run: dotnet publish -c "${{ matrix.configuration }}" -r "${{ matrix.platform.name }}" -o ./publish -p:Version="${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}" -p:DebugType=embedded -p:SourceRevisionId="${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}" -p:ExtraDefineConstants=DISABLE_UPDATER src/Ryujinx --self-contained true
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Publish Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2
         run: dotnet publish -c "${{ matrix.configuration }}" -r "${{ matrix.platform.name }}" -o ./publish_sdl2_headless -p:Version="${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}" -p:DebugType=embedded -p:SourceRevisionId="${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}" -p:ExtraDefineConstants=DISABLE_UPDATER src/Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2 --self-contained true
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Publish Ryujinx.Gtk3
         run: dotnet publish -c "${{ matrix.configuration }}" -r "${{ matrix.platform.name }}" -o ./publish_gtk -p:Version="${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}" -p:DebugType=embedded -p:SourceRevisionId="${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}" -p:ExtraDefineConstants=DISABLE_UPDATER src/Ryujinx.Gtk3 --self-contained true
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Set executable bit
         run: |
@@ -83,21 +83,21 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: ryujinx-${{ matrix.configuration }}-${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}+${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}-${{ matrix.platform.zip_os_name }}
           path: publish
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Upload Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2 artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: sdl2-ryujinx-headless-${{ matrix.configuration }}-${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}+${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}-${{ matrix.platform.zip_os_name }}
           path: publish_sdl2_headless
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Upload Ryujinx.Gtk3 artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: gtk-ryujinx-${{ matrix.configuration }}-${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}+${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}-${{ matrix.platform.zip_os_name }}
           path: publish_gtk
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
   build_macos:
     name: macOS Universal (${{ matrix.configuration }})

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan" Version="2.16.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.EXT" Version="2.16.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR" Version="2.16.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="SixLabors.ImageSharp" Version="2.1.7" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="SixLabors.ImageSharp" Version="2.1.8" />
     <PackageVersion Include="SixLabors.ImageSharp.Drawing" Version="1.0.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="SPB" Version="0.0.4-build32" />
     <PackageVersion Include="System.IO.Hashing" Version="8.0.0" />

Ryujinx.sln.DotSettings

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/CSharpVarKeywordUsage/ForOtherTypes/@EntryValue">UseExplicitType</s:String>
 	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/CSharpVarKeywordUsage/ForSimpleTypes/@EntryValue">UseExplicitType</s:String>
 	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CSharpNaming/PredefinedNamingRules/=TypesAndNamespaces/@EntryIndexedValue">&lt;Policy Inspect="True" Prefix="" Suffix="" Style="AaBb"&gt;&lt;ExtraRule Prefix="I" Suffix="" Style="AaBb" /&gt;&lt;/Policy&gt;</s:String>
+	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CSharpNaming/UserRules/=a0b4bc4d_002Dd13b_002D4a37_002Db37e_002Dc9c6864e4302/@EntryIndexedValue">&lt;Policy&gt;&lt;Descriptor Staticness="Any" AccessRightKinds="Any" Description="Types and namespaces"&gt;&lt;ElementKinds&gt;&lt;Kind Name="NAMESPACE" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="CLASS" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="STRUCT" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="ENUM" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="DELEGATE" /&gt;&lt;/ElementKinds&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect="True" Prefix="" Suffix="" Style="AaBb"&gt;&lt;ExtraRule Prefix="I" Suffix="" Style="AaBb" /&gt;&lt;/Policy&gt;&lt;/Policy&gt;</s:String>
+	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/Environment/SettingsMigration/IsMigratorApplied/=JetBrains_002EReSharper_002EPsi_002ECSharp_002ECodeStyle_002ESettingsUpgrade_002EPredefinedNamingRulesToUserRulesUpgrade/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>
 	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=ASET/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>
 	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=Astc/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>
 	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=Luma/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/PTC/Ptc.cs

@@ -857,8 +857,14 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
 
             Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
 
-            threads.ForEach((thread) => thread.Start());
-            threads.ForEach((thread) => thread.Join());
+            foreach (var thread in threads)
+            {
+                thread.Start();
+            }
+            foreach (var thread in threads)
+            {
+                thread.Join();
+            }
 
             threads.Clear();
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SDL2/SDL2HardwareDeviceSession.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Threading;
 
@@ -87,7 +89,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SDL2
                 return;
             }
 
-            byte[] samples = new byte[frameCount * _bytesPerFrame];
+            using IMemoryOwner<byte> samplesOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(frameCount * _bytesPerFrame);
+
+            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Memory.Span;
 
             _ringBuffer.Read(samples, 0, samples.Length);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo/SoundIoHardwareDeviceSession.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo.Native;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Threading;
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo
             _outputStream = _driver.OpenStream(RequestedSampleFormat, RequestedSampleRate, RequestedChannelCount);
             _outputStream.WriteCallback += Update;
             _outputStream.Volume = requestedVolume;
-            // TODO: Setup other callbacks (errors, ect).
+            // TODO: Setup other callbacks (errors, etc.)
 
             _outputStream.Open();
         }
@@ -120,7 +122,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo
 
             int channelCount = areas.Length;
 
-            byte[] samples = new byte[frameCount * bytesPerFrame];
+            using IMemoryOwner<byte> samplesOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(frameCount * bytesPerFrame);
+
+            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Memory.Span;
 
             _ringBuffer.Read(samples, 0, samples.Length);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/BehaviourContext.cs

@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <summary>
         /// Check if the audio renderer should fix the GC-ADPCM context not being provided to the DSP.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>True if if the audio renderer should fix it.</returns>
+        /// <returns>True if the audio renderer should fix it.</returns>
         public bool IsAdpcmLoopContextBugFixed()
         {
             return CheckFeatureSupported(UserRevision, BaseRevisionMagic + Revision2);

src/Ryujinx.Common/Configuration/Hid/KeyboardHotkeys.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 namespace Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid
 {
-    // NOTE: Please don't change this to struct.
-    //       This breaks Avalonia's TwoWay binding, which makes us unable to save new KeyboardHotkeys.
     public class KeyboardHotkeys
     {
         public Key ToggleVsync { get; set; }

src/Ryujinx.Common/Extensions/SequenceReaderExtensions.cs

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Extensions
         /// <remarks>
         /// DO NOT use <paramref name="copyDestinationIfRequiredDoNotUse"/> after calling this method, as it will only
         /// contain a value if the value couldn't be referenced directly because it spans multiple <see cref="ReadOnlyMemory{Byte}"/> segments.
-        /// To discourage use, it is recommended to to call this method like the following:
+        /// To discourage use, it is recommended to call this method like the following:
         /// <c>
         ///     ref readonly MyStruct value = ref sequenceReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy{MyStruct}(out _);
         /// </c>

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/SpanOrArray.cs

@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-
-namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    /// A struct that can represent both a Span and Array.
-    /// This is useful to keep the Array representation when possible to avoid copies.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <typeparam name="T">Element Type</typeparam>
-    public readonly ref struct SpanOrArray<T> where T : unmanaged
-    {
-        public readonly T[] Array;
-        public readonly ReadOnlySpan<T> Span;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new SpanOrArray from an array.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="array">Array to store</param>
-        public SpanOrArray(T[] array)
-        {
-            Array = array;
-            Span = ReadOnlySpan<T>.Empty;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new SpanOrArray from a readonly span.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="array">Span to store</param>
-        public SpanOrArray(ReadOnlySpan<T> span)
-        {
-            Array = null;
-            Span = span;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Return the contained array, or convert the span if necessary.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>An array containing the data</returns>
-        public T[] ToArray()
-        {
-            return Array ?? Span.ToArray();
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Return a ReadOnlySpan from either the array or ReadOnlySpan.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>A ReadOnlySpan containing the data</returns>
-        public ReadOnlySpan<T> AsSpan()
-        {
-            return Array ?? Span;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast an array to a SpanOrArray.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="array">Source array</param>
-        public static implicit operator SpanOrArray<T>(T[] array)
-        {
-            return new SpanOrArray<T>(array);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast a ReadOnlySpan to a SpanOrArray.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="span">Source ReadOnlySpan</param>
-        public static implicit operator SpanOrArray<T>(ReadOnlySpan<T> span)
-        {
-            return new SpanOrArray<T>(span);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast a Span to a SpanOrArray.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="span">Source Span</param>
-        public static implicit operator SpanOrArray<T>(Span<T> span)
-        {
-            return new SpanOrArray<T>(span);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast a SpanOrArray to a ReadOnlySpan
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="spanOrArray">Source SpanOrArray</param>
-        public static implicit operator ReadOnlySpan<T>(SpanOrArray<T> spanOrArray)
-        {
-            return spanOrArray.AsSpan();
-        }
-    }
-}

src/Ryujinx.Common/Utilities/EmbeddedResources.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Reflection;
@@ -41,6 +42,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common
             return StreamUtils.StreamToBytes(stream);
         }
 
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ReadFileToRentedMemory(string filename)
+        {
+            var (assembly, path) = ResolveManifestPath(filename);
+
+            return ReadFileToRentedMemory(assembly, path);
+        }
+
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ReadFileToRentedMemory(Assembly assembly, string filename)
+        {
+            using var stream = GetStream(assembly, filename);
+
+            return stream is null
+                ? null
+                : StreamUtils.StreamToRentedMemory(stream);
+        }
+
         public async static Task<byte[]> ReadAsync(Assembly assembly, string filename)
         {
             using var stream = GetStream(assembly, filename);

src/Ryujinx.Common/Utilities/StreamUtils.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+using Microsoft.IO;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
@@ -9,12 +11,50 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Utilities
     {
         public static byte[] StreamToBytes(Stream input)
         {
-            using MemoryStream stream = MemoryStreamManager.Shared.GetStream();
+            using RecyclableMemoryStream output = StreamToRecyclableMemoryStream(input);
 
+            return output.ToArray();
+        }
 
-            input.CopyTo(stream);
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> StreamToRentedMemory(Stream input)
+        {
+            if (input is MemoryStream inputMemoryStream)
+            {
+                return MemoryStreamToRentedMemory(inputMemoryStream);
+            }
+            else if (input.CanSeek)
+            {
+                long bytesExpected = input.Length;
 
-            return stream.ToArray();
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> ownedMemory = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(bytesExpected);
+
+                var destSpan = ownedMemory.Memory.Span;
+
+                int totalBytesRead = 0;
+
+                while (totalBytesRead < bytesExpected)
+                {
+                    int bytesRead = input.Read(destSpan[totalBytesRead..]);
+
+                    if (bytesRead == 0)
+                    {
+                        ownedMemory.Dispose();
+
+                        throw new IOException($"Tried reading {bytesExpected} but the stream closed after reading {totalBytesRead}.");
+                    }
+
+                    totalBytesRead += bytesRead;
+                }
+
+                return ownedMemory;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // If input is (non-seekable) then copy twice: first into a RecyclableMemoryStream, then to a rented IMemoryOwner<byte>.
+                using RecyclableMemoryStream output = StreamToRecyclableMemoryStream(input);
+
+                return MemoryStreamToRentedMemory(output);
+            }
         }
 
         public static async Task<byte[]> StreamToBytesAsync(Stream input, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
@@ -25,5 +65,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Utilities
 
             return stream.ToArray();
         }
+
+        private static IMemoryOwner<byte> MemoryStreamToRentedMemory(MemoryStream input)
+        {
+            input.Position = 0;
+
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> ownedMemory = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(input.Length);
+
+            // Discard the return value because we assume reading a MemoryStream always succeeds completely.
+            _ = input.Read(ownedMemory.Memory.Span);
+
+            return ownedMemory;
+        }
+
+        private static RecyclableMemoryStream StreamToRecyclableMemoryStream(Stream input)
+        {
+            RecyclableMemoryStream stream = MemoryStreamManager.Shared.GetStream();
+
+            input.CopyTo(stream);
+
+            return stream;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/Jit/MemoryManagerHostTracked.cs

@@ -85,6 +85,70 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
             _addressSpace = new(Tracking, backingMemory, _nativePageTable, useProtectionMirrors);
         }
 
+        public override ReadOnlySequence<byte> GetReadOnlySequence(ulong va, int size, bool tracked = false)
+        {
+            if (size == 0)
+            {
+                return ReadOnlySequence<byte>.Empty;
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (tracked)
+                {
+                    SignalMemoryTracking(va, (ulong)size, false);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    AssertValidAddressAndSize(va, (ulong)size);
+                }
+
+                ulong endVa = va + (ulong)size;
+                int offset = 0;
+
+                BytesReadOnlySequenceSegment first = null, last = null;
+
+                while (va < endVa)
+                {
+                    (MemoryBlock memory, ulong rangeOffset, ulong copySize) = GetMemoryOffsetAndSize(va, (ulong)(size - offset));
+
+                    Memory<byte> physicalMemory = memory.GetMemory(rangeOffset, (int)copySize);
+
+                    if (first is null)
+                    {
+                        first = last = new BytesReadOnlySequenceSegment(physicalMemory);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (last.IsContiguousWith(physicalMemory, out nuint contiguousStart, out int contiguousSize))
+                        {
+                            Memory<byte> contiguousPhysicalMemory = new NativeMemoryManager<byte>(contiguousStart, contiguousSize).Memory;
+
+                            last.Replace(contiguousPhysicalMemory);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            last = last.Append(physicalMemory);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    va += copySize;
+                    offset += (int)copySize;
+                }
+
+                return new ReadOnlySequence<byte>(first, 0, last, (int)(size - last.RunningIndex));
+            }
+            catch (InvalidMemoryRegionException)
+            {
+                if (_invalidAccessHandler == null || !_invalidAccessHandler(va))
+                {
+                    throw;
+                }
+
+                return ReadOnlySequence<byte>.Empty;
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public void Map(ulong va, ulong pa, ulong size, MemoryMapFlags flags)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Device/DeviceMemoryManager.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
@@ -143,11 +145,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Device
             }
             else
             {
-                Memory<byte> memory = new byte[size];
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> memoryOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
-                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memory.Span);
+                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memoryOwner.Memory.Span);
 
-                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memory, tracked: true);
+                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memoryOwner, tracked: true);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Capabilities.cs

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public readonly bool SupportsMismatchingViewFormat;
         public readonly bool SupportsCubemapView;
         public readonly bool SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset;
+        public readonly bool SupportsSeparateSampler;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderBallot;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderFloat64;
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             bool supportsMismatchingViewFormat,
             bool supportsCubemapView,
             bool supportsNonConstantTextureOffset,
+            bool supportsSeparateSampler,
             bool supportsShaderBallot,
             bool supportsShaderBarrierDivergence,
             bool supportsShaderFloat64,
@@ -144,6 +146,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             SupportsMismatchingViewFormat = supportsMismatchingViewFormat;
             SupportsCubemapView = supportsCubemapView;
             SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset = supportsNonConstantTextureOffset;
+            SupportsSeparateSampler = supportsSeparateSampler;
             SupportsShaderBallot = supportsShaderBallot;
             SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence = supportsShaderBarrierDivergence;
             SupportsShaderFloat64 = supportsShaderFloat64;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ITexture.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 {
@@ -17,10 +17,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         PinnedSpan<byte> GetData();
         PinnedSpan<byte> GetData(int layer, int level);
 
-        void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data);
-        void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level);
-        void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region);
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// the operation completes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
+        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// the operation completes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
+        /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
+        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// the operation completes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
+        /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
+        /// <param name="region">Target sub-region of the texture to update</param>
+        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region);
+
         void SetStorage(BufferRange buffer);
+
         void Release();
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetData;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<byte[]> _data;
+        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<byte[]> data)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
         public static void Run(ref TextureSetDataCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ThreadedTexture texture = command._texture.Get(threaded);
-            texture.Base.SetData(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(command._data.Get(threaded)));
+            texture.Base.SetData(command._data.Get(threaded));
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataSliceCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetDataSlice;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<byte[]> _data;
+        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
         private int _layer;
         private int _level;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<byte[]> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
         public static void Run(ref TextureSetDataSliceCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ThreadedTexture texture = command._texture.Get(threaded);
-            texture.Base.SetData(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(command._data.Get(threaded)), command._layer, command._level);
+            texture.Base.SetData(command._data.Get(threaded), command._layer, command._level);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetDataSliceRegion;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<byte[]> _data;
+        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
         private int _layer;
         private int _level;
         private Rectangle<int> _region;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<byte[]> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
         public static void Run(ref TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ThreadedTexture texture = command._texture.Get(threaded);
-            texture.Base.SetData(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(command._data.Get(threaded)), command._layer, command._level, command._region);
+            texture.Base.SetData(command._data.Get(threaded), command._layer, command._level, command._region);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedTexture.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
 {
@@ -110,21 +110,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()));
+            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data));
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
-            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()), layer, level);
+            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data), layer, level);
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
-            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()), layer, level, region);
+            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data), layer, level, region);
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Compute/ComputeClass.cs

@@ -126,6 +126,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Compute
             ulong samplerPoolGpuVa = ((ulong)_state.State.SetTexSamplerPoolAOffsetUpper << 32) | _state.State.SetTexSamplerPoolB;
             ulong texturePoolGpuVa = ((ulong)_state.State.SetTexHeaderPoolAOffsetUpper << 32) | _state.State.SetTexHeaderPoolB;
 
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId = _state.State.SetTexSamplerPoolCMaximumIndex;
+
             GpuChannelPoolState poolState = new(
                 texturePoolGpuVa,
                 _state.State.SetTexHeaderPoolCMaximumIndex,
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Compute
                 sharedMemorySize,
                 _channel.BufferManager.HasUnalignedStorageBuffers);
 
-            CachedShaderProgram cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
+            CachedShaderProgram cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
 
             _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(cs.HostProgram);
 
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Compute
                     sharedMemorySize,
                     _channel.BufferManager.HasUnalignedStorageBuffers);
 
-                cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
+                cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
 
                 _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(cs.HostProgram);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Dma/DmaClass.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Dma
 
                     if (target != null)
                     {
-                        byte[] data;
+                        IMemoryOwner<byte> data;
                         if (srcLinear)
                         {
                             data = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/GPFifo/GPFifoClass.cs

@@ -157,6 +157,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo
             }
             else if (operation == SyncpointbOperation.Incr)
             {
+                // "Unbind" render targets since a syncpoint increment might indicate future CPU access for the textures.
+                _parent.TextureManager.RefreshModifiedTextures();
+
                 _context.CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(HostSyncFlags.StrictSyncpoint);
                 _context.Synchronization.IncrementSyncpoint(syncpointId);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/GPFifo/GPFifoProcessor.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Dma;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.InlineToMemory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Twod;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
@@ -28,6 +29,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo
         /// </summary>
         public MemoryManager MemoryManager => _channel.MemoryManager;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Channel texture manager.
+        /// </summary>
+        public TextureManager TextureManager => _channel.TextureManager;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// 3D Engine.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/InlineToMemory/InlineToMemoryClass.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Device;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
 using System;
@@ -198,7 +199,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.InlineToMemory
                     if (target != null)
                     {
                         target.SynchronizeMemory();
-                        target.SetData(data, 0, 0, new GAL.Rectangle<int>(_dstX, _dstY, _lineLengthIn / target.Info.FormatInfo.BytesPerPixel, _lineCount));
+                        var dataCopy = ByteMemoryPool.RentCopy(data);
+                        target.SetData(dataCopy, 0, 0, new GAL.Rectangle<int>(_dstX, _dstY, _lineLengthIn / target.Info.FormatInfo.BytesPerPixel, _lineCount));
                         target.SignalModified();
 
                         return;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/StateUpdater.cs

@@ -1429,7 +1429,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                 addressesSpan[index] = baseAddress + shader.Offset;
             }
 
-            CachedShaderProgram gs = shaderCache.GetGraphicsShader(ref _state.State, ref _pipeline, _channel, ref _currentSpecState.GetPoolState(), ref _currentSpecState.GetGraphicsState(), addresses);
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId = _state.State.SamplerIndex == SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex
+                ? _state.State.TexturePoolState.MaximumId
+                : _state.State.SamplerPoolState.MaximumId;
+
+            CachedShaderProgram gs = shaderCache.GetGraphicsShader(
+                ref _state.State,
+                ref _pipeline,
+                _channel,
+                samplerPoolMaximumId,
+                ref _currentSpecState.GetPoolState(),
+                ref _currentSpecState.GetGraphicsState(),
+                addresses);
 
             // Consume the modified flag for spec state so that it isn't checked again.
             _currentSpecState.SetShader(gs);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/GpuContext.cs

@@ -395,8 +395,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
             {
                 Renderer.CreateSync(SyncNumber, strict);
 
-                SyncActions.ForEach(action => action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint));
-                SyncpointActions.ForEach(action => action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint));
+                foreach (var action in SyncActions)
+                {
+                    action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint);
+                }
+                foreach (var action in SyncpointActions)
+                {
+                    action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint);
+                }
 
                 SyncNumber++;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/PoolCache.cs

@@ -62,8 +62,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel that the texture pool cache belongs to</param>
         /// <param name="address">Start address of the texture pool</param>
         /// <param name="maximumId">Maximum ID of the texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingsArrayCache">Cache of texture array bindings</param>
         /// <returns>The found or newly created texture pool</returns>
-        public T FindOrCreate(GpuChannel channel, ulong address, int maximumId)
+        public T FindOrCreate(GpuChannel channel, ulong address, int maximumId, TextureBindingsArrayCache bindingsArrayCache)
         {
             // Remove old entries from the cache, if possible.
             while (_pools.Count > MaxCapacity && (_currentTimestamp - _pools.First.Value.CacheTimestamp) >= MinDeltaForRemoval)
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 _pools.RemoveFirst();
                 oldestPool.Dispose();
                 oldestPool.CacheNode = null;
+                bindingsArrayCache.RemoveAllWithPool(oldestPool);
             }
 
             T pool;
@@ -87,8 +89,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     if (pool.CacheNode != _pools.Last)
                     {
                         _pools.Remove(pool.CacheNode);
-
-                        pool.CacheNode = _pools.AddLast(pool);
+                        _pools.AddLast(pool.CacheNode);
                     }
 
                     pool.CacheTimestamp = _currentTimestamp;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/Texture.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
@@ -7,6 +6,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture.Astc;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Linq;
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 }
             }
 
-            SpanOrArray<byte> result = ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data);
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data);
 
             if (ScaleFactor != 1f && AllowScaledSetData())
             {
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Uploads new texture data to the host GPU.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="data">New data</param>
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="data">New data</param>
         /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
         /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
         /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
         /// <param name="region">Target sub-region of the texture to update</param>
-        public void SetData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="level">Mip level to convert</param>
         /// <param name="single">True to convert a single slice</param>
         /// <returns>Converted data</returns>
-        public SpanOrArray<byte> ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int level = 0, bool single = false)
+        public IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int level = 0, bool single = false)
         {
             int width = Info.Width;
             int height = Info.Height;
@@ -754,11 +754,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             int sliceDepth = single ? 1 : depth;
 
-            SpanOrArray<byte> result;
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> linear;
 
             if (Info.IsLinear)
             {
-                result = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(
+                linear = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(
                     width,
                     height,
                     Info.FormatInfo.BlockWidth,
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
             else
             {
-                result = LayoutConverter.ConvertBlockLinearToLinear(
+                linear = LayoutConverter.ConvertBlockLinearToLinear(
                     width,
                     height,
                     depth,
@@ -787,33 +787,41 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     data);
             }
 
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = linear;
+
             // Handle compressed cases not supported by the host:
             // - ASTC is usually not supported on desktop cards.
             // - BC4/BC5 is not supported on 3D textures.
             if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsAstcCompression && Format.IsAstc())
             {
-                if (!AstcDecoder.TryDecodeToRgba8P(
-                    result.ToArray(),
-                    Info.FormatInfo.BlockWidth,
-                    Info.FormatInfo.BlockHeight,
-                    width,
-                    height,
-                    sliceDepth,
-                    levels,
-                    layers,
-                    out byte[] decoded))
+                using (result)
                 {
-                    string texInfo = $"{Info.Target} {Info.FormatInfo.Format} {Info.Width}x{Info.Height}x{Info.DepthOrLayers} levels {Info.Levels}";
+                    if (!AstcDecoder.TryDecodeToRgba8P(
+                        result.Memory,
+                        Info.FormatInfo.BlockWidth,
+                        Info.FormatInfo.BlockHeight,
+                        width,
+                        height,
+                        sliceDepth,
+                        levels,
+                        layers,
+                        out IMemoryOwner<byte> decoded))
+                    {
+                        string texInfo = $"{Info.Target} {Info.FormatInfo.Format} {Info.Width}x{Info.Height}x{Info.DepthOrLayers} levels {Info.Levels}";
 
-                    Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.Gpu, $"Invalid ASTC texture at 0x{Info.GpuAddress:X} ({texInfo}).");
+                        Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.Gpu, $"Invalid ASTC texture at 0x{Info.GpuAddress:X} ({texInfo}).");
+                    }
+
+                    if (GraphicsConfig.EnableTextureRecompression)
+                    {
+                        using (decoded)
+                        {
+                            return BCnEncoder.EncodeBC7(decoded.Memory, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return decoded;
                 }
-
-                if (GraphicsConfig.EnableTextureRecompression)
-                {
-                    decoded = BCnEncoder.EncodeBC7(decoded, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                }
-
-                result = decoded;
             }
             else if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsEtc2Compression && Format.IsEtc2())
             {
@@ -821,16 +829,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     case Format.Etc2RgbaSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbaUnorm:
-                        result = ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgba(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgba(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Etc2RgbPtaSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbPtaUnorm:
-                        result = ETC2Decoder.DecodePta(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodePta(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Etc2RgbSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbUnorm:
-                        result = ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgb(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgb(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                 }
             }
             else if (!TextureCompatibility.HostSupportsBcFormat(Format, Target, _context.Capabilities))
@@ -839,48 +853,75 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     case Format.Bc1RgbaSrgb:
                     case Format.Bc1RgbaUnorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC1(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC1(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc2Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc2Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC2(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC2(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc3Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc3Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC3(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC3(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc4Snorm:
                     case Format.Bc4Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC4(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc4Snorm);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC4(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc4Snorm);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc5Snorm:
                     case Format.Bc5Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC5(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc5Snorm);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC5(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc5Snorm);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc6HSfloat:
                     case Format.Bc6HUfloat:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC6(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc6HSfloat);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC6(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc6HSfloat);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc7Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc7Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC7(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC7(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                 }
             }
             else if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4Format && Format == Format.R4G4Unorm)
             {
-                result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4ToR4G4B4A4(result, width);
-
-                if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
+                using (result)
                 {
-                    result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
+                    var converted = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4ToR4G4B4A4(result.Memory.Span, width);
+
+                    if (_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
+                    {
+                        return converted;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        using (converted)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(converted.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
             else if (Format == Format.R4G4B4A4Unorm)
             {
                 if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
                 {
-                    result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
+                    using (result)
+                    {
+                        return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                    }
                 }
             }
             else if (!_context.Capabilities.Supports5BitComponentFormat && Format.Is16BitPacked())
@@ -889,19 +930,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     case Format.B5G6R5Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G6B5Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertR5G6B5ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR5G6B5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
                     case Format.B5G5R5A1Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G5B5A1Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertR5G5B5ToR8G8B8A8(result, width, Format == Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR5G5B5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width, Format == Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm);
+                        }
                     case Format.A1B5G5R5Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertA1B5G5R5ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertA1B5G5R5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
                     case Format.R4G4B4A4Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
                 }
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingInfo.cs

@@ -44,6 +44,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public TextureUsageFlags Flags { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates that the binding is for a sampler.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsSamplerOnly { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Constructs the texture binding information structure.
         /// </summary>
@@ -74,8 +79,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags) : this(target, (Format)0, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
+        /// <param name="isSamplerOnly">Indicates that the binding is for a sampler</param>
+        public TextureBindingInfo(
+            Target target,
+            int binding,
+            int arrayLength,
+            int cbufSlot,
+            int handle,
+            TextureUsageFlags flags,
+            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
         {
+            IsSamplerOnly = isSamplerOnly;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsArrayCache.cs

@@ -21,12 +21,98 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
         private readonly GpuContext _context;
         private readonly GpuChannel _channel;
-        private readonly bool _isCompute;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Array cache entry key.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly struct CacheEntryKey : IEquatable<CacheEntryKey>
+        private readonly struct CacheEntryFromPoolKey : IEquatable<CacheEntryFromPoolKey>
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether the entry is for an image.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly bool IsImage;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether the entry is for a sampler.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly bool IsSampler;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Texture or image target type.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Target Target;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Number of entries of the array.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly int ArrayLength;
+
+            private readonly TexturePool _texturePool;
+            private readonly SamplerPool _samplerPool;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="isImage">Whether the entry is for an image</param>
+            /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding information for the array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntryFromPoolKey(bool isImage, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            {
+                IsImage = isImage;
+                IsSampler = bindingInfo.IsSamplerOnly;
+                Target = bindingInfo.Target;
+                ArrayLength = bindingInfo.ArrayLength;
+
+                _texturePool = texturePool;
+                _samplerPool = samplerPool;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the pool matches the cached pool.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture or sampler pool instance</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the pool matches, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool MatchesPool<T>(IPool<T> pool)
+            {
+                return _texturePool == pool || _samplerPool == pool;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the texture and sampler pools matches the cached pools.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool instance</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool instance</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the pools match, false otherwise</returns>
+            private bool MatchesPools(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            {
+                return _texturePool == texturePool && _samplerPool == samplerPool;
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(CacheEntryFromPoolKey other)
+            {
+                return IsImage == other.IsImage &&
+                    IsSampler == other.IsSampler &&
+                    Target == other.Target &&
+                    ArrayLength == other.ArrayLength &&
+                    MatchesPools(other._texturePool, other._samplerPool);
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                return obj is CacheEntryFromBufferKey other && Equals(other);
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return HashCode.Combine(_texturePool, _samplerPool, IsSampler);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Array cache entry key.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly struct CacheEntryFromBufferKey : IEquatable<CacheEntryFromBufferKey>
         {
             /// <summary>
             /// Whether the entry is for an image.
@@ -61,7 +147,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
             /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
             /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
-            public CacheEntryKey(
+            public CacheEntryFromBufferKey(
                 bool isImage,
                 TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
                 TexturePool texturePool,
@@ -100,7 +186,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 return _textureBufferBounds.Equals(textureBufferBounds);
             }
 
-            public bool Equals(CacheEntryKey other)
+            public bool Equals(CacheEntryFromBufferKey other)
             {
                 return IsImage == other.IsImage &&
                     Target == other.Target &&
@@ -112,7 +198,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             public override bool Equals(object obj)
             {
-                return obj is CacheEntryKey other && Equals(other);
+                return obj is CacheEntryFromBufferKey other && Equals(other);
             }
 
             public override int GetHashCode()
@@ -122,40 +208,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Array cache entry.
+        /// Array cache entry from pool.
         /// </summary>
         private class CacheEntry
         {
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Key for this entry on the cache.
-            /// </summary>
-            public readonly CacheEntryKey Key;
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Linked list node used on the texture bindings array cache.
-            /// </summary>
-            public LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> CacheNode;
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Timestamp set on the last use of the array by the cache.
-            /// </summary>
-            public int CacheTimestamp;
-
             /// <summary>
             /// All cached textures, along with their invalidated sequence number as value.
             /// </summary>
             public readonly Dictionary<Texture, int> Textures;
 
-            /// <summary>
-            /// All pool texture IDs along with their textures.
-            /// </summary>
-            public readonly Dictionary<int, Texture> TextureIds;
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// All pool sampler IDs along with their samplers.
-            /// </summary>
-            public readonly Dictionary<int, Sampler> SamplerIds;
-
             /// <summary>
             /// Backend texture array if the entry is for a texture, otherwise null.
             /// </summary>
@@ -166,44 +227,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// </summary>
             public readonly IImageArray ImageArray;
 
-            private readonly TexturePool _texturePool;
-            private readonly SamplerPool _samplerPool;
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Texture pool where the array textures are located.
+            /// </summary>
+            protected readonly TexturePool TexturePool;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Sampler pool where the array samplers are located.
+            /// </summary>
+            protected readonly SamplerPool SamplerPool;
 
             private int _texturePoolSequence;
             private int _samplerPoolSequence;
 
-            private int[] _cachedTextureBuffer;
-            private int[] _cachedSamplerBuffer;
-
-            private int _lastSequenceNumber;
-
             /// <summary>
             /// Creates a new array cache entry.
             /// </summary>
-            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
             /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
             /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
-            private CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            private CacheEntry(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
             {
-                Key = key;
                 Textures = new Dictionary<Texture, int>();
-                TextureIds = new Dictionary<int, Texture>();
-                SamplerIds = new Dictionary<int, Sampler>();
 
-                _texturePool = texturePool;
-                _samplerPool = samplerPool;
-
-                _lastSequenceNumber = -1;
+                TexturePool = texturePool;
+                SamplerPool = samplerPool;
             }
 
             /// <summary>
             /// Creates a new array cache entry.
             /// </summary>
-            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
             /// <param name="array">Backend texture array</param>
             /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
             /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
-            public CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, ITextureArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(ref key, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            public CacheEntry(ITextureArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(texturePool, samplerPool)
             {
                 TextureArray = array;
             }
@@ -211,11 +267,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// <summary>
             /// Creates a new array cache entry.
             /// </summary>
-            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
             /// <param name="array">Backend image array</param>
             /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
             /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
-            public CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, IImageArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(ref key, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            public CacheEntry(IImageArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(texturePool, samplerPool)
             {
                 ImageArray = array;
             }
@@ -248,23 +303,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// <summary>
             /// Clears all cached texture instances.
             /// </summary>
-            public void Reset()
+            public virtual void Reset()
             {
                 Textures.Clear();
-                TextureIds.Clear();
-                SamplerIds.Clear();
-            }
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Updates the cached constant buffer data.
-            /// </summary>
-            /// <param name="cachedTextureBuffer">Constant buffer data with the texture handles (and sampler handles, if they are combined)</param>
-            /// <param name="cachedSamplerBuffer">Constant buffer data with the sampler handles</param>
-            /// <param name="separateSamplerBuffer">Whether <paramref name="cachedTextureBuffer"/> and <paramref name="cachedSamplerBuffer"/> comes from different buffers</param>
-            public void UpdateData(ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer, bool separateSamplerBuffer)
-            {
-                _cachedTextureBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer.ToArray();
-                _cachedSamplerBuffer = separateSamplerBuffer ? cachedSamplerBuffer.ToArray() : _cachedTextureBuffer;
             }
 
             /// <summary>
@@ -287,39 +328,105 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// <summary>
             /// Checks if the cached texture or sampler pool has been modified since the last call to this method.
             /// </summary>
-            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pools might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
-            public bool PoolsModified()
+            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pool might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool TexturePoolModified()
             {
-                bool texturePoolModified = _texturePool.WasModified(ref _texturePoolSequence);
-                bool samplerPoolModified = _samplerPool.WasModified(ref _samplerPoolSequence);
+                return TexturePool.WasModified(ref _texturePoolSequence);
+            }
 
-                // If both pools were not modified since the last check, we have nothing else to check.
-                if (!texturePoolModified && !samplerPoolModified)
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the cached texture or sampler pool has been modified since the last call to this method.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pool might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool SamplerPoolModified()
+            {
+                return SamplerPool.WasModified(ref _samplerPoolSequence);
+            }
+        }
 
-                // If the pools were modified, let's check if any of the entries we care about changed.
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Array cache entry from constant buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        private class CacheEntryFromBuffer : CacheEntry
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Key for this entry on the cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly CacheEntryFromBufferKey Key;
 
-                // Check if any of our cached textures changed on the pool.
-                foreach ((int textureId, Texture texture) in TextureIds)
-                {
-                    if (_texturePool.GetCachedItem(textureId) != texture)
-                    {
-                        return true;
-                    }
-                }
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Linked list node used on the texture bindings array cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public LinkedListNode<CacheEntryFromBuffer> CacheNode;
 
-                // Check if any of our cached samplers changed on the pool.
-                foreach ((int samplerId, Sampler sampler) in SamplerIds)
-                {
-                    if (_samplerPool.GetCachedItem(samplerId) != sampler)
-                    {
-                        return true;
-                    }
-                }
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Timestamp set on the last use of the array by the cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int CacheTimestamp;
 
-                return false;
+            /// <summary>
+            /// All pool texture IDs along with their textures.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Dictionary<int, (Texture, TextureDescriptor)> TextureIds;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// All pool sampler IDs along with their samplers.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Dictionary<int, (Sampler, SamplerDescriptor)> SamplerIds;
+
+            private int[] _cachedTextureBuffer;
+            private int[] _cachedSamplerBuffer;
+
+            private int _lastSequenceNumber;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
+            /// <param name="array">Backend texture array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntryFromBuffer(ref CacheEntryFromBufferKey key, ITextureArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : base(array, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            {
+                Key = key;
+                _lastSequenceNumber = -1;
+                TextureIds = new Dictionary<int, (Texture, TextureDescriptor)>();
+                SamplerIds = new Dictionary<int, (Sampler, SamplerDescriptor)>();
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
+            /// <param name="array">Backend image array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntryFromBuffer(ref CacheEntryFromBufferKey key, IImageArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : base(array, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            {
+                Key = key;
+                _lastSequenceNumber = -1;
+                TextureIds = new Dictionary<int, (Texture, TextureDescriptor)>();
+                SamplerIds = new Dictionary<int, (Sampler, SamplerDescriptor)>();
+            }
+
+            /// <inheritdoc/>
+            public override void Reset()
+            {
+                base.Reset();
+                TextureIds.Clear();
+                SamplerIds.Clear();
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Updates the cached constant buffer data.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="cachedTextureBuffer">Constant buffer data with the texture handles (and sampler handles, if they are combined)</param>
+            /// <param name="cachedSamplerBuffer">Constant buffer data with the sampler handles</param>
+            /// <param name="separateSamplerBuffer">Whether <paramref name="cachedTextureBuffer"/> and <paramref name="cachedSamplerBuffer"/> comes from different buffers</param>
+            public void UpdateData(ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer, bool separateSamplerBuffer)
+            {
+                _cachedTextureBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer.ToArray();
+                _cachedSamplerBuffer = separateSamplerBuffer ? cachedSamplerBuffer.ToArray() : _cachedTextureBuffer;
             }
 
             /// <summary>
@@ -380,10 +487,51 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 return true;
             }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the cached texture or sampler pool has been modified since the last call to this method.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pools might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool PoolsModified()
+            {
+                bool texturePoolModified = TexturePoolModified();
+                bool samplerPoolModified = SamplerPoolModified();
+
+                // If both pools were not modified since the last check, we have nothing else to check.
+                if (!texturePoolModified && !samplerPoolModified)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                // If the pools were modified, let's check if any of the entries we care about changed.
+
+                // Check if any of our cached textures changed on the pool.
+                foreach ((int textureId, (Texture texture, TextureDescriptor descriptor)) in TextureIds)
+                {
+                    if (TexturePool.GetCachedItem(textureId) != texture ||
+                        (texture == null && TexturePool.IsValidId(textureId) && !TexturePool.GetDescriptorRef(textureId).Equals(descriptor)))
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Check if any of our cached samplers changed on the pool.
+                foreach ((int samplerId, (Sampler sampler, SamplerDescriptor descriptor)) in SamplerIds)
+                {
+                    if (SamplerPool.GetCachedItem(samplerId) != sampler ||
+                        (sampler == null && SamplerPool.IsValidId(samplerId) && !SamplerPool.GetDescriptorRef(samplerId).Equals(descriptor)))
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
         }
 
-        private readonly Dictionary<CacheEntryKey, CacheEntry> _cache;
-        private readonly LinkedList<CacheEntry> _lruCache;
+        private readonly Dictionary<CacheEntryFromBufferKey, CacheEntryFromBuffer> _cacheFromBuffer;
+        private readonly Dictionary<CacheEntryFromPoolKey, CacheEntry> _cacheFromPool;
+        private readonly LinkedList<CacheEntryFromBuffer> _lruCache;
 
         private int _currentTimestamp;
 
@@ -392,14 +540,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="context">GPU context</param>
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
-        /// <param name="isCompute">Whether the bindings will be used for compute or graphics pipelines</param>
-        public TextureBindingsArrayCache(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel, bool isCompute)
+        public TextureBindingsArrayCache(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel)
         {
             _context = context;
             _channel = channel;
-            _isCompute = isCompute;
-            _cache = new Dictionary<CacheEntryKey, CacheEntry>();
-            _lruCache = new LinkedList<CacheEntry>();
+            _cacheFromBuffer = new Dictionary<CacheEntryFromBufferKey, CacheEntryFromBuffer>();
+            _cacheFromPool = new Dictionary<CacheEntryFromPoolKey, CacheEntry>();
+            _lruCache = new LinkedList<CacheEntryFromBuffer>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -457,15 +604,180 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             bool isImage,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
             TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        {
+            if (IsDirectHandleType(bindingInfo.Handle))
+            {
+                UpdateFromPool(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, isImage, bindingInfo);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                UpdateFromBuffer(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage, samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture or image array bindings and textures from a texture or sampler pool.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        private void UpdateFromPool(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool, ShaderStage stage, bool isImage, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        {
+            CacheEntry entry = GetOrAddEntry(texturePool, samplerPool, bindingInfo, isImage, out bool isNewEntry);
+
+            bool isSampler = bindingInfo.IsSamplerOnly;
+            bool poolModified = isSampler ? entry.SamplerPoolModified() : entry.TexturePoolModified();
+            bool isStore = bindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
+            bool resScaleUnsupported = bindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ResScaleUnsupported);
+
+            if (!poolModified && !isNewEntry && entry.ValidateTextures())
+            {
+                entry.SynchronizeMemory(isStore, resScaleUnsupported);
+
+                if (isImage)
+                {
+                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                }
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (!isNewEntry)
+            {
+                entry.Reset();
+            }
+
+            int length = (isSampler ? samplerPool.MaximumId : texturePool.MaximumId) + 1;
+            length = Math.Min(length, bindingInfo.ArrayLength);
+
+            Format[] formats = isImage ? new Format[bindingInfo.ArrayLength] : null;
+            ISampler[] samplers = isImage ? null : new ISampler[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
+            ITexture[] textures = new ITexture[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < length; index++)
+            {
+                Texture texture = null;
+                Sampler sampler = null;
+
+                if (isSampler)
+                {
+                    sampler = samplerPool?.Get(index);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ref readonly TextureDescriptor descriptor = ref texturePool.GetForBinding(index, out texture);
+
+                    if (texture != null)
+                    {
+                        entry.Textures[texture] = texture.InvalidatedSequence;
+
+                        if (isStore)
+                        {
+                            texture.SignalModified();
+                        }
+
+                        if (resScaleUnsupported && texture.ScaleMode != TextureScaleMode.Blacklisted)
+                        {
+                            // Scaling textures used on arrays is currently not supported.
+
+                            texture.BlacklistScale();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ITexture hostTexture = texture?.GetTargetTexture(bindingInfo.Target);
+                ISampler hostSampler = sampler?.GetHostSampler(texture);
+
+                Format format = bindingInfo.Format;
+
+                if (hostTexture != null && texture.Target == Target.TextureBuffer)
+                {
+                    // Ensure that the buffer texture is using the correct buffer as storage.
+                    // Buffers are frequently re-created to accommodate larger data, so we need to re-bind
+                    // to ensure we're not using a old buffer that was already deleted.
+                    if (isImage)
+                    {
+                        if (format == 0 && texture != null)
+                        {
+                            format = texture.Format;
+                        }
+
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (isImage)
+                {
+                    if (format == 0 && texture != null)
+                    {
+                        format = texture.Format;
+                    }
+
+                    formats[index] = format;
+                    textures[index] = hostTexture;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    samplers[index] = hostSampler;
+                    textures[index] = hostTexture;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isImage)
+            {
+                entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
+                entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
+
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
+                entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
+
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture or image array bindings and textures from constant buffer handles.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerIndex">Sampler handles source</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        private void UpdateFromBuffer(
+            TexturePool texturePool,
+            SamplerPool samplerPool,
+            ShaderStage stage,
+            int stageIndex,
+            int textureBufferIndex,
+            bool isImage,
+            SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             (textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, textureBufferIndex);
 
             bool separateSamplerBuffer = textureBufferIndex != samplerBufferIndex;
+            bool isCompute = stage == ShaderStage.Compute;
 
-            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(_isCompute, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex);
-            ref BufferBounds samplerBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(_isCompute, stageIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
+            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(isCompute, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex);
+            ref BufferBounds samplerBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(isCompute, stageIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
 
-            CacheEntry entry = GetOrAddEntry(
+            CacheEntryFromBuffer entry = GetOrAddEntry(
                 texturePool,
                 samplerPool,
                 bindingInfo,
@@ -589,8 +901,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 Sampler sampler = samplerPool?.Get(samplerId);
 
-                entry.TextureIds[textureId] = texture;
-                entry.SamplerIds[samplerId] = sampler;
+                entry.TextureIds[textureId] = (texture, descriptor);
+                entry.SamplerIds[samplerId] = (sampler, samplerPool?.GetDescriptorRef(samplerId) ?? default);
 
                 ITexture hostTexture = texture?.GetTargetTexture(bindingInfo.Target);
                 ISampler hostSampler = sampler?.GetHostSampler(texture);
@@ -650,13 +962,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Gets a cached texture entry, or creates a new one if not found.
+        /// Gets a cached texture entry from pool, or creates a new one if not found.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
         /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
-        /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
         /// <param name="isNew">Whether a new entry was created, or an existing one was returned</param>
         /// <returns>Cache entry</returns>
         private CacheEntry GetOrAddEntry(
@@ -664,17 +975,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             SamplerPool samplerPool,
             TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
             bool isImage,
-            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds,
             out bool isNew)
         {
-            CacheEntryKey key = new CacheEntryKey(
-                isImage,
-                bindingInfo,
-                texturePool,
-                samplerPool,
-                ref textureBufferBounds);
+            CacheEntryFromPoolKey key = new CacheEntryFromPoolKey(isImage, bindingInfo, texturePool, samplerPool);
 
-            isNew = !_cache.TryGetValue(key, out CacheEntry entry);
+            isNew = !_cacheFromPool.TryGetValue(key, out CacheEntry entry);
 
             if (isNew)
             {
@@ -684,13 +989,61 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     IImageArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateImageArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
 
-                    _cache.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                    _cacheFromPool.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(array, texturePool, samplerPool));
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     ITextureArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateTextureArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
 
-                    _cache.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                    _cacheFromPool.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return entry;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a cached texture entry from constant buffer, or creates a new one if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
+        /// <param name="isNew">Whether a new entry was created, or an existing one was returned</param>
+        /// <returns>Cache entry</returns>
+        private CacheEntryFromBuffer GetOrAddEntry(
+            TexturePool texturePool,
+            SamplerPool samplerPool,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            bool isImage,
+            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds,
+            out bool isNew)
+        {
+            CacheEntryFromBufferKey key = new CacheEntryFromBufferKey(
+                isImage,
+                bindingInfo,
+                texturePool,
+                samplerPool,
+                ref textureBufferBounds);
+
+            isNew = !_cacheFromBuffer.TryGetValue(key, out CacheEntryFromBuffer entry);
+
+            if (isNew)
+            {
+                int arrayLength = bindingInfo.ArrayLength;
+
+                if (isImage)
+                {
+                    IImageArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateImageArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
+
+                    _cacheFromBuffer.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntryFromBuffer(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ITextureArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateTextureArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
+
+                    _cacheFromBuffer.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntryFromBuffer(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
                 }
             }
 
@@ -716,15 +1069,52 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         private void RemoveLeastUsedEntries()
         {
-            LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> nextNode = _lruCache.First;
+            LinkedListNode<CacheEntryFromBuffer> nextNode = _lruCache.First;
 
             while (nextNode != null && _currentTimestamp - nextNode.Value.CacheTimestamp >= MinDeltaForRemoval)
             {
-                LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> toRemove = nextNode;
+                LinkedListNode<CacheEntryFromBuffer> toRemove = nextNode;
                 nextNode = nextNode.Next;
-                _cache.Remove(toRemove.Value.Key);
+                _cacheFromBuffer.Remove(toRemove.Value.Key);
                 _lruCache.Remove(toRemove);
             }
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes all cached texture arrays matching the specified texture pool.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="pool">Texture pool</param>
+        public void RemoveAllWithPool<T>(IPool<T> pool)
+        {
+            List<CacheEntryFromPoolKey> keysToRemove = null;
+
+            foreach (CacheEntryFromPoolKey key in _cacheFromPool.Keys)
+            {
+                if (key.MatchesPool(pool))
+                {
+                    (keysToRemove ??= new()).Add(key);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (keysToRemove != null)
+            {
+                foreach (CacheEntryFromPoolKey key in keysToRemove)
+                {
+                    _cacheFromPool.Remove(key);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if a handle indicates the binding should have all its textures sourced directly from a pool.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="handle">Handle to check</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the handle represents direct pool access, false otherwise</returns>
+        private static bool IsDirectHandleType(int handle)
+        {
+            (_, _, TextureHandleType type) = TextureHandle.UnpackOffsets(handle);
+
+            return type == TextureHandleType.Direct;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsManager.cs

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private readonly TexturePoolCache _texturePoolCache;
         private readonly SamplerPoolCache _samplerPoolCache;
 
-        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _arrayBindingsCache;
+        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _bindingsArrayCache;
 
         private TexturePool _cachedTexturePool;
         private SamplerPool _cachedSamplerPool;
@@ -72,12 +72,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="context">The GPU context that the texture bindings manager belongs to</param>
         /// <param name="channel">The GPU channel that the texture bindings manager belongs to</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingsArrayCache">Cache of texture array bindings</param>
         /// <param name="texturePoolCache">Texture pools cache used to get texture pools from</param>
         /// <param name="samplerPoolCache">Sampler pools cache used to get sampler pools from</param>
         /// <param name="isCompute">True if the bindings manager is used for the compute engine</param>
         public TextureBindingsManager(
             GpuContext context,
             GpuChannel channel,
+            TextureBindingsArrayCache bindingsArrayCache,
             TexturePoolCache texturePoolCache,
             SamplerPoolCache samplerPoolCache,
             bool isCompute)
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             _isCompute = isCompute;
 
-            _arrayBindingsCache = new TextureBindingsArrayCache(context, channel, isCompute);
+            _bindingsArrayCache = bindingsArrayCache;
 
             int stages = isCompute ? 1 : Constants.ShaderStages;
 
@@ -456,7 +458,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (bindingInfo.ArrayLength > 1)
                 {
-                    _arrayBindingsCache.UpdateTextureArray(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, _samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
+                    _bindingsArrayCache.UpdateTextureArray(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, _samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
 
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -594,7 +596,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (bindingInfo.ArrayLength > 1)
                 {
-                    _arrayBindingsCache.UpdateImageArray(pool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, bindingInfo);
+                    _bindingsArrayCache.UpdateImageArray(pool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, bindingInfo);
 
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -732,7 +734,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             ulong poolAddress = _channel.MemoryManager.Translate(poolGpuVa);
 
-            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId);
+            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
 
             TextureDescriptor descriptor;
 
@@ -770,7 +772,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 ? _channel.BufferManager.GetComputeUniformBufferAddress(textureBufferIndex)
                 : _channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferAddress(stageIndex, textureBufferIndex);
 
-            int handle = textureBufferAddress != 0
+            int handle = textureBufferAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped
                 ? _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.Read<int>(textureBufferAddress + (uint)textureWordOffset * 4)
                 : 0;
 
@@ -790,7 +792,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                         ? _channel.BufferManager.GetComputeUniformBufferAddress(samplerBufferIndex)
                         : _channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferAddress(stageIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
 
-                    samplerHandle = samplerBufferAddress != 0
+                    samplerHandle = samplerBufferAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped
                         ? _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.Read<int>(samplerBufferAddress + (uint)samplerWordOffset * 4)
                         : 0;
                 }
@@ -828,7 +830,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (poolAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _texturePoolMaximumId);
+                    texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _texturePoolMaximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
                     _texturePool = texturePool;
                 }
             }
@@ -839,7 +841,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (poolAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    samplerPool = _samplerPoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _samplerPoolMaximumId);
+                    samplerPool = _samplerPoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _samplerPoolMaximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
                     _samplerPool = samplerPool;
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureGroup.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
@@ -6,6 +5,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                             ReadOnlySpan<byte> data = dataSpan[(offset - spanBase)..];
 
-                            SpanOrArray<byte> result = Storage.ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data, info.BaseLevel + level, true);
+                            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = Storage.ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data, info.BaseLevel + level, true);
 
                             Storage.SetData(result, info.BaseLayer + layer, info.BaseLevel + level);
                         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureManager.cs

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
         private readonly TextureBindingsManager _cpBindingsManager;
         private readonly TextureBindingsManager _gpBindingsManager;
+        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _bindingsArrayCache;
         private readonly TexturePoolCache _texturePoolCache;
         private readonly SamplerPoolCache _samplerPoolCache;
 
@@ -46,8 +47,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             TexturePoolCache texturePoolCache = new(context);
             SamplerPoolCache samplerPoolCache = new(context);
 
-            _cpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: true);
-            _gpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: false);
+            _bindingsArrayCache = new TextureBindingsArrayCache(context, channel);
+            _cpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, _bindingsArrayCache, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: true);
+            _gpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, _bindingsArrayCache, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: false);
             _texturePoolCache = texturePoolCache;
             _samplerPoolCache = samplerPoolCache;
 
@@ -384,7 +386,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         {
             ulong poolAddress = _channel.MemoryManager.Translate(poolGpuVa);
 
-            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId);
+            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
 
             return texturePool;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/MemoryManager.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -240,11 +242,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
             else
             {
-                Memory<byte> memory = new byte[size];
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> memoryOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
-                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memory.Span);
+                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memoryOwner.Memory.Span);
 
-                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memory, tracked);
+                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memoryOwner, tracked);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/PhysicalMemory.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Cpu;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Device;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
@@ -6,6 +7,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -190,7 +192,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
             else
             {
-                Memory<byte> memory = new byte[range.GetSize()];
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> memoryOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(range.GetSize());
+
+                Memory<byte> memory = memoryOwner.Memory;
 
                 int offset = 0;
                 for (int i = 0; i < range.Count; i++)
@@ -204,7 +208,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                     offset += size;
                 }
 
-                return new WritableRegion(new MultiRangeWritableBlock(range, this), 0, memory, tracked);
+                return new WritableRegion(new MultiRangeWritableBlock(range, this), 0, memoryOwner, tracked);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/CachedShaderBindings.cs

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
                 TextureBindings[i] = stage.Info.Textures.Select(descriptor =>
                 {
-                    Target target = ShaderTexture.GetTarget(descriptor.Type);
+                    Target target = descriptor.Type != SamplerType.None ? ShaderTexture.GetTarget(descriptor.Type) : default;
 
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
@@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                         descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,
                         descriptor.HandleIndex,
-                        descriptor.Flags);
+                        descriptor.Flags,
+                        descriptor.Type == SamplerType.None);
 
                     if (descriptor.ArrayLength <= 1)
                     {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -109,6 +109,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             return _oldSpecState.GraphicsState.HasConstantBufferDrawParameters;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Pool length is not available on the cache</exception>
+        public int QuerySamplerArrayLengthFromPool()
+        {
+            return QueryArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler: true);
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public SamplerType QuerySamplerType(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
@@ -117,6 +124,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Constant buffer derived length is not available on the cache</exception>
         public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot)
         {
             if (!_oldSpecState.TextureArrayFromBufferRegistered(_stageIndex, 0, slot))
@@ -130,6 +138,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             return arrayLength;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Pool length is not available on the cache</exception>
+        public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool()
+        {
+            return QueryArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler: false);
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public TextureFormat QueryTextureFormat(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
@@ -170,6 +185,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Texture information is not available on the cache</exception>
         public void RegisterTexture(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
             if (!_oldSpecState.TextureRegistered(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot))
@@ -182,5 +198,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             bool coordNormalized = _oldSpecState.GetCoordNormalized(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
             _newSpecState.RegisterTexture(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot, format, formatSrgb, target, coordNormalized);
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the cached texture or sampler pool capacity.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="isSampler">True to get sampler pool length, false for texture pool length</param>
+        /// <returns>Pool length</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Pool length is not available on the cache</exception>
+        private int QueryArrayLengthFromPool(bool isSampler)
+        {
+            if (!_oldSpecState.TextureArrayFromPoolRegistered(isSampler))
+            {
+                throw new DiskCacheLoadException(DiskCacheLoadResult.MissingTextureArrayLength);
+            }
+
+            int arrayLength = _oldSpecState.GetTextureArrayFromPoolLength(isSampler);
+            _newSpecState.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler, arrayLength);
+
+            return arrayLength;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheHostStorage.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMajor = 1;
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMinor = 2;
         private const uint FileFormatVersionPacked = ((uint)FileFormatVersionMajor << 16) | FileFormatVersionMinor;
-        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6489;
+        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6577;
 
         private const string SharedTocFileName = "shared.toc";
         private const string SharedDataFileName = "shared.data";

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessor.cs

@@ -120,6 +120,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return _state.GraphicsState.HasUnalignedStorageBuffer || _state.ComputeState.HasUnalignedStorageBuffer;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public int QuerySamplerArrayLengthFromPool()
+        {
+            int length = _state.SamplerPoolMaximumId + 1;
+            _state.SpecializationState?.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler: true, length);
+
+            return length;
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public SamplerType QuerySamplerType(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
@@ -141,6 +150,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return arrayLength;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool()
+        {
+            int length = _state.PoolState.TexturePoolMaximumId + 1;
+            _state.SpecializationState?.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler: false, length);
+
+            return length;
+        }
+
         //// <inheritdoc/>
         public TextureFormat QueryTextureFormat(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorBase.cs

@@ -213,6 +213,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
         public bool QueryHostSupportsScaledVertexFormats() => _context.Capabilities.SupportsScaledVertexFormats;
 
+        public bool QueryHostSupportsSeparateSampler() => _context.Capabilities.SupportsSeparateSampler;
+
         public bool QueryHostSupportsShaderBallot() => _context.Capabilities.SupportsShaderBallot;
 
         public bool QueryHostSupportsShaderBarrierDivergence() => _context.Capabilities.SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorState.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
     /// </summary>
     class GpuAccessorState
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Maximum ID that a sampler pool entry may have.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly int SamplerPoolMaximumId;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// GPU texture pool state.
         /// </summary>
@@ -38,18 +43,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new GPU accessor state.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="samplerPoolMaximumId">Maximum ID that a sampler pool entry may have</param>
         /// <param name="poolState">GPU texture pool state</param>
         /// <param name="computeState">GPU compute state, for compute shaders</param>
         /// <param name="graphicsState">GPU graphics state, for vertex, tessellation, geometry and fragment shaders</param>
         /// <param name="specializationState">Shader specialization state (shared by all stages)</param>
         /// <param name="transformFeedbackDescriptors">Transform feedback information, if the shader uses transform feedback. Otherwise, should be null</param>
         public GpuAccessorState(
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId,
             GpuChannelPoolState poolState,
             GpuChannelComputeState computeState,
             GpuChannelGraphicsState graphicsState,
             ShaderSpecializationState specializationState,
             TransformFeedbackDescriptor[] transformFeedbackDescriptors = null)
         {
+            SamplerPoolMaximumId = samplerPoolMaximumId;
             PoolState = poolState;
             GraphicsState = graphicsState;
             ComputeState = computeState;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuChannelPoolState.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 {
-#pragma warning disable CS0659 // Class overrides Object.Equals(object o) but does not override Object.GetHashCode()
     /// <summary>
     /// State used by the <see cref="GpuAccessor"/>.
     /// </summary>
@@ -52,6 +51,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             return obj is GpuChannelPoolState state && Equals(state);
         }
+
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            return HashCode.Combine(TexturePoolGpuVa, TexturePoolMaximumId, TextureBufferIndex);
+        }
     }
-#pragma warning restore CS0659
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderCache.cs

@@ -192,12 +192,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// This automatically translates, compiles and adds the code to the cache if not present.
         /// </remarks>
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPoolMaximumId">Maximum ID that an entry in the sampler pool may have</param>
         /// <param name="poolState">Texture pool state</param>
         /// <param name="computeState">Compute engine state</param>
         /// <param name="gpuVa">GPU virtual address of the binary shader code</param>
         /// <returns>Compiled compute shader code</returns>
         public CachedShaderProgram GetComputeShader(
             GpuChannel channel,
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId,
             GpuChannelPoolState poolState,
             GpuChannelComputeState computeState,
             ulong gpuVa)
@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             }
 
             ShaderSpecializationState specState = new(ref computeState);
-            GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(poolState, computeState, default, specState);
+            GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, computeState, default, specState);
             GpuAccessor gpuAccessor = new(_context, channel, gpuAccessorState);
             gpuAccessor.InitializeReservedCounts(tfEnabled: false, vertexAsCompute: false);
 
@@ -291,6 +293,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="state">GPU state</param>
         /// <param name="pipeline">Pipeline state</param>
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPoolMaximumId">Maximum ID that an entry in the sampler pool may have</param>
         /// <param name="poolState">Texture pool state</param>
         /// <param name="graphicsState">3D engine state</param>
         /// <param name="addresses">Addresses of the shaders for each stage</param>
@@ -299,6 +302,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             ref ThreedClassState state,
             ref ProgramPipelineState pipeline,
             GpuChannel channel,
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId,
             ref GpuChannelPoolState poolState,
             ref GpuChannelGraphicsState graphicsState,
             ShaderAddresses addresses)
@@ -319,7 +323,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             UpdatePipelineInfo(ref state, ref pipeline, graphicsState, channel);
 
             ShaderSpecializationState specState = new(ref graphicsState, ref pipeline, transformFeedbackDescriptors);
-            GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(poolState, default, graphicsState, specState, transformFeedbackDescriptors);
+            GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, default, graphicsState, specState, transformFeedbackDescriptors);
 
             ReadOnlySpan<ulong> addressesSpan = addresses.AsSpan();
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderInfoBuilder.cs

@@ -185,11 +185,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             {
                 if (texture.ArrayLength > 1)
                 {
-                    bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
-
-                    ResourceType type = isBuffer
-                        ? (isImage ? ResourceType.BufferImage : ResourceType.BufferTexture)
-                        : (isImage ? ResourceType.Image : ResourceType.TextureAndSampler);
+                    ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
                     _resourceDescriptors[setIndex].Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
                 }
@@ -242,16 +238,38 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
             {
-                bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
-
-                ResourceType type = isBuffer
-                    ? (isImage ? ResourceType.BufferImage : ResourceType.BufferTexture)
-                    : (isImage ? ResourceType.Image : ResourceType.TextureAndSampler);
+                ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
                 _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
             }
         }
 
+        private static ResourceType GetTextureResourceType(TextureDescriptor texture, bool isImage)
+        {
+            bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
+
+            if (isBuffer)
+            {
+                return isImage ? ResourceType.BufferImage : ResourceType.BufferTexture;
+            }
+            else if (isImage)
+            {
+                return ResourceType.Image;
+            }
+            else if (texture.Type == SamplerType.None)
+            {
+                return ResourceType.Sampler;
+            }
+            else if (texture.Separate)
+            {
+                return ResourceType.Texture;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return ResourceType.TextureAndSampler;
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new shader information structure from the added information.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderSpecializationState.cs

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             PrimitiveTopology = 1 << 1,
             TransformFeedback = 1 << 3,
             TextureArrayFromBuffer = 1 << 4,
+            TextureArrayFromPool = 1 << 5,
         }
 
         private QueriedStateFlags _queriedState;
@@ -154,7 +155,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         }
 
         private readonly Dictionary<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>> _textureSpecialization;
-        private readonly Dictionary<TextureKey, int> _textureArraySpecialization;
+        private readonly Dictionary<TextureKey, int> _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization;
+        private readonly Dictionary<bool, int> _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization;
         private KeyValuePair<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>>[] _allTextures;
         private Box<TextureSpecializationState>[][] _textureByBinding;
         private Box<TextureSpecializationState>[][] _imageByBinding;
@@ -165,7 +167,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private ShaderSpecializationState()
         {
             _textureSpecialization = new Dictionary<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>>();
-            _textureArraySpecialization = new Dictionary<TextureKey, int>();
+            _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization = new Dictionary<TextureKey, int>();
+            _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization = new Dictionary<bool, int>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -327,7 +330,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Indicates that the coordinate normalization state of a given texture was used during the shader translation process.
+        /// Registers the length of a texture array calculated from a constant buffer size.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
@@ -335,10 +338,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="length">Number of elements in the texture array</param>
         public void RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot, int length)
         {
-            _textureArraySpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)] = length;
+            _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)] = length;
             _queriedState |= QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the length of a texture array calculated from a texture or sampler pool capacity.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="isSampler">True for sampler pool, false for texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="length">Number of elements in the texture array</param>
+        public void RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromPool(bool isSampler, int length)
+        {
+            _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization[isSampler] = length;
+            _queriedState |= QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromPool;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Indicates that the format of a given texture was used during the shader translation process.
         /// </summary>
@@ -385,7 +399,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Checks if a given texture was registerd on this specialization state.
+        /// Checks if a given texture was registered on this specialization state.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
@@ -396,14 +410,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Checks if a given texture array (from constant buffer) was registerd on this specialization state.
+        /// Checks if a given texture array (from constant buffer) was registered on this specialization state.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the length for the given buffer and stage exists, false otherwise</returns>
         public bool TextureArrayFromBufferRegistered(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
-            return _textureArraySpecialization.ContainsKey(new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot));
+            return _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization.ContainsKey(new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if a given texture array (from a sampler pool or texture pool) was registered on this specialization state.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="isSampler">True for sampler pool, false for texture pool</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the length for the given pool, false otherwise</returns>
+        public bool TextureArrayFromPoolRegistered(bool isSampler)
+        {
+            return _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization.ContainsKey(isSampler);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -412,6 +437,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>Format and sRGB tuple</returns>
         public (uint, bool) GetFormat(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
             TextureSpecializationState state = GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).Value;
@@ -424,6 +450,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>Texture target</returns>
         public TextureTarget GetTextureTarget(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
             return GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).Value.TextureTarget;
@@ -435,6 +462,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>True if coordinates are normalized, false otherwise</returns>
         public bool GetCoordNormalized(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
             return GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).Value.CoordNormalized;
@@ -446,9 +474,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>Texture array length</returns>
         public int GetTextureArrayFromBufferLength(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
-            return _textureArraySpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)];
+            return _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the recorded length of a given texture array (from a sampler or texture pool).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="isSampler">True to get the sampler pool length, false to get the texture pool length</param>
+        /// <returns>Texture array length</returns>
+        public int GetTextureArrayFromPoolLength(bool isSampler)
+        {
+            return _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization[isSampler];
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -894,7 +933,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     dataReader.ReadWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
                     dataReader.Read(ref length);
 
-                    specState._textureArraySpecialization[textureKey] = length;
+                    specState._textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization[textureKey] = length;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (specState._queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromPool))
+            {
+                dataReader.Read(ref count);
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < count; index++)
+                {
+                    bool textureKey = default;
+                    int length = 0;
+
+                    dataReader.ReadWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
+                    dataReader.Read(ref length);
+
+                    specState._textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization[textureKey] = length;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -965,10 +1020,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             if (_queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer))
             {
-                count = (ushort)_textureArraySpecialization.Count;
+                count = (ushort)_textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization.Count;
                 dataWriter.Write(ref count);
 
-                foreach (var kv in _textureArraySpecialization)
+                foreach (var kv in _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization)
+                {
+                    var textureKey = kv.Key;
+                    var length = kv.Value;
+
+                    dataWriter.WriteWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
+                    dataWriter.Write(ref length);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (_queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromPool))
+            {
+                count = (ushort)_textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization.Count;
+                dataWriter.Write(ref count);
+
+                foreach (var kv in _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization)
                 {
                     var textureKey = kv.Key;
                     var length = kv.Value;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/SmaaPostProcessingEffect.cs

@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Effects.Smaa
 
         public int Quality
         {
-            get => _quality; set
+            get => _quality;
+            set
             {
                 _quality = Math.Clamp(value, 0, _qualities.Length - 1);
             }
@@ -150,8 +151,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Effects.Smaa
             _areaTexture = new TextureStorage(_renderer, areaInfo);
             _searchTexture = new TextureStorage(_renderer, searchInfo);
 
-            var areaTexture = EmbeddedResources.Read("Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/Textures/SmaaAreaTexture.bin");
-            var searchTexture = EmbeddedResources.Read("Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/Textures/SmaaSearchTexture.bin");
+            var areaTexture = EmbeddedResources.ReadFileToRentedMemory("Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/Textures/SmaaAreaTexture.bin");
+            var searchTexture = EmbeddedResources.ReadFileToRentedMemory("Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/Textures/SmaaSearchTexture.bin");
 
             var areaView = _areaTexture.CreateDefaultView();
             var searchView = _searchTexture.CreateDefaultView();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/FormatConverter.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Numerics;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Runtime.Intrinsics;
@@ -8,9 +10,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
 {
     static class FormatConverter
     {
-        public unsafe static byte[] ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
+        public unsafe static IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
         {
-            byte[] output = new byte[data.Length];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> outputMemory = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(data.Length);
+
+            Span<byte> output = outputMemory.Memory.Span;
 
             int start = 0;
 
@@ -74,7 +78,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
                 outSpan[i] = BitOperations.RotateLeft(dataSpan[i], 8);
             }
 
-            return output;
+            return outputMemory;
         }
 
         public unsafe static byte[] ConvertD24S8ToS8D24(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/TextureBuffer.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
 {
@@ -54,19 +54,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             throw new NotImplementedException();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            var dataSpan = data.AsSpan();
+            var dataSpan = data.Memory.Span;
 
             Buffer.SetData(_buffer, _bufferOffset, dataSpan[..Math.Min(dataSpan.Length, _bufferSize)]);
+
+            data.Dispose();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             throw new NotSupportedException();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             throw new NotSupportedException();
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/TextureView.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
 using Ryujinx.Common;
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
@@ -448,70 +448,59 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             }
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            var dataSpan = data.AsSpan();
-
-            if (Format == Format.S8UintD24Unorm)
+            using (data = EnsureDataFormat(data))
             {
-                dataSpan = FormatConverter.ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(dataSpan);
-            }
-
-            unsafe
-            {
-                fixed (byte* ptr = dataSpan)
+                unsafe
                 {
-                    ReadFrom((IntPtr)ptr, dataSpan.Length);
+                    var dataSpan = data.Memory.Span;
+                    fixed (byte* ptr = dataSpan)
+                    {
+                        ReadFrom((IntPtr)ptr, dataSpan.Length);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
-            var dataSpan = data.AsSpan();
-
-            if (Format == Format.S8UintD24Unorm)
+            using (data = EnsureDataFormat(data))
             {
-                dataSpan = FormatConverter.ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(dataSpan);
-            }
-
-            unsafe
-            {
-                fixed (byte* ptr = dataSpan)
+                unsafe
                 {
-                    int width = Math.Max(Info.Width >> level, 1);
-                    int height = Math.Max(Info.Height >> level, 1);
+                    fixed (byte* ptr = data.Memory.Span)
+                    {
+                        int width = Math.Max(Info.Width >> level, 1);
+                        int height = Math.Max(Info.Height >> level, 1);
 
-                    ReadFrom2D((IntPtr)ptr, layer, level, 0, 0, width, height);
+                        ReadFrom2D((IntPtr)ptr, layer, level, 0, 0, width, height);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
-            var dataSpan = data.AsSpan();
-
-            if (Format == Format.S8UintD24Unorm)
+            using (data = EnsureDataFormat(data))
             {
-                dataSpan = FormatConverter.ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(dataSpan);
-            }
+                int wInBlocks = BitUtils.DivRoundUp(region.Width, Info.BlockWidth);
+                int hInBlocks = BitUtils.DivRoundUp(region.Height, Info.BlockHeight);
 
-            int wInBlocks = BitUtils.DivRoundUp(region.Width, Info.BlockWidth);
-            int hInBlocks = BitUtils.DivRoundUp(region.Height, Info.BlockHeight);
-
-            unsafe
-            {
-                fixed (byte* ptr = dataSpan)
+                unsafe
                 {
-                    ReadFrom2D(
-                        (IntPtr)ptr,
-                        layer,
-                        level,
-                        region.X,
-                        region.Y,
-                        region.Width,
-                        region.Height,
-                        BitUtils.AlignUp(wInBlocks * Info.BytesPerPixel, 4) * hInBlocks);
+                    fixed (byte* ptr = data.Memory.Span)
+                    {
+                        ReadFrom2D(
+                            (IntPtr)ptr,
+                            layer,
+                            level,
+                            region.X,
+                            region.Y,
+                            region.Width,
+                            region.Height,
+                            BitUtils.AlignUp(wInBlocks * Info.BytesPerPixel, 4) * hInBlocks);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -533,6 +522,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             ReadFrom2D(data, layer, level, x, y, width, height, mipSize);
         }
 
+        private IMemoryOwner<byte> EnsureDataFormat(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
+        {
+            if (Format == Format.S8UintD24Unorm)
+            {
+                using (data)
+                {
+                    return FormatConverter.ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(data.Memory.Span);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return data;
+        }
+
         private void ReadFrom2D(IntPtr data, int layer, int level, int x, int y, int width, int height, int mipSize)
         {
             TextureTarget target = Target.Convert();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/OpenGLRenderer.cs

@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
                 supportsCubemapView: true,
                 supportsNonConstantTextureOffset: HwCapabilities.SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset,
                 supportsScaledVertexFormats: true,
+                supportsSeparateSampler: false,
                 supportsShaderBallot: HwCapabilities.SupportsShaderBallot,
                 supportsShaderBarrierDivergence: !(intelWindows || intelUnix),
                 supportsShaderFloat64: true,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Declarations.cs

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.Linq;
-using System.Numerics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
 {
@@ -352,7 +351,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
                     arrayDecl = "[]";
                 }
 
-                string samplerTypeName = definition.Type.ToGlslSamplerType();
+                string samplerTypeName = definition.Separate ? definition.Type.ToGlslTextureType() : definition.Type.ToGlslSamplerType();
 
                 string layout = string.Empty;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenMemory.cs

@@ -639,14 +639,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
         private static string GetSamplerName(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, ref int srcIndex)
         {
-            TextureDefinition definition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.Binding];
-            string name = definition.Name;
+            TextureDefinition textureDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.Binding];
+            string name = textureDefinition.Name;
 
-            if (definition.ArrayLength != 1)
+            if (textureDefinition.ArrayLength != 1)
             {
                 name = $"{name}[{GetSourceExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++), AggregateType.S32)}]";
             }
 
+            if (texOp.IsSeparate)
+            {
+                TextureDefinition samplerDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.SamplerBinding];
+                string samplerName = samplerDefinition.Name;
+
+                if (samplerDefinition.ArrayLength != 1)
+                {
+                    samplerName = $"{samplerName}[{GetSourceExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++), AggregateType.S32)}]";
+                }
+
+                name = $"{texOp.Type.ToGlslSamplerType()}({name}, {samplerName})";
+            }
+
             return name;
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Declarations.cs

@@ -160,37 +160,49 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             {
                 int setIndex = context.TargetApi == TargetApi.Vulkan ? sampler.Set : 0;
 
-                var dim = (sampler.Type & SamplerType.Mask) switch
+                SpvInstruction imageType;
+                SpvInstruction sampledImageType;
+
+                if (sampler.Type != SamplerType.None)
                 {
-                    SamplerType.Texture1D => Dim.Dim1D,
-                    SamplerType.Texture2D => Dim.Dim2D,
-                    SamplerType.Texture3D => Dim.Dim3D,
-                    SamplerType.TextureCube => Dim.Cube,
-                    SamplerType.TextureBuffer => Dim.Buffer,
-                    _ => throw new InvalidOperationException($"Invalid sampler type \"{sampler.Type & SamplerType.Mask}\"."),
-                };
+                    var dim = (sampler.Type & SamplerType.Mask) switch
+                    {
+                        SamplerType.Texture1D => Dim.Dim1D,
+                        SamplerType.Texture2D => Dim.Dim2D,
+                        SamplerType.Texture3D => Dim.Dim3D,
+                        SamplerType.TextureCube => Dim.Cube,
+                        SamplerType.TextureBuffer => Dim.Buffer,
+                        _ => throw new InvalidOperationException($"Invalid sampler type \"{sampler.Type & SamplerType.Mask}\"."),
+                    };
 
-                var imageType = context.TypeImage(
-                    context.TypeFP32(),
-                    dim,
-                    sampler.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Shadow),
-                    sampler.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Array),
-                    sampler.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Multisample),
-                    1,
-                    ImageFormat.Unknown);
+                    imageType = context.TypeImage(
+                        context.TypeFP32(),
+                        dim,
+                        sampler.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Shadow),
+                        sampler.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Array),
+                        sampler.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Multisample),
+                        1,
+                        ImageFormat.Unknown);
 
-                var sampledImageType = context.TypeSampledImage(imageType);
-                var sampledImagePointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, sampledImageType);
+                    sampledImageType = context.TypeSampledImage(imageType);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    imageType = sampledImageType = context.TypeSampler();
+                }
+
+                var sampledOrSeparateImageType = sampler.Separate ? imageType : sampledImageType;
+                var sampledImagePointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, sampledOrSeparateImageType);
                 var sampledImageArrayPointerType = sampledImagePointerType;
 
                 if (sampler.ArrayLength == 0)
                 {
-                    var sampledImageArrayType = context.TypeRuntimeArray(sampledImageType);
+                    var sampledImageArrayType = context.TypeRuntimeArray(sampledOrSeparateImageType);
                     sampledImageArrayPointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, sampledImageArrayType);
                 }
                 else if (sampler.ArrayLength != 1)
                 {
-                    var sampledImageArrayType = context.TypeArray(sampledImageType, context.Constant(context.TypeU32(), sampler.ArrayLength));
+                    var sampledImageArrayType = context.TypeArray(sampledOrSeparateImageType, context.Constant(context.TypeU32(), sampler.ArrayLength));
                     sampledImageArrayPointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, sampledImageArrayType);
                 }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Instructions.cs

@@ -838,16 +838,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             }
 
             SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
-            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
-
-            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
-            {
-                SpvInstruction textureIndex = Src(AggregateType.S32);
-
-                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
-            }
-
-            image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
+            SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             int pCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
 
@@ -1171,16 +1162,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             }
 
             SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
-            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
-
-            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
-            {
-                SpvInstruction textureIndex = Src(AggregateType.S32);
-
-                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
-            }
-
-            image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
+            SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
 
@@ -1449,17 +1431,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
+            int srcIndex = 0;
+
             SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
-            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
+            SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
-            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
-            {
-                SpvInstruction textureIndex = context.GetS32(texOp.GetSource(0));
-
-                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
-            }
-
-            image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
             image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
 
             SpvInstruction result = context.ImageQuerySamples(context.TypeS32(), image);
@@ -1471,17 +1447,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
+            int srcIndex = 0;
+
             SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
-            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
+            SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
-            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
-            {
-                SpvInstruction textureIndex = context.GetS32(texOp.GetSource(0));
-
-                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
-            }
-
-            image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
             image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
 
             if (texOp.Index == 3)
@@ -1506,8 +1476,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
                 if (hasLod)
                 {
-                    int lodSrcIndex = declaration.IsIndexed ? 1 : 0;
-                    var lod = context.GetS32(operation.GetSource(lodSrcIndex));
+                    var lod = context.GetS32(operation.GetSource(srcIndex));
                     result = context.ImageQuerySizeLod(resultType, image, lod);
                 }
                 else
@@ -1905,6 +1874,43 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             }
         }
 
+        private static SpvInstruction GenerateSampledImageLoad(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, SamplerDeclaration declaration, ref int srcIndex)
+        {
+            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
+
+            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
+            {
+                SpvInstruction textureIndex = context.Get(AggregateType.S32, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
+
+                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
+            }
+
+            if (texOp.IsSeparate)
+            {
+                image = context.Load(declaration.ImageType, image);
+
+                SamplerDeclaration samplerDeclaration = context.Samplers[texOp.SamplerBinding];
+
+                SpvInstruction sampler = samplerDeclaration.Image;
+
+                if (samplerDeclaration.IsIndexed)
+                {
+                    SpvInstruction samplerIndex = context.Get(AggregateType.S32, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
+
+                    sampler = context.AccessChain(samplerDeclaration.SampledImagePointerType, sampler, samplerIndex);
+                }
+
+                sampler = context.Load(samplerDeclaration.ImageType, sampler);
+                image = context.SampledImage(declaration.SampledImageType, image, sampler);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
+            }
+
+            return image;
+        }
+
         private static OperationResult GenerateUnary(
             CodeGenContext context,
             AstOperation operation,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -26,13 +26,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         /// <returns>Span of the memory location</returns>
         ReadOnlySpan<ulong> GetCode(ulong address, int minimumSize);
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Gets the size in bytes of a bound constant buffer for the current shader stage.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="slot">The number of the constant buffer to get the size from</param>
-        /// <returns>Size in bytes</returns>
-        int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot);
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries the binding number of a constant buffer.
         /// </summary>
@@ -298,6 +291,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             return true;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Queries host API support for separate textures and samplers.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the API supports samplers and textures to be combined on the shader, false otherwise</returns>
+        bool QueryHostSupportsSeparateSampler()
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries host GPU shader ballot support.
         /// </summary>
@@ -388,6 +390,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             return true;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the maximum number of samplers that the bound texture pool may have.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Maximum amount of samplers that the pool may have</returns>
+        int QuerySamplerArrayLengthFromPool();
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries sampler type information.
         /// </summary>
@@ -399,6 +407,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             return SamplerType.Texture2D;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the size in bytes of a bound constant buffer for the current shader stage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="slot">The number of the constant buffer to get the size from</param>
+        /// <returns>Size in bytes</returns>
+        int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the maximum number of textures that the bound texture pool may have.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Maximum amount of textures that the pool may have</returns>
+        int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool();
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries texture coordinate normalization information.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IntermediateRepresentation/Operation.cs

@@ -216,6 +216,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
 
             newSources[index] = source;
 
+            if (source != null && source.Type == OperandType.LocalVariable)
+            {
+                source.UseOps.Add(this);
+            }
+
             _sources = newSources;
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IntermediateRepresentation/TextureOperation.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
         public TextureFlags Flags { get; private set; }
 
         public int Binding { get; private set; }
+        public int SamplerBinding { get; private set; }
 
         public TextureOperation(
             Instruction inst,
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
             Binding = binding;
+            SamplerBinding = -1;
         }
 
         public void TurnIntoArray(int binding)
@@ -32,6 +34,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             Binding = binding;
         }
 
+        public void TurnIntoArray(int textureBinding, int samplerBinding)
+        {
+            TurnIntoArray(textureBinding);
+
+            SamplerBinding = samplerBinding;
+        }
+
         public void SetBinding(int binding)
         {
             if ((Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/SamplerType.cs

@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         {
             string typeName = (type & SamplerType.Mask) switch
             {
+                SamplerType.None => "sampler",
                 SamplerType.Texture1D => "sampler1D",
                 SamplerType.TextureBuffer => "samplerBuffer",
                 SamplerType.Texture2D => "sampler2D",
@@ -95,6 +96,31 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             return typeName;
         }
 
+        public static string ToGlslTextureType(this SamplerType type)
+        {
+            string typeName = (type & SamplerType.Mask) switch
+            {
+                SamplerType.Texture1D => "texture1D",
+                SamplerType.TextureBuffer => "textureBuffer",
+                SamplerType.Texture2D => "texture2D",
+                SamplerType.Texture3D => "texture3D",
+                SamplerType.TextureCube => "textureCube",
+                _ => throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid texture type \"{type}\"."),
+            };
+
+            if ((type & SamplerType.Multisample) != 0)
+            {
+                typeName += "MS";
+            }
+
+            if ((type & SamplerType.Array) != 0)
+            {
+                typeName += "Array";
+            }
+
+            return typeName;
+        }
+
         public static string ToGlslImageType(this SamplerType type, AggregateType componentType)
         {
             string typeName = (type & SamplerType.Mask) switch

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/AstTextureOperation.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
         public TextureFlags Flags { get; }
 
         public int Binding { get; }
+        public int SamplerBinding { get; }
+
+        public bool IsSeparate => SamplerBinding >= 0;
 
         public AstTextureOperation(
             Instruction inst,
@@ -16,6 +19,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
             int binding,
+            int samplerBinding,
             int index,
             params IAstNode[] sources) : base(inst, StorageKind.None, false, index, sources, sources.Length)
         {
@@ -23,6 +27,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
             Binding = binding;
+            SamplerBinding = samplerBinding;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/StructuredProgram.cs

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
 
             AstTextureOperation GetAstTextureOperation(TextureOperation texOp)
             {
-                return new AstTextureOperation(inst, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.Flags, texOp.Binding, texOp.Index, sources);
+                return new AstTextureOperation(inst, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.Flags, texOp.Binding, texOp.SamplerBinding, texOp.Index, sources);
             }
 
             int componentsCount = BitOperations.PopCount((uint)operation.Index);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/TextureDefinition.cs

@@ -5,25 +5,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         public int Set { get; }
         public int Binding { get; }
         public int ArrayLength { get; }
+        public bool Separate { get; }
         public string Name { get; }
         public SamplerType Type { get; }
         public TextureFormat Format { get; }
         public TextureUsageFlags Flags { get; }
 
-        public TextureDefinition(int set, int binding, int arrayLength, string name, SamplerType type, TextureFormat format, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureDefinition(
+            int set,
+            int binding,
+            int arrayLength,
+            bool separate,
+            string name,
+            SamplerType type,
+            TextureFormat format,
+            TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             ArrayLength = arrayLength;
+            Separate = separate;
             Name = name;
             Type = type;
             Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
         }
 
+        public TextureDefinition(int set, int binding, string name, SamplerType type) : this(set, binding, 1, false, name, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None)
+        {
+        }
+
         public TextureDefinition SetFlag(TextureUsageFlags flag)
         {
-            return new TextureDefinition(Set, Binding, ArrayLength, Name, Type, Format, Flags | flag);
+            return new TextureDefinition(Set, Binding, ArrayLength, Separate, Name, Type, Format, Flags | flag);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/TextureDescriptor.cs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         public readonly int HandleIndex;
         public readonly int ArrayLength;
 
+        public readonly bool Separate;
+
         public readonly TextureUsageFlags Flags;
 
         public TextureDescriptor(
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             int cbufSlot,
             int handleIndex,
             int arrayLength,
+            bool separate,
             TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Binding = binding;
@@ -30,6 +33,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
             HandleIndex = handleIndex;
             ArrayLength = arrayLength;
+            Separate = separate;
             Flags = flags;
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/TextureHandle.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         SeparateSamplerHandle = 1,
         SeparateSamplerId = 2,
         SeparateConstantSamplerHandle = 3,
+        Direct = 4,
     }
 
     public static class TextureHandle

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessElimination.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr;
+using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
@@ -31,7 +32,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                if (!TryConvertBindless(block, resourceManager, gpuAccessor, texOp))
+                if (!TryConvertBindless(block, resourceManager, gpuAccessor, texOp) &&
+                    !GenerateBindlessAccess(block, resourceManager, gpuAccessor, texOp, node))
                 {
                     // If we can't do bindless elimination, remove the texture operation.
                     // Set any destination variables to zero.
@@ -46,6 +48,88 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
             }
         }
 
+        private static bool GenerateBindlessAccess(
+            BasicBlock block,
+            ResourceManager resourceManager,
+            IGpuAccessor gpuAccessor,
+            TextureOperation texOp,
+            LinkedListNode<INode> node)
+        {
+            if (!gpuAccessor.QueryHostSupportsSeparateSampler())
+            {
+                // We depend on combining samplers and textures in the shader being supported for this.
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            Operand nvHandle = texOp.GetSource(0);
+
+            if (nvHandle.AsgOp is not Operation handleOp ||
+                handleOp.Inst != Instruction.Load ||
+                handleOp.StorageKind != StorageKind.Input)
+            {
+                // Right now, we only allow bindless access when the handle comes from a shader input.
+                // This is an artificial limitation to prevent it from being used in cases where it
+                // would have a large performance impact of loading all textures in the pool.
+                // It might be removed in the future, if we can mitigate the performance impact.
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            Operand textureHandle = OperandHelper.Local();
+            Operand samplerHandle = OperandHelper.Local();
+            Operand textureIndex = OperandHelper.Local();
+
+            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.BitwiseAnd, textureHandle, nvHandle, OperandHelper.Const(0xfffff)));
+            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.ShiftRightU32, samplerHandle, nvHandle, OperandHelper.Const(20)));
+
+            int texturePoolLength = Math.Max(BindlessToArray.MinimumArrayLength, gpuAccessor.QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool());
+
+            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.MinimumU32, textureIndex, textureHandle, OperandHelper.Const(texturePoolLength - 1)));
+
+            texOp.SetSource(0, textureIndex);
+
+            bool hasSampler = !texOp.Inst.IsImage();
+
+            int textureBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                texOp.Inst,
+                texOp.Type,
+                texOp.Format,
+                texOp.Flags & ~TextureFlags.Bindless,
+                0,
+                TextureHandle.PackOffsets(0, 0, TextureHandleType.Direct),
+                texturePoolLength,
+                hasSampler);
+
+            if (hasSampler)
+            {
+                Operand samplerIndex = OperandHelper.Local();
+
+                int samplerPoolLength = Math.Max(BindlessToArray.MinimumArrayLength, gpuAccessor.QuerySamplerArrayLengthFromPool());
+
+                block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.MinimumU32, samplerIndex, samplerHandle, OperandHelper.Const(samplerPoolLength - 1)));
+
+                texOp.InsertSource(1, samplerIndex);
+
+                int samplerBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                    texOp.Inst,
+                    SamplerType.None,
+                    texOp.Format,
+                    TextureFlags.None,
+                    0,
+                    TextureHandle.PackOffsets(0, 0, TextureHandleType.Direct),
+                    samplerPoolLength);
+
+                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureBinding, samplerBinding);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureBinding);
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
         private static bool TryConvertBindless(BasicBlock block, ResourceManager resourceManager, IGpuAccessor gpuAccessor, TextureOperation texOp)
         {
             if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.TextureSample || texOp.Inst.IsTextureQuery())

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessToArray.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
         private const int HardcodedArrayLengthOgl = 4;
 
         // 1 and 0 elements are not considered arrays anymore.
-        private const int MinimumArrayLength = 2;
+        public const int MinimumArrayLength = 2;
 
         public static void RunPassOgl(BasicBlock block, ResourceManager resourceManager)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/ResourceManager.cs

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         private readonly HashSet<int> _usedConstantBufferBindings;
 
-        private readonly record struct TextureInfo(int CbufSlot, int Handle, int ArrayLength, SamplerType Type, TextureFormat Format);
+        private readonly record struct TextureInfo(int CbufSlot, int Handle, int ArrayLength, bool Separate, SamplerType Type, TextureFormat Format);
 
         private struct TextureMeta
         {
@@ -225,7 +225,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             TextureFlags flags,
             int cbufSlot,
             int handle,
-            int arrayLength = 1)
+            int arrayLength = 1,
+            bool separate = false)
         {
             inst &= Instruction.Mask;
             bool isImage = inst.IsImage();
@@ -239,7 +240,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 format = TextureFormat.Unknown;
             }
 
-            int binding = GetTextureOrImageBinding(cbufSlot, handle, arrayLength, type, format, isImage, intCoords, isWrite, accurateType, coherent);
+            int binding = GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                cbufSlot,
+                handle,
+                arrayLength,
+                type,
+                format,
+                isImage,
+                intCoords,
+                isWrite,
+                accurateType,
+                coherent,
+                separate);
 
             _gpuAccessor.RegisterTexture(handle, cbufSlot);
 
@@ -256,9 +268,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             bool intCoords,
             bool write,
             bool accurateType,
-            bool coherent)
+            bool coherent,
+            bool separate)
         {
-            var dimensions = type.GetDimensions();
+            var dimensions = type == SamplerType.None ? 0 : type.GetDimensions();
             var dict = isImage ? _usedImages : _usedTextures;
 
             var usageFlags = TextureUsageFlags.None;
@@ -290,7 +303,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             // For array textures, we also want to use type as key,
             // since we may have texture handles stores in the same buffer, but for textures with different types.
             var keyType = arrayLength > 1 ? type : SamplerType.None;
-            var info = new TextureInfo(cbufSlot, handle, arrayLength, keyType, format);
+            var info = new TextureInfo(cbufSlot, handle, arrayLength, separate, keyType, format);
             var meta = new TextureMeta()
             {
                 AccurateType = accurateType,
@@ -332,6 +345,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     ? $"{prefix}_tcb_{handle:X}_{format.ToGlslFormat()}"
                     : $"{prefix}_cb{cbufSlot}_{handle:X}_{format.ToGlslFormat()}";
             }
+            else if (type == SamplerType.None)
+            {
+                nameSuffix = cbufSlot < 0 ? $"s_tcb_{handle:X}" : $"s_cb{cbufSlot}_{handle:X}";
+            }
             else
             {
                 nameSuffix = cbufSlot < 0 ? $"{prefix}_tcb_{handle:X}" : $"{prefix}_cb{cbufSlot}_{handle:X}";
@@ -341,6 +358,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 isImage ? 3 : 2,
                 binding,
                 arrayLength,
+                separate,
                 $"{_stagePrefix}_{nameSuffix}",
                 meta.Type,
                 info.Format,
@@ -495,6 +513,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     info.CbufSlot,
                     info.Handle,
                     info.ArrayLength,
+                    info.Separate,
                     meta.UsageFlags));
             }
 
@@ -514,6 +533,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                         info.CbufSlot,
                         info.Handle,
                         info.ArrayLength,
+                        info.Separate,
                         meta.UsageFlags));
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/TranslatorContext.cs

@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 if (Stage == ShaderStage.Vertex)
                 {
                     int ibBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.IndexBufferTextureBinding;
-                    TextureDefinition indexBuffer = new(2, ibBinding, 1, "ib_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None);
+                    TextureDefinition indexBuffer = new(2, ibBinding, "ib_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
                     resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(indexBuffer);
 
                     int inputMap = _program.AttributeUsage.UsedInputAttributes;
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     {
                         int location = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(inputMap);
                         int binding = resourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(location);
-                        TextureDefinition vaBuffer = new(2, binding, 1, $"vb_data{location}", SamplerType.TextureBuffer, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None);
+                        TextureDefinition vaBuffer = new(2, binding, $"vb_data{location}", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
                         resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(vaBuffer);
 
                         inputMap &= ~(1 << location);
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 else if (Stage == ShaderStage.Geometry)
                 {
                     int trbBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.TopologyRemapBufferTextureBinding;
-                    TextureDefinition remapBuffer = new(2, trbBinding, 1, "trb_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None);
+                    TextureDefinition remapBuffer = new(2, trbBinding, "trb_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
                     resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(remapBuffer);
 
                     int geometryVbOutputSbBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.GeometryVertexOutputStorageBufferBinding;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture/Astc/AstcDecoder.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
@@ -291,16 +293,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture.Astc
             int depth,
             int levels,
             int layers,
-            out byte[] decoded)
+            out IMemoryOwner<byte> decoded)
         {
-            byte[] output = new byte[QueryDecompressedSize(width, height, depth, levels, layers)];
+            decoded = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(QueryDecompressedSize(width, height, depth, levels, layers));
 
-            AstcDecoder decoder = new(data, output, blockWidth, blockHeight, width, height, depth, levels, layers);
+            AstcDecoder decoder = new(data, decoded.Memory, blockWidth, blockHeight, width, height, depth, levels, layers);
 
             Enumerable.Range(0, decoder.TotalBlockCount).AsParallel().ForAll(x => decoder.ProcessBlock(x));
 
-            decoded = output;
-
             return decoder.Success;
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture/BCnDecoder.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Runtime.Intrinsics;
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
         private const int BlockWidth = 4;
         private const int BlockHeight = 4;
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC1(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC1(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -21,12 +23,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 size += Math.Max(1, width >> l) * Math.Max(1, height >> l) * Math.Max(1, depth >> l) * layers * 4;
             }
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
             Span<byte> tile = stackalloc byte[BlockWidth * BlockHeight * 4];
 
             Span<uint> tileAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(tile);
-            Span<uint> outputAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             Span<Vector128<byte>> tileAsVector128 = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, Vector128<byte>>(tile);
 
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC2(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC2(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -109,12 +111,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 size += Math.Max(1, width >> l) * Math.Max(1, height >> l) * Math.Max(1, depth >> l) * layers * 4;
             }
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
             Span<byte> tile = stackalloc byte[BlockWidth * BlockHeight * 4];
 
             Span<uint> tileAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(tile);
-            Span<uint> outputAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             Span<Vector128<byte>> tileAsVector128 = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, Vector128<byte>>(tile);
 
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC3(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC3(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -204,13 +206,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 size += Math.Max(1, width >> l) * Math.Max(1, height >> l) * Math.Max(1, depth >> l) * layers * 4;
             }
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
             Span<byte> tile = stackalloc byte[BlockWidth * BlockHeight * 4];
             Span<byte> rPal = stackalloc byte[8];
 
             Span<uint> tileAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(tile);
-            Span<uint> outputAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             Span<Vector128<byte>> tileAsVector128 = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, Vector128<byte>>(tile);
 
@@ -292,7 +294,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC4(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers, bool signed)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC4(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers, bool signed)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -304,8 +306,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             // Backends currently expect a stride alignment of 4 bytes, so output width must be aligned.
             int alignedWidth = BitUtils.AlignUp(width, 4);
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
-            Span<byte> outputSpan = new(output);
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = output.Memory.Span;
 
             ReadOnlySpan<ulong> data64 = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ulong>(data);
 
@@ -400,7 +402,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC5(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers, bool signed)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC5(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers, bool signed)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -412,7 +414,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             // Backends currently expect a stride alignment of 4 bytes, so output width must be aligned.
             int alignedWidth = BitUtils.AlignUp(width, 2);
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
             ReadOnlySpan<ulong> data64 = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ulong>(data);
 
@@ -421,7 +423,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             Span<byte> rPal = stackalloc byte[8];
             Span<byte> gPal = stackalloc byte[8];
 
-            Span<ushort> outputAsUshort = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ushort>(output);
+            Span<ushort> outputAsUshort = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ushort>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             Span<uint> rTileAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(rTile);
             Span<uint> gTileAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(gTile);
@@ -525,7 +527,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC6(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers, bool signed)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC6(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers, bool signed)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -534,7 +536,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 size += Math.Max(1, width >> l) * Math.Max(1, height >> l) * Math.Max(1, depth >> l) * layers * 8;
             }
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = output.Memory.Span;
 
             int inputOffset = 0;
             int outputOffset = 0;
@@ -548,7 +551,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 {
                     for (int z = 0; z < depth; z++)
                     {
-                        BC6Decoder.Decode(output.AsSpan()[outputOffset..], data[inputOffset..], width, height, signed);
+                        BC6Decoder.Decode(outputSpan[outputOffset..], data[inputOffset..], width, height, signed);
 
                         inputOffset += w * h * 16;
                         outputOffset += width * height * 8;
@@ -563,7 +566,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC7(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC7(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -572,7 +575,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 size += Math.Max(1, width >> l) * Math.Max(1, height >> l) * Math.Max(1, depth >> l) * layers * 4;
             }
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = output.Memory.Span;
 
             int inputOffset = 0;
             int outputOffset = 0;
@@ -586,7 +590,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 {
                     for (int z = 0; z < depth; z++)
                     {
-                        BC7Decoder.Decode(output.AsSpan()[outputOffset..], data[inputOffset..], width, height);
+                        BC7Decoder.Decode(outputSpan[outputOffset..], data[inputOffset..], width, height);
 
                         inputOffset += w * h * 16;
                         outputOffset += width * height * 4;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture/BCnEncoder.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture.Encoders;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
 {
@@ -9,7 +11,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
         private const int BlockWidth = 4;
         private const int BlockHeight = 4;
 
-        public static byte[] EncodeBC7(byte[] data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> EncodeBC7(Memory<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -21,7 +23,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 size += w * h * 16 * Math.Max(1, depth >> l) * layers;
             }
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
+            Memory<byte> outputMemory = output.Memory;
 
             int imageBaseIOffs = 0;
             int imageBaseOOffs = 0;
@@ -36,8 +39,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                     for (int z = 0; z < depth; z++)
                     {
                         BC7Encoder.Encode(
-                            output.AsMemory()[imageBaseOOffs..],
-                            data.AsMemory()[imageBaseIOffs..],
+                            outputMemory[imageBaseOOffs..],
+                            data[imageBaseIOffs..],
                             width,
                             height,
                             EncodeMode.Fast | EncodeMode.Multithreaded);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture/ETC2Decoder.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
@@ -49,15 +51,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             new int[] { -3, -5, -7, -9, 2, 4, 6, 8 },
         };
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeRgb(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeRgb(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
         {
             ReadOnlySpan<ulong> dataUlong = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ulong>(data);
 
             int inputOffset = 0;
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[CalculateOutputSize(width, height, depth, levels, layers)];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(CalculateOutputSize(width, height, depth, levels, layers));
 
-            Span<uint> outputUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
             Span<uint> tile = stackalloc uint[BlockWidth * BlockHeight];
 
             int imageBaseOOffs = 0;
@@ -111,15 +113,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodePta(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodePta(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
         {
             ReadOnlySpan<ulong> dataUlong = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ulong>(data);
 
             int inputOffset = 0;
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[CalculateOutputSize(width, height, depth, levels, layers)];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(CalculateOutputSize(width, height, depth, levels, layers));
 
-            Span<uint> outputUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
             Span<uint> tile = stackalloc uint[BlockWidth * BlockHeight];
 
             int imageBaseOOffs = 0;
@@ -168,15 +170,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeRgba(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeRgba(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
         {
             ReadOnlySpan<ulong> dataUlong = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ulong>(data);
 
             int inputOffset = 0;
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[CalculateOutputSize(width, height, depth, levels, layers)];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(CalculateOutputSize(width, height, depth, levels, layers));
 
-            Span<uint> outputUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
             Span<uint> tile = stackalloc uint[BlockWidth * BlockHeight];
 
             int imageBaseOOffs = 0;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture/LayoutConverter.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Runtime.Intrinsics;
 using static Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture.BlockLinearConstants;
 
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             };
         }
 
-        public static byte[] ConvertBlockLinearToLinear(
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertBlockLinearToLinear(
             int width,
             int height,
             int depth,
@@ -119,7 +121,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 blockHeight,
                 bytesPerPixel);
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[outSize];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> outputOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(outSize);
+            Span<byte> output = outputOwner.Memory.Span;
 
             int outOffs = 0;
 
@@ -243,10 +246,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                     _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Unable to convert ${bytesPerPixel} bpp pixel format."),
                 };
             }
-            return output;
+            return outputOwner;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(
             int width,
             int height,
             int blockWidth,
@@ -262,8 +265,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             int outStride = BitUtils.AlignUp(w * bytesPerPixel, HostStrideAlignment);
             lineSize = Math.Min(lineSize, outStride);
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[h * outStride];
-            Span<byte> outSpan = output;
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(h * outStride);
+            Span<byte> outSpan = output.Memory.Span;
 
             int outOffs = 0;
             int inOffs = 0;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture/PixelConverter.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Runtime.Intrinsics;
 using System.Runtime.Intrinsics.X86;
@@ -19,13 +21,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return (remainder, outRemainder, length / stride);
         }
 
-        public unsafe static byte[] ConvertR4G4ToR4G4B4A4(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width)
+        public unsafe static IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertR4G4ToR4G4B4A4(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width)
         {
-            byte[] output = new byte[data.Length * 2];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(data.Length * 2);
 
             (int remainder, int outRemainder, int height) = GetLineRemainders(data.Length, width, 1, 2);
 
-            Span<ushort> outputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ushort>(output);
+            Span<ushort> outputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ushort>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             if (remainder == 0)
             {
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                     int sizeTrunc = data.Length & ~7;
                     start = sizeTrunc;
 
-                    fixed (byte* inputPtr = data, outputPtr = output)
+                    fixed (byte* inputPtr = data, outputPtr = output.Memory.Span)
                     {
                         for (ulong offset = 0; offset < (ulong)sizeTrunc; offset += 8)
                         {
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
 
                 for (int i = start; i < data.Length; i++)
                 {
-                    outputSpan[i] = (ushort)data[i];
+                    outputSpan[i] = data[i];
                 }
             }
             else
@@ -70,16 +72,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public unsafe static byte[] ConvertR5G6B5ToR8G8B8A8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertR5G6B5ToR8G8B8A8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width)
         {
-            byte[] output = new byte[data.Length * 2];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(data.Length * 2);
             int offset = 0;
             int outOffset = 0;
 
             (int remainder, int outRemainder, int height) = GetLineRemainders(data.Length, width, 2, 4);
 
             ReadOnlySpan<ushort> inputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ushort>(data);
-            Span<uint> outputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
             {
@@ -107,16 +109,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public unsafe static byte[] ConvertR5G5B5ToR8G8B8A8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, bool forceAlpha)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertR5G5B5ToR8G8B8A8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, bool forceAlpha)
         {
-            byte[] output = new byte[data.Length * 2];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(data.Length * 2);
             int offset = 0;
             int outOffset = 0;
 
             (int remainder, int outRemainder, int height) = GetLineRemainders(data.Length, width, 2, 4);
 
             ReadOnlySpan<ushort> inputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ushort>(data);
-            Span<uint> outputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
             {
@@ -144,16 +146,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public unsafe static byte[] ConvertA1B5G5R5ToR8G8B8A8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertA1B5G5R5ToR8G8B8A8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width)
         {
-            byte[] output = new byte[data.Length * 2];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(data.Length * 2);
             int offset = 0;
             int outOffset = 0;
 
             (int remainder, int outRemainder, int height) = GetLineRemainders(data.Length, width, 2, 4);
 
             ReadOnlySpan<ushort> inputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ushort>(data);
-            Span<uint> outputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
             {
@@ -181,16 +183,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public unsafe static byte[] ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width)
         {
-            byte[] output = new byte[data.Length * 2];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(data.Length * 2);
             int offset = 0;
             int outOffset = 0;
 
             (int remainder, int outRemainder, int height) = GetLineRemainders(data.Length, width, 2, 4);
 
             ReadOnlySpan<ushort> inputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ushort>(data);
-            Span<uint> outputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputSpan = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
             {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/CommandBufferPool.cs

@@ -302,12 +302,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                         SubmitInfo sInfo = new()
                         {
                             SType = StructureType.SubmitInfo,
-                            WaitSemaphoreCount = waitSemaphores != null ? (uint)waitSemaphores.Length : 0,
+                            WaitSemaphoreCount = !waitSemaphores.IsEmpty ? (uint)waitSemaphores.Length : 0,
                             PWaitSemaphores = pWaitSemaphores,
                             PWaitDstStageMask = pWaitDstStageMask,
                             CommandBufferCount = 1,
                             PCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer,
-                            SignalSemaphoreCount = signalSemaphores != null ? (uint)signalSemaphores.Length : 0,
+                            SignalSemaphoreCount = !signalSemaphores.IsEmpty ? (uint)signalSemaphores.Length : 0,
                             PSignalSemaphores = pSignalSemaphores,
                         };
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/DescriptorSetTemplate.cs

@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 int binding = segment.Binding;
                 int count = segment.Count;
 
-                if (setIndex == PipelineBase.UniformSetIndex)
+                if (IsBufferType(segment.Type))
                 {
                     entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
                     {
-                        DescriptorType = DescriptorType.UniformBuffer,
+                        DescriptorType = segment.Type.Convert(),
                         DstBinding = (uint)binding,
                         DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
                         Offset = structureOffset,
@@ -56,76 +56,31 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
                     structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorBufferInfo>() * count);
                 }
-                else if (setIndex == PipelineBase.StorageSetIndex)
+                else if (IsBufferTextureType(segment.Type))
                 {
                     entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
                     {
-                        DescriptorType = DescriptorType.StorageBuffer,
+                        DescriptorType = segment.Type.Convert(),
                         DstBinding = (uint)binding,
                         DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
                         Offset = structureOffset,
-                        Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorBufferInfo>()
+                        Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<BufferView>()
                     };
 
-                    structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorBufferInfo>() * count);
+                    structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<BufferView>() * count);
                 }
-                else if (setIndex == PipelineBase.TextureSetIndex)
+                else
                 {
-                    if (segment.Type != ResourceType.BufferTexture)
+                    entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
                     {
-                        entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
-                        {
-                            DescriptorType = DescriptorType.CombinedImageSampler,
-                            DstBinding = (uint)binding,
-                            DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
-                            Offset = structureOffset,
-                            Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorImageInfo>()
-                        };
+                        DescriptorType = segment.Type.Convert(),
+                        DstBinding = (uint)binding,
+                        DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
+                        Offset = structureOffset,
+                        Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorImageInfo>()
+                    };
 
-                        structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorImageInfo>() * count);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
-                        {
-                            DescriptorType = DescriptorType.UniformTexelBuffer,
-                            DstBinding = (uint)binding,
-                            DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
-                            Offset = structureOffset,
-                            Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<BufferView>()
-                        };
-
-                        structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<BufferView>() * count);
-                    }
-                }
-                else if (setIndex == PipelineBase.ImageSetIndex)
-                {
-                    if (segment.Type != ResourceType.BufferImage)
-                    {
-                        entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
-                        {
-                            DescriptorType = DescriptorType.StorageImage,
-                            DstBinding = (uint)binding,
-                            DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
-                            Offset = structureOffset,
-                            Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorImageInfo>()
-                        };
-
-                        structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorImageInfo>() * count);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        entries[seg] = new DescriptorUpdateTemplateEntry()
-                        {
-                            DescriptorType = DescriptorType.StorageTexelBuffer,
-                            DstBinding = (uint)binding,
-                            DescriptorCount = (uint)count,
-                            Offset = structureOffset,
-                            Stride = (nuint)Unsafe.SizeOf<BufferView>()
-                        };
-
-                        structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<BufferView>() * count);
-                    }
+                    structureOffset += (nuint)(Unsafe.SizeOf<DescriptorImageInfo>() * count);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -237,6 +192,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             Template = result;
         }
 
+        private static bool IsBufferType(ResourceType type)
+        {
+            return type == ResourceType.UniformBuffer || type == ResourceType.StorageBuffer;
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsBufferTextureType(ResourceType type)
+        {
+            return type == ResourceType.BufferTexture || type == ResourceType.BufferImage;
+        }
+
         public unsafe void Dispose()
         {
             _gd.Api.DestroyDescriptorUpdateTemplate(_device, Template, null);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/DescriptorSetUpdater.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using CompareOp = Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.CompareOp;
@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         public void Initialize()
         {
-            Span<byte> dummyTextureData = stackalloc byte[4];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> dummyTextureData = ByteMemoryPool.RentCleared(4);
             _dummyTexture.SetData(dummyTextureData);
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Effects/SmaaPostProcessingEffect.cs

@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan.Effects
                 SwizzleComponent.Blue,
                 SwizzleComponent.Alpha);
 
-            var areaTexture = EmbeddedResources.Read("Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Effects/Textures/SmaaAreaTexture.bin");
-            var searchTexture = EmbeddedResources.Read("Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Effects/Textures/SmaaSearchTexture.bin");
+            var areaTexture = EmbeddedResources.ReadFileToRentedMemory("Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Effects/Textures/SmaaAreaTexture.bin");
+            var searchTexture = EmbeddedResources.ReadFileToRentedMemory("Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Effects/Textures/SmaaSearchTexture.bin");
 
             _areaTexture = _renderer.CreateTexture(areaInfo) as TextureView;
             _searchTexture = _renderer.CreateTexture(searchInfo) as TextureView;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/TextureBuffer.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using Format = Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Format;
 using VkFormat = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Format;
@@ -94,17 +94,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _bufferView = null;
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            _gd.SetBufferData(_bufferHandle, _offset, data);
+            _gd.SetBufferData(_bufferHandle, _offset, data.Memory.Span);
+            data.Dispose();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             throw new NotSupportedException();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             throw new NotSupportedException();
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/TextureView.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
@@ -702,19 +702,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             return GetDataFromBuffer(result, size, result);
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            SetData(data, 0, 0, Info.GetLayers(), Info.Levels, singleSlice: false);
+            SetData(data.Memory.Span, 0, 0, Info.GetLayers(), Info.Levels, singleSlice: false);
+            data.Dispose();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
-            SetData(data, layer, level, 1, 1, singleSlice: true);
+            SetData(data.Memory.Span, layer, level, 1, 1, singleSlice: true);
+            data.Dispose();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
-            SetData(data, layer, level, 1, 1, singleSlice: true, region);
+            SetData(data.Memory.Span, layer, level, 1, 1, singleSlice: true, region);
+            data.Dispose();
         }
 
         private void SetData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int layer, int level, int layers, int levels, bool singleSlice, Rectangle<int>? region = null)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanRenderer.cs

@@ -706,6 +706,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 supportsCubemapView: !IsAmdGcn,
                 supportsNonConstantTextureOffset: false,
                 supportsScaledVertexFormats: FormatCapabilities.SupportsScaledVertexFormats(),
+                supportsSeparateSampler: true,
                 supportsShaderBallot: false,
                 supportsShaderBarrierDivergence: Vendor != Vendor.Intel,
                 supportsShaderFloat64: Capabilities.SupportsShaderFloat64,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Window.cs

@@ -330,6 +330,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     _swapchainIsDirty)
                 {
                     RecreateSwapchain();
+                    semaphoreIndex = (_frameIndex - 1) % _imageAvailableSemaphores.Length;
                 }
                 else
                 {

src/Ryujinx.Gtk3/Program.cs

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx
 
             if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows() && !OperatingSystem.IsWindowsVersionAtLeast(10, 0, 17134))
             {
-                MessageBoxA(IntPtr.Zero, "You are running an outdated version of Windows.\n\nStarting on June 1st 2022, Ryujinx will only support Windows 10 1803 and newer.\n", $"Ryujinx {Version}", MbIconWarning);
+                MessageBoxA(IntPtr.Zero, "You are running an outdated version of Windows.\n\nRyujinx supports Windows 10 version 1803 and newer.\n", $"Ryujinx {Version}", MbIconWarning);
             }
 
             // Parse arguments

src/Ryujinx.Gtk3/Ryujinx.Gtk3.csproj

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     </Content>
   </ItemGroup>
 
-  <ItemGroup Condition="'$(RuntimeIdentifier)' == 'linux-x64' OR '$(RuntimeIdentifier)' == 'linux-arm64'">
+  <ItemGroup Condition="'$(RuntimeIdentifier)' == 'linux-x64' OR '$(RuntimeIdentifier)' == 'linux-arm64' OR ('$(RuntimeIdentifier)' == '' AND $([MSBuild]::IsOSPlatform('Linux')))">
     <Content Include="..\..\distribution\linux\Ryujinx.sh">
       <CopyToOutputDirectory>Always</CopyToOutputDirectory>
     </Content>

src/Ryujinx.Gtk3/UI/Helper/ButtonHelper.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid.Controller;
+using Ryujinx.Input;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Key = Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid.Key;
+using StickInputId = Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid.Controller.StickInputId;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.UI.Helper
+{
+    public static class ButtonHelper
+    {
+        private static readonly Dictionary<Key, string> _keysMap = new()
+        {
+            { Key.Unknown, "Unknown" },
+            { Key.ShiftLeft, "ShiftLeft" },
+            { Key.ShiftRight, "ShiftRight" },
+            { Key.ControlLeft, "CtrlLeft" },
+            { Key.ControlRight, "CtrlRight" },
+            { Key.AltLeft, OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? "OptLeft" : "AltLeft" },
+            { Key.AltRight, OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? "OptRight" : "AltRight" },
+            { Key.WinLeft, OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? "CmdLeft" : "WinLeft" },
+            { Key.WinRight, OperatingSystem.IsMacOS() ? "CmdRight" : "WinRight" },
+            { Key.Up, "Up" },
+            { Key.Down, "Down" },
+            { Key.Left, "Left" },
+            { Key.Right, "Right" },
+            { Key.Enter, "Enter" },
+            { Key.Escape, "Escape" },
+            { Key.Space, "Space" },
+            { Key.Tab, "Tab" },
+            { Key.BackSpace, "Backspace" },
+            { Key.Insert, "Insert" },
+            { Key.Delete, "Delete" },
+            { Key.PageUp, "PageUp" },
+            { Key.PageDown, "PageDown" },
+            { Key.Home, "Home" },
+            { Key.End, "End" },
+            { Key.CapsLock, "CapsLock" },
+            { Key.ScrollLock, "ScrollLock" },
+            { Key.PrintScreen, "PrintScreen" },
+            { Key.Pause, "Pause" },
+            { Key.NumLock, "NumLock" },
+            { Key.Clear, "Clear" },
+            { Key.Keypad0, "Keypad0" },
+            { Key.Keypad1, "Keypad1" },
+            { Key.Keypad2, "Keypad2" },
+            { Key.Keypad3, "Keypad3" },
+            { Key.Keypad4, "Keypad4" },
+            { Key.Keypad5, "Keypad5" },
+            { Key.Keypad6, "Keypad6" },
+            { Key.Keypad7, "Keypad7" },
+            { Key.Keypad8, "Keypad8" },
+            { Key.Keypad9, "Keypad9" },
+            { Key.KeypadDivide, "KeypadDivide" },
+            { Key.KeypadMultiply, "KeypadMultiply" },
+            { Key.KeypadSubtract, "KeypadSubtract" },
+            { Key.KeypadAdd, "KeypadAdd" },
+            { Key.KeypadDecimal, "KeypadDecimal" },
+            { Key.KeypadEnter, "KeypadEnter" },
+            { Key.Number0, "0" },
+            { Key.Number1, "1" },
+            { Key.Number2, "2" },
+            { Key.Number3, "3" },
+            { Key.Number4, "4" },
+            { Key.Number5, "5" },
+            { Key.Number6, "6" },
+            { Key.Number7, "7" },
+            { Key.Number8, "8" },
+            { Key.Number9, "9" },
+            { Key.Tilde, "~" },
+            { Key.Grave, "`" },
+            { Key.Minus, "-" },
+            { Key.Plus, "+" },
+            { Key.BracketLeft, "[" },
+            { Key.BracketRight, "]" },
+            { Key.Semicolon, ";" },
+            { Key.Quote, "'" },
+            { Key.Comma, "," },
+            { Key.Period, "." },
+            { Key.Slash, "/" },
+            { Key.BackSlash, "\\" },
+            { Key.Unbound, "Unbound" },
+        };
+
+        private static readonly Dictionary<GamepadInputId, string> _gamepadInputIdMap = new()
+        {
+            { GamepadInputId.LeftStick, "LeftStick" },
+            { GamepadInputId.RightStick, "RightStick" },
+            { GamepadInputId.LeftShoulder, "LeftShoulder" },
+            { GamepadInputId.RightShoulder, "RightShoulder" },
+            { GamepadInputId.LeftTrigger, "LeftTrigger" },
+            { GamepadInputId.RightTrigger, "RightTrigger" },
+            { GamepadInputId.DpadUp, "DpadUp" },
+            { GamepadInputId.DpadDown, "DpadDown" },
+            { GamepadInputId.DpadLeft, "DpadLeft" },
+            { GamepadInputId.DpadRight, "DpadRight" },
+            { GamepadInputId.Minus, "Minus" },
+            { GamepadInputId.Plus, "Plus" },
+            { GamepadInputId.Guide, "Guide" },
+            { GamepadInputId.Misc1, "Misc1" },
+            { GamepadInputId.Paddle1, "Paddle1" },
+            { GamepadInputId.Paddle2, "Paddle2" },
+            { GamepadInputId.Paddle3, "Paddle3" },
+            { GamepadInputId.Paddle4, "Paddle4" },
+            { GamepadInputId.Touchpad, "Touchpad" },
+            { GamepadInputId.SingleLeftTrigger0, "SingleLeftTrigger0" },
+            { GamepadInputId.SingleRightTrigger0, "SingleRightTrigger0" },
+            { GamepadInputId.SingleLeftTrigger1, "SingleLeftTrigger1" },
+            { GamepadInputId.SingleRightTrigger1, "SingleRightTrigger1" },
+            { GamepadInputId.Unbound, "Unbound" },
+        };
+
+        private static readonly Dictionary<StickInputId, string> _stickInputIdMap = new()
+        {
+            { StickInputId.Left, "StickLeft" },
+            { StickInputId.Right, "StickRight" },
+            { StickInputId.Unbound, "Unbound" },
+        };
+
+        public static string ToString(Button button)
+        {
+            string keyString = "";
+
+            switch (button.Type)
+            {
+                case ButtonType.Key:
+                    var key = button.AsHidType<Key>();
+
+                    if (!_keysMap.TryGetValue(button.AsHidType<Key>(), out keyString))
+                    {
+                        keyString = key.ToString();
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case ButtonType.GamepadButtonInputId:
+                    var gamepadButton = button.AsHidType<GamepadInputId>();
+
+                    if (!_gamepadInputIdMap.TryGetValue(button.AsHidType<GamepadInputId>(), out keyString))
+                    {
+                        keyString = gamepadButton.ToString();
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case ButtonType.StickId:
+                    var stickInput = button.AsHidType<StickInputId>();
+
+                    if (!_stickInputIdMap.TryGetValue(button.AsHidType<StickInputId>(), out keyString))
+                    {
+                        keyString = stickInput.ToString();
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            return keyString;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Gtk3/UI/Windows/ControllerWindow.cs

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Input;
 using Ryujinx.Input.Assigner;
 using Ryujinx.Input.GTK3;
 using Ryujinx.UI.Common.Configuration;
+using Ryujinx.UI.Helper;
 using Ryujinx.UI.Widgets;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ using System.IO;
 using System.Reflection;
 using System.Text.Json;
 using System.Threading;
+using Button = Ryujinx.Input.Button;
 using ConfigGamepadInputId = Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid.Controller.GamepadInputId;
 using ConfigStickInputId = Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid.Controller.StickInputId;
 using GUI = Gtk.Builder.ObjectAttribute;
@@ -887,13 +889,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI.Windows
                     Thread.Sleep(10);
                     assigner.ReadInput();
 
-                    if (_mousePressed || keyboard.IsPressed(Ryujinx.Input.Key.Escape) || assigner.HasAnyButtonPressed() || assigner.ShouldCancel())
+                    if (_mousePressed || keyboard.IsPressed(Ryujinx.Input.Key.Escape) || assigner.IsAnyButtonPressed() || assigner.ShouldCancel())
                     {
                         break;
                     }
                 }
 
-                string pressedButton = assigner.GetPressedButton();
+                string pressedButton = ButtonHelper.ToString(assigner.GetPressedButton() ?? new Button(Input.Key.Unknown));
 
                 Application.Invoke(delegate
                 {

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Ipc/KServerSession.cs

@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    serverProcess.CpuMemory.Write(copyDst, clientProcess.CpuMemory.GetSpan(copySrc, (int)copySize));
+                    serverProcess.CpuMemory.Write(copyDst, clientProcess.CpuMemory.GetReadOnlySequence(copySrc, (int)copySize));
                 }
 
                 if (clientResult != Result.Success)
@@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Ipc
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    clientProcess.CpuMemory.Write(copyDst, serverProcess.CpuMemory.GetSpan(copySrc, (int)copySize));
+                    clientProcess.CpuMemory.Write(copyDst, serverProcess.CpuMemory.GetReadOnlySequence(copySrc, (int)copySize));
                 }
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Memory/KPageTable.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Horizon.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 
@@ -34,6 +35,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Memory
             }
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override ReadOnlySequence<byte> GetReadOnlySequence(ulong va, int size)
+        {
+            return _cpuMemory.GetReadOnlySequence(va, size);
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         protected override ReadOnlySpan<byte> GetSpan(ulong va, int size)
         {
@@ -247,6 +254,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Memory
             _cpuMemory.SignalMemoryTracking(va, size, write);
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected override void Write(ulong va, ReadOnlySequence<byte> data)
+        {
+            _cpuMemory.Write(va, data);
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         protected override void Write(ulong va, ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
         {

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Memory/KPageTableBase.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Horizon.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 
@@ -1568,7 +1569,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Memory
 
                     while (size > 0)
                     {
-                        ulong copySize = 0x100000; // Copy chunck size. Any value will do, moderate sizes are recommended.
+                        ulong copySize = int.MaxValue;
 
                         if (copySize > size)
                         {
@@ -1577,11 +1578,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Memory
 
                         if (toServer)
                         {
-                            currentProcess.CpuMemory.Write(serverAddress, GetSpan(clientAddress, (int)copySize));
+                            currentProcess.CpuMemory.Write(serverAddress, GetReadOnlySequence(clientAddress, (int)copySize));
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            Write(clientAddress, currentProcess.CpuMemory.GetSpan(serverAddress, (int)copySize));
+                            Write(clientAddress, currentProcess.CpuMemory.GetReadOnlySequence(serverAddress, (int)copySize));
                         }
 
                         serverAddress += copySize;
@@ -1911,9 +1912,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Memory
                     Context.Memory.Fill(GetDramAddressFromPa(dstFirstPagePa), unusedSizeBefore, (byte)_ipcFillValue);
 
                     ulong copySize = addressRounded <= endAddr ? addressRounded - address : size;
-                    var data = srcPageTable.GetSpan(addressTruncated + unusedSizeBefore, (int)copySize);
+                    var data = srcPageTable.GetReadOnlySequence(addressTruncated + unusedSizeBefore, (int)copySize);
 
-                    Context.Memory.Write(GetDramAddressFromPa(dstFirstPagePa + unusedSizeBefore), data);
+                    ((IWritableBlock)Context.Memory).Write(GetDramAddressFromPa(dstFirstPagePa + unusedSizeBefore), data);
 
                     firstPageFillAddress += unusedSizeBefore + copySize;
 
@@ -1977,9 +1978,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Memory
                 if (send)
                 {
                     ulong copySize = endAddr - endAddrTruncated;
-                    var data = srcPageTable.GetSpan(endAddrTruncated, (int)copySize);
+                    var data = srcPageTable.GetReadOnlySequence(endAddrTruncated, (int)copySize);
 
-                    Context.Memory.Write(GetDramAddressFromPa(dstLastPagePa), data);
+                    ((IWritableBlock)Context.Memory).Write(GetDramAddressFromPa(dstLastPagePa), data);
 
                     lastPageFillAddr += copySize;
 
@@ -2943,6 +2944,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Memory
         /// <param name="pageList">Page list where the ranges will be added</param>
         protected abstract void GetPhysicalRegions(ulong va, ulong size, KPageList pageList);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a read-only sequence of data from CPU mapped memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Allows reading non-contiguous memory without first copying it to a newly allocated single contiguous block.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="va">Virtual address of the data</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Size of the data</param>
+        /// <returns>A read-only sequence of the data</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="Ryujinx.Memory.InvalidMemoryRegionException">Throw for unhandled invalid or unmapped memory accesses</exception>
+        protected abstract ReadOnlySequence<byte> GetReadOnlySequence(ulong va, int size);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets a read-only span of data from CPU mapped memory.
         /// </summary>
@@ -2952,7 +2965,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Memory
         /// </remarks>
         /// <param name="va">Virtual address of the data</param>
         /// <param name="size">Size of the data</param>
-        /// <param name="tracked">True if read tracking is triggered on the span</param>
         /// <returns>A read-only span of the data</returns>
         /// <exception cref="Ryujinx.Memory.InvalidMemoryRegionException">Throw for unhandled invalid or unmapped memory accesses</exception>
         protected abstract ReadOnlySpan<byte> GetSpan(ulong va, int size);
@@ -3060,6 +3072,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Memory
         /// <param name="size">Size of the region</param>
         protected abstract void SignalMemoryTracking(ulong va, ulong size, bool write);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes data to CPU mapped memory, with write tracking.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="va">Virtual address to write the data into</param>
+        /// <param name="data">Data to be written</param>
+        /// <exception cref="Ryujinx.Memory.InvalidMemoryRegionException">Throw for unhandled invalid or unmapped memory accesses</exception>
+        protected abstract void Write(ulong va, ReadOnlySequence<byte> data);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Writes data to CPU mapped memory, with write tracking.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Fatal/IService.cs

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Fatal
             errorReport.AppendLine($"\tResultCode: {((int)resultCode & 0x1FF) + 2000}-{((int)resultCode >> 9) & 0x3FFF:d4}");
             errorReport.AppendLine($"\tFatalPolicy: {fatalPolicy}");
 
-            if (cpuContext != null)
+            if (!cpuContext.IsEmpty)
             {
                 errorReport.AppendLine("CPU Context:");
 

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Hid/HidDevices/MouseDevice.cs

@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Hid
                 newState.Buttons = (MouseButton)buttons;
                 newState.X = mouseX;
                 newState.Y = mouseY;
-                newState.DeltaX = mouseX - previousEntry.DeltaX;
-                newState.DeltaY = mouseY - previousEntry.DeltaY;
+                newState.DeltaX = mouseX - previousEntry.X;
+                newState.DeltaY = mouseY - previousEntry.Y;
                 newState.WheelDeltaX = scrollX;
                 newState.WheelDeltaY = scrollY;
                 newState.Attributes = connected ? MouseAttribute.IsConnected : MouseAttribute.None;

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Sockets/Bsd/IClient.cs

@@ -440,8 +440,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Sockets.Bsd
 
                     // If we are here, that mean nothing was available, sleep for 50ms
                     context.Device.System.KernelContext.Syscall.SleepThread(50 * 1000000);
+                    context.Thread.HandlePostSyscall();
                 }
-                while (PerformanceCounter.ElapsedMilliseconds < budgetLeftMilliseconds);
+                while (context.Thread.Context.Running && PerformanceCounter.ElapsedMilliseconds < budgetLeftMilliseconds);
             }
             else if (timeout == -1)
             {

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/SurfaceFlinger/IBinder.cs

@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.SurfaceFlinger
 
         ResultCode OnTransact(uint code, uint flags, ReadOnlySpan<byte> inputParcel, Span<byte> outputParcel)
         {
-            Parcel inputParcelReader = new(inputParcel.ToArray());
+            using Parcel inputParcelReader = new(inputParcel);
 
             // TODO: support objects?
-            Parcel outputParcelWriter = new((uint)(outputParcel.Length - Unsafe.SizeOf<ParcelHeader>()), 0);
+            using Parcel outputParcelWriter = new((uint)(outputParcel.Length - Unsafe.SizeOf<ParcelHeader>()), 0);
 
             string inputInterfaceToken = inputParcelReader.ReadInterfaceToken();
 

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/SurfaceFlinger/Parcel.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.SurfaceFlinger.Types;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -9,13 +11,13 @@ using System.Text;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.SurfaceFlinger
 {
-    class Parcel
+    sealed class Parcel : IDisposable
     {
-        private readonly byte[] _rawData;
+        private readonly IMemoryOwner<byte> _rawDataOwner;
 
-        private Span<byte> Raw => new(_rawData);
+        private Span<byte> Raw => _rawDataOwner.Memory.Span;
 
-        private ref ParcelHeader Header => ref MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ParcelHeader>(_rawData)[0];
+        private ref ParcelHeader Header => ref MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ParcelHeader>(Raw)[0];
 
         private Span<byte> Payload => Raw.Slice((int)Header.PayloadOffset, (int)Header.PayloadSize);
 
@@ -24,9 +26,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.SurfaceFlinger
         private int _payloadPosition;
         private int _objectPosition;
 
-        public Parcel(byte[] rawData)
+        private bool _isDisposed;
+
+        public Parcel(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
         {
-            _rawData = rawData;
+            _rawDataOwner = ByteMemoryPool.RentCopy(data);
 
             _payloadPosition = 0;
             _objectPosition = 0;
@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.SurfaceFlinger
         {
             uint headerSize = (uint)Unsafe.SizeOf<ParcelHeader>();
 
-            _rawData = new byte[BitUtils.AlignUp<uint>(headerSize + payloadSize + objectsSize, 4)];
+            _rawDataOwner = ByteMemoryPool.RentCleared(BitUtils.AlignUp<uint>(headerSize + payloadSize + objectsSize, 4));
 
             Header.PayloadSize = payloadSize;
             Header.ObjectsSize = objectsSize;
@@ -132,7 +136,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.SurfaceFlinger
 
             // TODO: figure out what this value is
 
-            WriteInplaceObject(new byte[4] { 0, 0, 0, 0 });
+            Span<byte> fourBytes = stackalloc byte[4];
+
+            WriteInplaceObject(fourBytes);
         }
 
         public AndroidStrongPointer<T> ReadStrongPointer<T>() where T : unmanaged, IFlattenable
@@ -219,5 +225,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.SurfaceFlinger
 
             return Raw[..(int)(Header.PayloadSize + Header.ObjectsSize + Unsafe.SizeOf<ParcelHeader>())];
         }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (!_isDisposed)
+            {
+                _isDisposed = true;
+
+                _rawDataOwner.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/Vi/RootService/IApplicationDisplayService.cs

@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Vi.RootService
 
             context.Device.System.SurfaceFlinger.SetRenderLayer(layerId);
 
-            Parcel parcel = new(0x28, 0x4);
+            using Parcel parcel = new(0x28, 0x4);
 
             parcel.WriteObject(producer, "dispdrv\0");
 
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.Vi.RootService
 
             context.Device.System.SurfaceFlinger.SetRenderLayer(layerId);
 
-            Parcel parcel = new(0x28, 0x4);
+            using Parcel parcel = new(0x28, 0x4);
 
             parcel.WriteObject(producer, "dispdrv\0");
 

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Tamper/CodeEmitters/StoreConstantToMemory.cs

@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Tamper.CodeEmitters
         private const int OffsetRegisterIndex = 6;
         private const int ValueImmediateIndex = 8;
 
-        private const int ValueImmediateSize8 = 8;
-        private const int ValueImmediateSize16 = 16;
+        private const int ValueImmediateSize = 16;
 
         public static void Emit(byte[] instruction, CompilationContext context)
         {
@@ -32,8 +31,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Tamper.CodeEmitters
             Register sourceRegister = context.GetRegister(instruction[AddressRegisterIndex]);
             byte incrementAddressRegister = instruction[IncrementAddressRegisterIndex];
             byte useOffsetRegister = instruction[UseOffsetRegisterIndex];
-            int valueImmediateSize = operationWidth <= 4 ? ValueImmediateSize8 : ValueImmediateSize16;
-            ulong immediate = InstructionHelper.GetImmediate(instruction, ValueImmediateIndex, valueImmediateSize);
+            ulong immediate = InstructionHelper.GetImmediate(instruction, ValueImmediateIndex, ValueImmediateSize);
             Value<ulong> storeValue = new(immediate);
 
             Pointer destinationMemory;

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/TamperMachine.cs

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS
 
             try
             {
-                ControllerKeys pressedKeys = (ControllerKeys)Thread.VolatileRead(ref _pressedKeys);
+                ControllerKeys pressedKeys = (ControllerKeys)Volatile.Read(ref _pressedKeys);
                 program.Process.TamperedCodeMemory = false;
                 program.Execute(pressedKeys);
 
@@ -175,14 +175,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS
             {
                 if (input.PlayerId == PlayerIndex.Player1 || input.PlayerId == PlayerIndex.Handheld)
                 {
-                    Thread.VolatileWrite(ref _pressedKeys, (long)input.Buttons);
+                    Volatile.Write(ref _pressedKeys, (long)input.Buttons);
 
                     return;
                 }
             }
 
             // Clear the input because player one is not conected.
-            Thread.VolatileWrite(ref _pressedKeys, 0);
+            Volatile.Write(ref _pressedKeys, 0);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2/Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2.csproj

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
     </Content>
   </ItemGroup>
 
-  <ItemGroup Condition="'$(RuntimeIdentifier)' == 'linux-x64' OR '$(RuntimeIdentifier)' == 'linux-arm64'">
+  <ItemGroup Condition="'$(RuntimeIdentifier)' == 'linux-x64' OR '$(RuntimeIdentifier)' == 'linux-arm64' OR ('$(RuntimeIdentifier)' == '' AND $([MSBuild]::IsOSPlatform('Linux')))">
     <Content Include="..\..\distribution\linux\Ryujinx.sh">
       <CopyToOutputDirectory>Always</CopyToOutputDirectory>
     </Content>

src/Ryujinx.Input/Assigner/GamepadButtonAssigner.cs

@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input.Assigner
             CollectButtonStats();
         }
 
-        public bool HasAnyButtonPressed()
+        public bool IsAnyButtonPressed()
         {
-            return _detector.HasAnyButtonPressed();
+            return _detector.IsAnyButtonPressed();
         }
 
         public bool ShouldCancel()
@@ -59,16 +59,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input.Assigner
             return _gamepad == null || !_gamepad.IsConnected;
         }
 
-        public string GetPressedButton()
+        public Button? GetPressedButton()
         {
             IEnumerable<GamepadButtonInputId> pressedButtons = _detector.GetPressedButtons();
 
-            if (pressedButtons.Any())
-            {
-                return !_forStick ? pressedButtons.First().ToString() : ((StickInputId)pressedButtons.First()).ToString();
-            }
-
-            return "";
+            return !_forStick ? new(pressedButtons.FirstOrDefault()) : new((StickInputId)pressedButtons.FirstOrDefault());
         }
 
         private void CollectButtonStats()
@@ -123,7 +118,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input.Assigner
                 _stats = new Dictionary<GamepadButtonInputId, InputSummary>();
             }
 
-            public bool HasAnyButtonPressed()
+            public bool IsAnyButtonPressed()
             {
                 return _stats.Values.Any(CheckButtonPressed);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Input/Assigner/IButtonAssigner.cs

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input.Assigner
         /// Check if a button was pressed.
         /// </summary>
         /// <returns>True if a button was pressed</returns>
-        bool HasAnyButtonPressed();
+        bool IsAnyButtonPressed();
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Indicate if the user of this API should cancel operations. This is triggered for example when a gamepad get disconnected or when a user cancel assignation operations.
@@ -31,6 +31,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Input.Assigner
         /// Get the pressed button that was read in <see cref="ReadInput"/> by the button assigner.
         /// </summary>
         /// <returns>The pressed button that was read</returns>
-        string GetPressedButton();
+        Button? GetPressedButton();
     }
 }