Update outdated Windows version warning (#6481)

* Change text

* clarify version number

* update gtk

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
           - { name: win-x64,     os: windows-latest, zip_os_name: win_x64     }
           - { name: linux-x64,   os: ubuntu-latest,  zip_os_name: linux_x64   }
           - { name: linux-arm64, os: ubuntu-latest,  zip_os_name: linux_arm64 }
-          - { name: osx-x64,     os: macOS-latest,   zip_os_name: osx_x64     }
+          - { name: osx-x64,     os: macos-13,       zip_os_name: osx_x64     }
 
       fail-fast: false
     steps:
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: Change config filename
         run: sed -r --in-place 's/\%\%RYUJINX_CONFIG_FILE_NAME\%\%/PRConfig\.json/g;' src/Ryujinx.Common/ReleaseInformation.cs
         shell: bash
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Change config filename for macOS
         run: sed -r -i '' 's/\%\%RYUJINX_CONFIG_FILE_NAME\%\%/PRConfig\.json/g;' src/Ryujinx.Common/ReleaseInformation.cs
         shell: bash
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os == 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os == 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Build
         run: dotnet build -c "${{ matrix.configuration }}" -p:Version="${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}" -p:SourceRevisionId="${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}" -p:ExtraDefineConstants=DISABLE_UPDATER
@@ -61,15 +61,15 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Publish Ryujinx
         run: dotnet publish -c "${{ matrix.configuration }}" -r "${{ matrix.platform.name }}" -o ./publish -p:Version="${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}" -p:DebugType=embedded -p:SourceRevisionId="${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}" -p:ExtraDefineConstants=DISABLE_UPDATER src/Ryujinx --self-contained true
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Publish Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2
         run: dotnet publish -c "${{ matrix.configuration }}" -r "${{ matrix.platform.name }}" -o ./publish_sdl2_headless -p:Version="${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}" -p:DebugType=embedded -p:SourceRevisionId="${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}" -p:ExtraDefineConstants=DISABLE_UPDATER src/Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2 --self-contained true
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Publish Ryujinx.Gtk3
         run: dotnet publish -c "${{ matrix.configuration }}" -r "${{ matrix.platform.name }}" -o ./publish_gtk -p:Version="${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}" -p:DebugType=embedded -p:SourceRevisionId="${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}" -p:ExtraDefineConstants=DISABLE_UPDATER src/Ryujinx.Gtk3 --self-contained true
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Set executable bit
         run: |
@@ -83,21 +83,21 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: ryujinx-${{ matrix.configuration }}-${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}+${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}-${{ matrix.platform.zip_os_name }}
           path: publish
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Upload Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2 artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: sdl2-ryujinx-headless-${{ matrix.configuration }}-${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}+${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}-${{ matrix.platform.zip_os_name }}
           path: publish_sdl2_headless
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Upload Ryujinx.Gtk3 artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: gtk-ryujinx-${{ matrix.configuration }}-${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}+${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}-${{ matrix.platform.zip_os_name }}
           path: publish_gtk
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
   build_macos:
     name: macOS Universal (${{ matrix.configuration }})

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="LibHac" Version="0.19.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers" Version="3.3.4" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp" Version="4.9.2" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens" Version="7.4.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens" Version="7.5.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.9.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IO.RecyclableMemoryStream" Version="3.0.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="MsgPack.Cli" Version="1.0.1" />
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan" Version="2.16.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.EXT" Version="2.16.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR" Version="2.16.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="SixLabors.ImageSharp" Version="2.1.7" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="SixLabors.ImageSharp" Version="2.1.8" />
     <PackageVersion Include="SixLabors.ImageSharp.Drawing" Version="1.0.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="SPB" Version="0.0.4-build32" />
     <PackageVersion Include="System.IO.Hashing" Version="8.0.0" />

Ryujinx.sln.DotSettings

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/CSharpVarKeywordUsage/ForOtherTypes/@EntryValue">UseExplicitType</s:String>
 	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/CSharpVarKeywordUsage/ForSimpleTypes/@EntryValue">UseExplicitType</s:String>
 	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CSharpNaming/PredefinedNamingRules/=TypesAndNamespaces/@EntryIndexedValue">&lt;Policy Inspect="True" Prefix="" Suffix="" Style="AaBb"&gt;&lt;ExtraRule Prefix="I" Suffix="" Style="AaBb" /&gt;&lt;/Policy&gt;</s:String>
+	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CSharpNaming/UserRules/=a0b4bc4d_002Dd13b_002D4a37_002Db37e_002Dc9c6864e4302/@EntryIndexedValue">&lt;Policy&gt;&lt;Descriptor Staticness="Any" AccessRightKinds="Any" Description="Types and namespaces"&gt;&lt;ElementKinds&gt;&lt;Kind Name="NAMESPACE" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="CLASS" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="STRUCT" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="ENUM" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="DELEGATE" /&gt;&lt;/ElementKinds&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect="True" Prefix="" Suffix="" Style="AaBb"&gt;&lt;ExtraRule Prefix="I" Suffix="" Style="AaBb" /&gt;&lt;/Policy&gt;&lt;/Policy&gt;</s:String>
+	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/Environment/SettingsMigration/IsMigratorApplied/=JetBrains_002EReSharper_002EPsi_002ECSharp_002ECodeStyle_002ESettingsUpgrade_002EPredefinedNamingRulesToUserRulesUpgrade/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>
 	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=ASET/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>
 	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=Astc/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>
 	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=Luma/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>

src/ARMeilleure/Instructions/InstEmitAlu32.cs

@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
             Operand n = GetAluN(context);
             Operand m = GetAluM(context, setCarry: false);
 
+            if (op.Rn == RegisterAlias.Aarch32Pc && op is OpCodeT32AluImm12)
+            {
+                // For ADR, PC is always 4 bytes aligned, even in Thumb mode.
+                n = context.BitwiseAnd(n, Const(~3u));
+            }
+
             Operand res = context.Add(n, m);
 
             if (ShouldSetFlags(context))
@@ -467,6 +473,12 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
             Operand n = GetAluN(context);
             Operand m = GetAluM(context, setCarry: false);
 
+            if (op.Rn == RegisterAlias.Aarch32Pc && op is OpCodeT32AluImm12)
+            {
+                // For ADR, PC is always 4 bytes aligned, even in Thumb mode.
+                n = context.BitwiseAnd(n, Const(~3u));
+            }
+
             Operand res = context.Subtract(n, m);
 
             if (ShouldSetFlags(context))

src/ARMeilleure/Instructions/InstEmitSimdArithmetic.cs

@@ -2426,7 +2426,11 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
             }
             else if (Optimizations.FastFP && Optimizations.UseSse41 && sizeF == 0)
             {
-                Operand res = EmitSse41Round32Exp8OpF(context, context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Rsqrtss, GetVec(op.Rn)), scalar: true);
+                // RSQRTSS handles subnormals as zero, which differs from Arm, so we can't use it here.
+
+                Operand res = context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Sqrtss, GetVec(op.Rn));
+                res = context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Rcpss, res);
+                res = EmitSse41Round32Exp8OpF(context, res, scalar: true);
 
                 context.Copy(GetVec(op.Rd), context.VectorZeroUpper96(res));
             }
@@ -2451,7 +2455,11 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
             }
             else if (Optimizations.FastFP && Optimizations.UseSse41 && sizeF == 0)
             {
-                Operand res = EmitSse41Round32Exp8OpF(context, context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Rsqrtps, GetVec(op.Rn)), scalar: false);
+                // RSQRTPS handles subnormals as zero, which differs from Arm, so we can't use it here.
+
+                Operand res = context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Sqrtps, GetVec(op.Rn));
+                res = context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Rcpps, res);
+                res = EmitSse41Round32Exp8OpF(context, res, scalar: false);
 
                 if (op.RegisterSize == RegisterSize.Simd64)
                 {

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/PTC/Ptc.cs

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
         private const string OuterHeaderMagicString = "PTCohd\0\0";
         private const string InnerHeaderMagicString = "PTCihd\0\0";
 
-        private const uint InternalVersion = 5518; //! To be incremented manually for each change to the ARMeilleure project.
+        private const uint InternalVersion = 6634; //! To be incremented manually for each change to the ARMeilleure project.
 
         private const string ActualDir = "0";
         private const string BackupDir = "1";
@@ -857,8 +857,14 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
 
             Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
 
-            threads.ForEach((thread) => thread.Start());
-            threads.ForEach((thread) => thread.Join());
+            foreach (var thread in threads)
+            {
+                thread.Start();
+            }
+            foreach (var thread in threads)
+            {
+                thread.Join();
+            }
 
             threads.Clear();
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SDL2/SDL2HardwareDeviceSession.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Threading;
 
@@ -87,7 +89,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SDL2
                 return;
             }
 
-            byte[] samples = new byte[frameCount * _bytesPerFrame];
+            using IMemoryOwner<byte> samplesOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(frameCount * _bytesPerFrame);
+
+            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Memory.Span;
 
             _ringBuffer.Read(samples, 0, samples.Length);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo/SoundIoHardwareDeviceSession.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo.Native;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Threading;
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo
             _outputStream = _driver.OpenStream(RequestedSampleFormat, RequestedSampleRate, RequestedChannelCount);
             _outputStream.WriteCallback += Update;
             _outputStream.Volume = requestedVolume;
-            // TODO: Setup other callbacks (errors, ect).
+            // TODO: Setup other callbacks (errors, etc.)
 
             _outputStream.Open();
         }
@@ -120,7 +122,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo
 
             int channelCount = areas.Length;
 
-            byte[] samples = new byte[frameCount * bytesPerFrame];
+            using IMemoryOwner<byte> samplesOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(frameCount * bytesPerFrame);
+
+            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Memory.Span;
 
             _ringBuffer.Read(samples, 0, samples.Length);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Backends/Common/DynamicRingBuffer.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 {
@@ -12,7 +14,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         private readonly object _lock = new();
 
-        private byte[] _buffer;
+        private IMemoryOwner<byte> _bufferOwner;
+        private Memory<byte> _buffer;
         private int _size;
         private int _headOffset;
         private int _tailOffset;
@@ -21,7 +24,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         public DynamicRingBuffer(int initialCapacity = RingBufferAlignment)
         {
-            _buffer = new byte[initialCapacity];
+            _bufferOwner = ByteMemoryPool.RentCleared(initialCapacity);
+            _buffer = _bufferOwner.Memory;
         }
 
         public void Clear()
@@ -33,6 +37,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         public void Clear(int size)
         {
+            if (size == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
             lock (_lock)
             {
                 if (size > _size)
@@ -40,11 +49,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
                     size = _size;
                 }
 
-                if (size == 0)
-                {
-                    return;
-                }
-
                 _headOffset = (_headOffset + size) % _buffer.Length;
                 _size -= size;
 
@@ -58,28 +62,31 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         private void SetCapacityLocked(int capacity)
         {
-            byte[] buffer = new byte[capacity];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> newBufferOwner = ByteMemoryPool.RentCleared(capacity);
+            Memory<byte> newBuffer = newBufferOwner.Memory;
 
             if (_size > 0)
             {
                 if (_headOffset < _tailOffset)
                 {
-                    Buffer.BlockCopy(_buffer, _headOffset, buffer, 0, _size);
+                    _buffer.Slice(_headOffset, _size).CopyTo(newBuffer);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    Buffer.BlockCopy(_buffer, _headOffset, buffer, 0, _buffer.Length - _headOffset);
-                    Buffer.BlockCopy(_buffer, 0, buffer, _buffer.Length - _headOffset, _tailOffset);
+                    _buffer[_headOffset..].CopyTo(newBuffer);
+                    _buffer[.._tailOffset].CopyTo(newBuffer[(_buffer.Length - _headOffset)..]);
                 }
             }
 
-            _buffer = buffer;
+            _bufferOwner.Dispose();
+
+            _bufferOwner = newBufferOwner;
+            _buffer = newBuffer;
             _headOffset = 0;
             _tailOffset = _size;
         }
 
-
-        public void Write<T>(T[] buffer, int index, int count)
+        public void Write(ReadOnlySpan<byte> buffer, int index, int count)
         {
             if (count == 0)
             {
@@ -99,17 +106,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
                     if (tailLength >= count)
                     {
-                        Buffer.BlockCopy(buffer, index, _buffer, _tailOffset, count);
+                        buffer.Slice(index, count).CopyTo(_buffer.Span[_tailOffset..]);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        Buffer.BlockCopy(buffer, index, _buffer, _tailOffset, tailLength);
-                        Buffer.BlockCopy(buffer, index + tailLength, _buffer, 0, count - tailLength);
+                        buffer.Slice(index, tailLength).CopyTo(_buffer.Span[_tailOffset..]);
+                        buffer.Slice(index + tailLength, count - tailLength).CopyTo(_buffer.Span);
                     }
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    Buffer.BlockCopy(buffer, index, _buffer, _tailOffset, count);
+                    buffer.Slice(index, count).CopyTo(_buffer.Span[_tailOffset..]);
                 }
 
                 _size += count;
@@ -117,8 +124,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
             }
         }
 
-        public int Read<T>(T[] buffer, int index, int count)
+        public int Read(Span<byte> buffer, int index, int count)
         {
+            if (count == 0)
+            {
+                return 0;
+            }
+
             lock (_lock)
             {
                 if (count > _size)
@@ -126,14 +138,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
                     count = _size;
                 }
 
-                if (count == 0)
-                {
-                    return 0;
-                }
-
                 if (_headOffset < _tailOffset)
                 {
-                    Buffer.BlockCopy(_buffer, _headOffset, buffer, index, count);
+                    _buffer.Span.Slice(_headOffset, count).CopyTo(buffer[index..]);
                 }
                 else
                 {
@@ -141,12 +148,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
                     if (tailLength >= count)
                     {
-                        Buffer.BlockCopy(_buffer, _headOffset, buffer, index, count);
+                        _buffer.Span.Slice(_headOffset, count).CopyTo(buffer[index..]);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        Buffer.BlockCopy(_buffer, _headOffset, buffer, index, tailLength);
-                        Buffer.BlockCopy(_buffer, 0, buffer, index + tailLength, count - tailLength);
+                        _buffer.Span.Slice(_headOffset, tailLength).CopyTo(buffer[index..]);
+                        _buffer.Span[..(count - tailLength)].CopyTo(buffer[(index + tailLength)..]);
                     }
                 }
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Common/BehaviourParameter.cs

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common
         public ulong Flags;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Represents an error during <see cref="Server.AudioRenderSystem.Update(System.Memory{byte}, System.Memory{byte}, System.ReadOnlyMemory{byte})"/>.
+        /// Represents an error during <see cref="Server.AudioRenderSystem.Update(System.Memory{byte}, System.Memory{byte}, System.Buffers.ReadOnlySequence{byte})"/>.
         /// </summary>
         [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
         public struct ErrorInfo

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Common/UpdateDataHeader.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// Update data header used for input and output of <see cref="Server.AudioRenderSystem.Update(System.Memory{byte}, System.Memory{byte}, System.ReadOnlyMemory{byte})"/>.
+    /// Update data header used for input and output of <see cref="Server.AudioRenderSystem.Update(System.Memory{byte}, System.Memory{byte}, System.Buffers.ReadOnlySequence{byte})"/>.
     /// </summary>
     public struct UpdateDataHeader
     {

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Parameter/BehaviourErrorInfoOutStatus.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
     /// <summary>
     /// Output information for behaviour.
     /// </summary>
-    /// <remarks>This is used to report errors to the user during <see cref="Server.AudioRenderSystem.Update(Memory{byte}, Memory{byte}, ReadOnlyMemory{byte})"/> processing.</remarks>
+    /// <remarks>This is used to report errors to the user during <see cref="Server.AudioRenderSystem.Update(Memory{byte}, Memory{byte}, System.Buffers.ReadOnlySequence{byte})"/> processing.</remarks>
     [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
     public struct BehaviourErrorInfoOutStatus
     {

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/AudioRenderSystem.cs

@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             }
         }
 
-        public ResultCode Update(Memory<byte> output, Memory<byte> performanceOutput, ReadOnlyMemory<byte> input)
+        public ResultCode Update(Memory<byte> output, Memory<byte> performanceOutput, ReadOnlySequence<byte> input)
         {
             lock (_lock)
             {
@@ -419,14 +419,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                     return result;
                 }
 
-                result = stateUpdater.UpdateVoices(_voiceContext, _memoryPools);
+                PoolMapper poolMapper = new PoolMapper(_processHandle, _memoryPools, _behaviourContext.IsMemoryPoolForceMappingEnabled());
+
+                result = stateUpdater.UpdateVoices(_voiceContext, poolMapper);
 
                 if (result != ResultCode.Success)
                 {
                     return result;
                 }
 
-                result = stateUpdater.UpdateEffects(_effectContext, _isActive, _memoryPools);
+                result = stateUpdater.UpdateEffects(_effectContext, _isActive, poolMapper);
 
                 if (result != ResultCode.Success)
                 {
@@ -450,7 +452,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                     return result;
                 }
 
-                result = stateUpdater.UpdateSinks(_sinkContext, _memoryPools);
+                result = stateUpdater.UpdateSinks(_sinkContext, poolMapper);
 
                 if (result != ResultCode.Success)
                 {

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/BehaviourContext.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using static Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common.BehaviourParameter;
 
@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <summary>
         /// Check if the audio renderer should fix the GC-ADPCM context not being provided to the DSP.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>True if if the audio renderer should fix it.</returns>
+        /// <returns>True if the audio renderer should fix it.</returns>
         public bool IsAdpcmLoopContextBugFixed()
         {
             return CheckFeatureSupported(UserRevision, BaseRevisionMagic + Revision2);
@@ -273,7 +274,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Check if the audio renderer should trust the user destination count in <see cref="Splitter.SplitterState.Update(Splitter.SplitterContext, ref Parameter.SplitterInParameter, ReadOnlySpan{byte})"/>.
+        /// Check if the audio renderer should trust the user destination count in <see cref="Renderer.Server.Splitter.SplitterState.Update(Renderer.Server.Splitter.SplitterContext, Renderer.Parameter.SplitterInParameter, SequenceReader{byte})"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <returns>True if the audio renderer should trust the user destination count.</returns>
         public bool IsSplitterBugFixed()

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Effect/AuxiliaryBufferEffect.cs

@@ -33,21 +33,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
             return WorkBuffers[index].GetReference(true);
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
+        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
-            UpdateParameterBase(ref parameter);
+            UpdateParameterBase(in parameter);
 
             Parameter = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, AuxiliaryBufferParameter>(parameter.SpecificData)[0];
             IsEnabled = parameter.IsEnabled;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Effect/BaseEffect.cs

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
         /// <returns>Returns true if the <see cref="EffectType"/> sent by the user matches the internal <see cref="EffectType"/>.</returns>
-        public bool IsTypeValid<T>(ref T parameter) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
+        public bool IsTypeValid<T>(in T parameter) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
         {
             return parameter.Type == TargetEffectType;
         }
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
         /// Update the internal common parameters from a user parameter.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
-        protected void UpdateParameterBase<T>(ref T parameter) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
+        protected void UpdateParameterBase<T>(in T parameter) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
         {
             MixId = parameter.MixId;
             ProcessingOrder = parameter.ProcessingOrder;
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
         /// <summary>
         /// Initialize the given <paramref name="state"/> result state.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="state">The state to initalize</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The state to initialize</param>
         public virtual void InitializeResultState(ref EffectResultState state) { }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
         /// <param name="updateErrorInfo">The possible <see cref="ErrorInfo"/> that was generated.</param>
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
         /// <param name="mapper">The mapper to use.</param>
-        public virtual void Update(out ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public virtual void Update(out ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
             updateErrorInfo = new ErrorInfo();
         }
@@ -168,9 +168,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
         /// <param name="updateErrorInfo">The possible <see cref="ErrorInfo"/> that was generated.</param>
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
         /// <param name="mapper">The mapper to use.</param>
-        public virtual void Update(out ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public virtual void Update(out ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
             updateErrorInfo = new ErrorInfo();
         }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Effect/BiquadFilterEffect.cs

@@ -35,21 +35,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
 
         public override EffectType TargetEffectType => EffectType.BiquadFilter;
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
+        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
-            UpdateParameterBase(ref parameter);
+            UpdateParameterBase(in parameter);
 
             Parameter = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, BiquadFilterEffectParameter>(parameter.SpecificData)[0];
             IsEnabled = parameter.IsEnabled;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Effect/BufferMixEffect.cs

@@ -19,21 +19,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
 
         public override EffectType TargetEffectType => EffectType.BufferMix;
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
+        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
-            UpdateParameterBase(ref parameter);
+            UpdateParameterBase(in parameter);
 
             Parameter = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, BufferMixParameter>(parameter.SpecificData)[0];
             IsEnabled = parameter.IsEnabled;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Effect/CaptureBufferEffect.cs

@@ -32,21 +32,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
             return WorkBuffers[index].GetReference(true);
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
+        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
-            UpdateParameterBase(ref parameter);
+            UpdateParameterBase(in parameter);
 
             Parameter = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, AuxiliaryBufferParameter>(parameter.SpecificData)[0];
             IsEnabled = parameter.IsEnabled;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Effect/CompressorEffect.cs

@@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
             return GetSingleBuffer();
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
             // Nintendo doesn't do anything here but we still require updateErrorInfo to be initialised.
             updateErrorInfo = new BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo();
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
-            UpdateParameterBase(ref parameter);
+            UpdateParameterBase(in parameter);
 
             Parameter = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, CompressorParameter>(parameter.SpecificData)[0];
             IsEnabled = parameter.IsEnabled;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Effect/DelayEffect.cs

@@ -37,19 +37,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
             return GetSingleBuffer();
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
+        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
             ref DelayParameter delayParameter = ref MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, DelayParameter>(parameter.SpecificData)[0];
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
 
             if (delayParameter.IsChannelCountMaxValid())
             {
-                UpdateParameterBase(ref parameter);
+                UpdateParameterBase(in parameter);
 
                 UsageState oldParameterStatus = Parameter.Status;
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Effect/LimiterEffect.cs

@@ -39,25 +39,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
             return GetSingleBuffer();
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
+        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
             ref LimiterParameter limiterParameter = ref MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, LimiterParameter>(parameter.SpecificData)[0];
 
             updateErrorInfo = new BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo();
 
-            UpdateParameterBase(ref parameter);
+            UpdateParameterBase(in parameter);
 
             Parameter = limiterParameter;
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Effect/Reverb3dEffect.cs

@@ -36,19 +36,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
             return GetSingleBuffer();
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
+        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
             ref Reverb3dParameter reverbParameter = ref MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, Reverb3dParameter>(parameter.SpecificData)[0];
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
 
             if (reverbParameter.IsChannelCountMaxValid())
             {
-                UpdateParameterBase(ref parameter);
+                UpdateParameterBase(in parameter);
 
                 UsageState oldParameterStatus = Parameter.ParameterStatus;
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Effect/ReverbEffect.cs

@@ -39,19 +39,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
             return GetSingleBuffer();
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Update(out updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+            Update(out updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
         }
 
-        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
+        public void Update<T>(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
             ref ReverbParameter reverbParameter = ref MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ReverbParameter>(parameter.SpecificData)[0];
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect
 
             if (reverbParameter.IsChannelCountMaxValid())
             {
-                UpdateParameterBase(ref parameter);
+                UpdateParameterBase(in parameter);
 
                 UsageState oldParameterStatus = Parameter.Status;
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/MemoryPool/PoolMapper.cs

@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.MemoryPool
         /// <param name="inParameter">Input user parameter.</param>
         /// <param name="outStatus">Output user parameter.</param>
         /// <returns>Returns the <see cref="UpdateResult"/> of the operations performed.</returns>
-        public UpdateResult Update(ref MemoryPoolState memoryPool, ref MemoryPoolInParameter inParameter, ref MemoryPoolOutStatus outStatus)
+        public UpdateResult Update(ref MemoryPoolState memoryPool, in MemoryPoolInParameter inParameter, ref MemoryPoolOutStatus outStatus)
         {
             MemoryPoolUserState inputState = inParameter.State;
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Mix/MixState.cs

@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Mix
         /// <param name="parameter">The input parameter of the mix.</param>
         /// <param name="splitterContext">The splitter context.</param>
         /// <returns>Return true, new connections were done on the adjacency matrix.</returns>
-        private bool UpdateConnection(EdgeMatrix edgeMatrix, ref MixParameter parameter, ref SplitterContext splitterContext)
+        private bool UpdateConnection(EdgeMatrix edgeMatrix, in MixParameter parameter, ref SplitterContext splitterContext)
         {
             bool hasNewConnections;
 
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Mix
         /// <param name="splitterContext">The splitter context.</param>
         /// <param name="behaviourContext">The behaviour context.</param>
         /// <returns>Return true if the mix was changed.</returns>
-        public bool Update(EdgeMatrix edgeMatrix, ref MixParameter parameter, EffectContext effectContext, SplitterContext splitterContext, BehaviourContext behaviourContext)
+        public bool Update(EdgeMatrix edgeMatrix, in MixParameter parameter, EffectContext effectContext, SplitterContext splitterContext, BehaviourContext behaviourContext)
         {
             bool isDirty;
 
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Mix
 
             if (behaviourContext.IsSplitterSupported())
             {
-                isDirty = UpdateConnection(edgeMatrix, ref parameter, ref splitterContext);
+                isDirty = UpdateConnection(edgeMatrix, in parameter, ref splitterContext);
             }
             else
             {

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Sink/BaseSink.cs

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Sink
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
         /// <returns>Return true, if the <see cref="SinkType"/> sent by the user match the internal <see cref="SinkType"/>.</returns>
-        public bool IsTypeValid(ref SinkInParameter parameter)
+        public bool IsTypeValid(in SinkInParameter parameter)
         {
             return parameter.Type == TargetSinkType;
         }
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Sink
         /// Update the internal common parameters from user parameter.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
-        protected void UpdateStandardParameter(ref SinkInParameter parameter)
+        protected void UpdateStandardParameter(in SinkInParameter parameter)
         {
             if (IsUsed != parameter.IsUsed)
             {
@@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Sink
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
         /// <param name="outStatus">The user output status.</param>
         /// <param name="mapper">The mapper to use.</param>
-        public virtual void Update(out ErrorInfo errorInfo, ref SinkInParameter parameter, ref SinkOutStatus outStatus, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public virtual void Update(out ErrorInfo errorInfo, in SinkInParameter parameter, ref SinkOutStatus outStatus, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
             errorInfo = new ErrorInfo();
         }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Sink/CircularBufferSink.cs

@@ -44,18 +44,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Sink
 
         public override SinkType TargetSinkType => SinkType.CircularBuffer;
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo errorInfo, ref SinkInParameter parameter, ref SinkOutStatus outStatus, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo errorInfo, in SinkInParameter parameter, ref SinkOutStatus outStatus, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
             errorInfo = new BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo();
             outStatus = new SinkOutStatus();
 
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
             ref CircularBufferParameter inputDeviceParameter = ref MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, CircularBufferParameter>(parameter.SpecificData)[0];
 
             if (parameter.IsUsed != IsUsed || ShouldSkip)
             {
-                UpdateStandardParameter(ref parameter);
+                UpdateStandardParameter(in parameter);
 
                 if (parameter.IsUsed)
                 {

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Sink/DeviceSink.cs

@@ -49,15 +49,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Sink
 
         public override SinkType TargetSinkType => SinkType.Device;
 
-        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo errorInfo, ref SinkInParameter parameter, ref SinkOutStatus outStatus, PoolMapper mapper)
+        public override void Update(out BehaviourParameter.ErrorInfo errorInfo, in SinkInParameter parameter, ref SinkOutStatus outStatus, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(ref parameter));
+            Debug.Assert(IsTypeValid(in parameter));
 
             ref DeviceParameter inputDeviceParameter = ref MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, DeviceParameter>(parameter.SpecificData)[0];
 
             if (parameter.IsUsed != IsUsed)
             {
-                UpdateStandardParameter(ref parameter);
+                UpdateStandardParameter(in parameter);
                 Parameter = inputDeviceParameter;
             }
             else

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterContext.cs

@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Utils;
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Extensions;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
 {
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         private Memory<SplitterDestination> _splitterDestinations;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// If set to true, trust the user destination count in <see cref="SplitterState.Update(SplitterContext, ref SplitterInParameter, ReadOnlySpan{byte})"/>.
+        /// If set to true, trust the user destination count in <see cref="SplitterState.Update(SplitterContext, in SplitterInParameter, ref SequenceReader{byte})"/>.
         /// </summary>
         public bool IsBugFixed { get; private set; }
 
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="splitters">The <see cref="SplitterState"/> storage.</param>
         /// <param name="splitterDestinations">The <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> storage.</param>
-        /// <param name="isBugFixed">If set to true, trust the user destination count in <see cref="SplitterState.Update(SplitterContext, ref SplitterInParameter, ReadOnlySpan{byte})"/>.</param>
+        /// <param name="isBugFixed">If set to true, trust the user destination count in <see cref="SplitterState.Update(SplitterContext, in SplitterInParameter, ref SequenceReader{byte})"/>.</param>
         private void Setup(Memory<SplitterState> splitters, Memory<SplitterDestination> splitterDestinations, bool isBugFixed)
         {
             _splitters = splitters;
@@ -148,11 +149,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="inputHeader">The splitter header.</param>
         /// <param name="input">The raw data after the splitter header.</param>
-        private void UpdateState(scoped ref SplitterInParameterHeader inputHeader, ref ReadOnlySpan<byte> input)
+        private void UpdateState(in SplitterInParameterHeader inputHeader, ref SequenceReader<byte> input)
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < inputHeader.SplitterCount; i++)
             {
-                SplitterInParameter parameter = MemoryMarshal.Read<SplitterInParameter>(input);
+                ref readonly SplitterInParameter parameter = ref input.GetRefOrRefToCopy<SplitterInParameter>(out _);
 
                 Debug.Assert(parameter.IsMagicValid());
 
@@ -162,10 +163,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
                     {
                         ref SplitterState splitter = ref GetState(parameter.Id);
 
-                        splitter.Update(this, ref parameter, input[Unsafe.SizeOf<SplitterInParameter>()..]);
+                        splitter.Update(this, in parameter, ref input);
                     }
 
-                    input = input[(0x1C + parameter.DestinationCount * 4)..];
+                    // NOTE: there are 12 bytes of unused/unknown data after the destination IDs array.
+                    input.Advance(0xC);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    input.Rewind(Unsafe.SizeOf<SplitterInParameter>());
+                    break;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -175,11 +182,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="inputHeader">The splitter header.</param>
         /// <param name="input">The raw data after the splitter header.</param>
-        private void UpdateData(scoped ref SplitterInParameterHeader inputHeader, ref ReadOnlySpan<byte> input)
+        private void UpdateData(in SplitterInParameterHeader inputHeader, ref SequenceReader<byte> input)
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < inputHeader.SplitterDestinationCount; i++)
             {
-                SplitterDestinationInParameter parameter = MemoryMarshal.Read<SplitterDestinationInParameter>(input);
+                ref readonly SplitterDestinationInParameter parameter = ref input.GetRefOrRefToCopy<SplitterDestinationInParameter>(out _);
 
                 Debug.Assert(parameter.IsMagicValid());
 
@@ -191,8 +198,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
 
                         destination.Update(parameter);
                     }
-
-                    input = input[Unsafe.SizeOf<SplitterDestinationInParameter>()..];
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    input.Rewind(Unsafe.SizeOf<SplitterDestinationInParameter>());
+                    break;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -201,36 +211,33 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// Update splitter from user parameters.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="input">The input raw user data.</param>
-        /// <param name="consumedSize">The total consumed size.</param>
         /// <returns>Return true if the update was successful.</returns>
-        public bool Update(ReadOnlySpan<byte> input, out int consumedSize)
+        public bool Update(ref SequenceReader<byte> input)
         {
             if (_splitterDestinations.IsEmpty || _splitters.IsEmpty)
             {
-                consumedSize = 0;
-
                 return true;
             }
 
-            int originalSize = input.Length;
-
-            SplitterInParameterHeader header = SpanIOHelper.Read<SplitterInParameterHeader>(ref input);
+            ref readonly SplitterInParameterHeader header = ref input.GetRefOrRefToCopy<SplitterInParameterHeader>(out _);
 
             if (header.IsMagicValid())
             {
                 ClearAllNewConnectionFlag();
 
-                UpdateState(ref header, ref input);
-                UpdateData(ref header, ref input);
+                UpdateState(in header, ref input);
+                UpdateData(in header, ref input);
 
-                consumedSize = BitUtils.AlignUp(originalSize - input.Length, 0x10);
+                input.SetConsumed(BitUtils.AlignUp(input.Consumed, 0x10));
 
                 return true;
             }
+            else
+            {
+                input.Rewind(Unsafe.SizeOf<SplitterInParameterHeader>());
 
-            consumedSize = 0;
-
-            return false;
+                return false;
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterState.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Extensions;
 using System;
 using System.Buffers;
 using System.Diagnostics;
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// <param name="context">The splitter context.</param>
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
         /// <param name="input">The raw input data after the <paramref name="parameter"/>.</param>
-        public void Update(SplitterContext context, ref SplitterInParameter parameter, ReadOnlySpan<byte> input)
+        public void Update(SplitterContext context, in SplitterInParameter parameter, ref SequenceReader<byte> input)
         {
             ClearLinks();
 
@@ -139,9 +140,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
 
             if (destinationCount > 0)
             {
-                ReadOnlySpan<int> destinationIds = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, int>(input);
+                input.ReadLittleEndian(out int destinationId);
 
-                Memory<SplitterDestination> destination = context.GetDestinationMemory(destinationIds[0]);
+                Memory<SplitterDestination> destination = context.GetDestinationMemory(destinationId);
 
                 SetDestination(ref destination.Span[0]);
 
@@ -149,13 +150,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
 
                 for (int i = 1; i < destinationCount; i++)
                 {
-                    Memory<SplitterDestination> nextDestination = context.GetDestinationMemory(destinationIds[i]);
+                    input.ReadLittleEndian(out destinationId);
+
+                    Memory<SplitterDestination> nextDestination = context.GetDestinationMemory(destinationId);
 
                     destination.Span[0].Link(ref nextDestination.Span[0]);
                     destination = nextDestination;
                 }
             }
 
+            if (destinationCount < parameter.DestinationCount)
+            {
+                input.Advance((parameter.DestinationCount - destinationCount) * sizeof(int));
+            }
+
             Debug.Assert(parameter.Id == Id);
 
             if (parameter.Id == Id)

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/StateUpdater.cs

@@ -9,41 +9,40 @@ using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Sink;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Utils;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Extensions;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 using System;
 using System.Buffers;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using static Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common.BehaviourParameter;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 {
-    public class StateUpdater
+    public ref struct StateUpdater
     {
-        private readonly ReadOnlyMemory<byte> _inputOrigin;
+        private SequenceReader<byte> _inputReader;
+
         private readonly ReadOnlyMemory<byte> _outputOrigin;
-        private ReadOnlyMemory<byte> _input;
 
         private Memory<byte> _output;
         private readonly uint _processHandle;
         private BehaviourContext _behaviourContext;
 
-        private UpdateDataHeader _inputHeader;
+        private readonly ref readonly UpdateDataHeader _inputHeader;
         private readonly Memory<UpdateDataHeader> _outputHeader;
 
-        private ref UpdateDataHeader OutputHeader => ref _outputHeader.Span[0];
+        private readonly ref UpdateDataHeader OutputHeader => ref _outputHeader.Span[0];
 
-        public StateUpdater(ReadOnlyMemory<byte> input, Memory<byte> output, uint processHandle, BehaviourContext behaviourContext)
+        public StateUpdater(ReadOnlySequence<byte> input, Memory<byte> output, uint processHandle, BehaviourContext behaviourContext)
         {
-            _input = input;
-            _inputOrigin = _input;
+            _inputReader = new SequenceReader<byte>(input);
             _output = output;
             _outputOrigin = _output;
             _processHandle = processHandle;
             _behaviourContext = behaviourContext;
 
-            _inputHeader = SpanIOHelper.Read<UpdateDataHeader>(ref _input);
+            _inputHeader = ref _inputReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy<UpdateDataHeader>(out _);
 
             _outputHeader = SpanMemoryManager<UpdateDataHeader>.Cast(_output[..Unsafe.SizeOf<UpdateDataHeader>()]);
             OutputHeader.Initialize(_behaviourContext.UserRevision);
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
         public ResultCode UpdateBehaviourContext()
         {
-            BehaviourParameter parameter = SpanIOHelper.Read<BehaviourParameter>(ref _input);
+            ref readonly BehaviourParameter parameter = ref _inputReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy<BehaviourParameter>(out _);
 
             if (!BehaviourContext.CheckValidRevision(parameter.UserRevision) || parameter.UserRevision != _behaviourContext.UserRevision)
             {
@@ -81,11 +80,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             foreach (ref MemoryPoolState memoryPool in memoryPools)
             {
-                MemoryPoolInParameter parameter = SpanIOHelper.Read<MemoryPoolInParameter>(ref _input);
+                ref readonly MemoryPoolInParameter parameter = ref _inputReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy<MemoryPoolInParameter>(out _);
 
                 ref MemoryPoolOutStatus outStatus = ref SpanIOHelper.GetWriteRef<MemoryPoolOutStatus>(ref _output)[0];
 
-                PoolMapper.UpdateResult updateResult = mapper.Update(ref memoryPool, ref parameter, ref outStatus);
+                PoolMapper.UpdateResult updateResult = mapper.Update(ref memoryPool, in parameter, ref outStatus);
 
                 if (updateResult != PoolMapper.UpdateResult.Success &&
                     updateResult != PoolMapper.UpdateResult.MapError &&
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             for (int i = 0; i < context.GetCount(); i++)
             {
-                VoiceChannelResourceInParameter parameter = SpanIOHelper.Read<VoiceChannelResourceInParameter>(ref _input);
+                ref readonly VoiceChannelResourceInParameter parameter = ref _inputReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy<VoiceChannelResourceInParameter>(out _);
 
                 ref VoiceChannelResource resource = ref context.GetChannelResource(i);
 
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             return ResultCode.Success;
         }
 
-        public ResultCode UpdateVoices(VoiceContext context, Memory<MemoryPoolState> memoryPools)
+        public ResultCode UpdateVoices(VoiceContext context, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
             if (context.GetCount() * Unsafe.SizeOf<VoiceInParameter>() != _inputHeader.VoicesSize)
             {
@@ -136,11 +135,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             int initialOutputSize = _output.Length;
 
-            ReadOnlySpan<VoiceInParameter> parameters = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, VoiceInParameter>(_input[..(int)_inputHeader.VoicesSize].Span);
-
-            _input = _input[(int)_inputHeader.VoicesSize..];
-
-            PoolMapper mapper = new(_processHandle, memoryPools, _behaviourContext.IsMemoryPoolForceMappingEnabled());
+            long initialInputConsumed = _inputReader.Consumed;
 
             // First make everything not in use.
             for (int i = 0; i < context.GetCount(); i++)
@@ -157,7 +152,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             // Start processing
             for (int i = 0; i < context.GetCount(); i++)
             {
-                VoiceInParameter parameter = parameters[i];
+                ref readonly VoiceInParameter parameter = ref _inputReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy<VoiceInParameter>(out _);
 
                 voiceUpdateStates.Fill(Memory<VoiceUpdateState>.Empty);
 
@@ -181,14 +176,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         currentVoiceState.Initialize();
                     }
 
-                    currentVoiceState.UpdateParameters(out ErrorInfo updateParameterError, ref parameter, ref mapper, ref _behaviourContext);
+                    currentVoiceState.UpdateParameters(out ErrorInfo updateParameterError, in parameter, mapper, ref _behaviourContext);
 
                     if (updateParameterError.ErrorCode != ResultCode.Success)
                     {
                         _behaviourContext.AppendError(ref updateParameterError);
                     }
 
-                    currentVoiceState.UpdateWaveBuffers(out ErrorInfo[] waveBufferUpdateErrorInfos, ref parameter, voiceUpdateStates, ref mapper, ref _behaviourContext);
+                    currentVoiceState.UpdateWaveBuffers(out ErrorInfo[] waveBufferUpdateErrorInfos, in parameter, voiceUpdateStates, mapper, ref _behaviourContext);
 
                     foreach (ref ErrorInfo errorInfo in waveBufferUpdateErrorInfos.AsSpan())
                     {
@@ -198,7 +193,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         }
                     }
 
-                    currentVoiceState.WriteOutStatus(ref outStatus, ref parameter, voiceUpdateStates);
+                    currentVoiceState.WriteOutStatus(ref outStatus, in parameter, voiceUpdateStates);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -211,10 +206,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             Debug.Assert((initialOutputSize - currentOutputSize) == OutputHeader.VoicesSize);
 
+            _inputReader.SetConsumed(initialInputConsumed + _inputHeader.VoicesSize);
+
             return ResultCode.Success;
         }
 
-        private static void ResetEffect<T>(ref BaseEffect effect, ref T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
+        private static void ResetEffect<T>(ref BaseEffect effect, in T parameter, PoolMapper mapper) where T : unmanaged, IEffectInParameter
         {
             effect.ForceUnmapBuffers(mapper);
 
@@ -234,17 +231,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             };
         }
 
-        public ResultCode UpdateEffects(EffectContext context, bool isAudioRendererActive, Memory<MemoryPoolState> memoryPools)
+        public ResultCode UpdateEffects(EffectContext context, bool isAudioRendererActive, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
             if (_behaviourContext.IsEffectInfoVersion2Supported())
             {
-                return UpdateEffectsVersion2(context, isAudioRendererActive, memoryPools);
+                return UpdateEffectsVersion2(context, isAudioRendererActive, mapper);
             }
 
-            return UpdateEffectsVersion1(context, isAudioRendererActive, memoryPools);
+            return UpdateEffectsVersion1(context, isAudioRendererActive, mapper);
         }
 
-        public ResultCode UpdateEffectsVersion2(EffectContext context, bool isAudioRendererActive, Memory<MemoryPoolState> memoryPools)
+        public ResultCode UpdateEffectsVersion2(EffectContext context, bool isAudioRendererActive, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
             if (context.GetCount() * Unsafe.SizeOf<EffectInParameterVersion2>() != _inputHeader.EffectsSize)
             {
@@ -253,26 +250,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             int initialOutputSize = _output.Length;
 
-            ReadOnlySpan<EffectInParameterVersion2> parameters = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, EffectInParameterVersion2>(_input[..(int)_inputHeader.EffectsSize].Span);
-
-            _input = _input[(int)_inputHeader.EffectsSize..];
-
-            PoolMapper mapper = new(_processHandle, memoryPools, _behaviourContext.IsMemoryPoolForceMappingEnabled());
+            long initialInputConsumed = _inputReader.Consumed;
 
             for (int i = 0; i < context.GetCount(); i++)
             {
-                EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter = parameters[i];
+                ref readonly EffectInParameterVersion2 parameter = ref _inputReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy<EffectInParameterVersion2>(out _);
 
                 ref EffectOutStatusVersion2 outStatus = ref SpanIOHelper.GetWriteRef<EffectOutStatusVersion2>(ref _output)[0];
 
                 ref BaseEffect effect = ref context.GetEffect(i);
 
-                if (!effect.IsTypeValid(ref parameter))
+                if (!effect.IsTypeValid(in parameter))
                 {
-                    ResetEffect(ref effect, ref parameter, mapper);
+                    ResetEffect(ref effect, in parameter, mapper);
                 }
 
-                effect.Update(out ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+                effect.Update(out ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
 
                 if (updateErrorInfo.ErrorCode != ResultCode.Success)
                 {
@@ -297,10 +290,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             Debug.Assert((initialOutputSize - currentOutputSize) == OutputHeader.EffectsSize);
 
+            _inputReader.SetConsumed(initialInputConsumed + _inputHeader.EffectsSize);
+
             return ResultCode.Success;
         }
 
-        public ResultCode UpdateEffectsVersion1(EffectContext context, bool isAudioRendererActive, Memory<MemoryPoolState> memoryPools)
+        public ResultCode UpdateEffectsVersion1(EffectContext context, bool isAudioRendererActive, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
             if (context.GetCount() * Unsafe.SizeOf<EffectInParameterVersion1>() != _inputHeader.EffectsSize)
             {
@@ -309,26 +304,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             int initialOutputSize = _output.Length;
 
-            ReadOnlySpan<EffectInParameterVersion1> parameters = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, EffectInParameterVersion1>(_input[..(int)_inputHeader.EffectsSize].Span);
-
-            _input = _input[(int)_inputHeader.EffectsSize..];
-
-            PoolMapper mapper = new(_processHandle, memoryPools, _behaviourContext.IsMemoryPoolForceMappingEnabled());
+            long initialInputConsumed = _inputReader.Consumed;
 
             for (int i = 0; i < context.GetCount(); i++)
             {
-                EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter = parameters[i];
+                ref readonly EffectInParameterVersion1 parameter = ref _inputReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy<EffectInParameterVersion1>(out _);
 
                 ref EffectOutStatusVersion1 outStatus = ref SpanIOHelper.GetWriteRef<EffectOutStatusVersion1>(ref _output)[0];
 
                 ref BaseEffect effect = ref context.GetEffect(i);
 
-                if (!effect.IsTypeValid(ref parameter))
+                if (!effect.IsTypeValid(in parameter))
                 {
-                    ResetEffect(ref effect, ref parameter, mapper);
+                    ResetEffect(ref effect, in parameter, mapper);
                 }
 
-                effect.Update(out ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, mapper);
+                effect.Update(out ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in parameter, mapper);
 
                 if (updateErrorInfo.ErrorCode != ResultCode.Success)
                 {
@@ -345,38 +336,40 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             Debug.Assert((initialOutputSize - currentOutputSize) == OutputHeader.EffectsSize);
 
+            _inputReader.SetConsumed(initialInputConsumed + _inputHeader.EffectsSize);
+
             return ResultCode.Success;
         }
 
         public ResultCode UpdateSplitter(SplitterContext context)
         {
-            if (context.Update(_input.Span, out int consumedSize))
+            if (context.Update(ref _inputReader))
             {
-                _input = _input[consumedSize..];
-
                 return ResultCode.Success;
             }
 
             return ResultCode.InvalidUpdateInfo;
         }
 
-        private static bool CheckMixParametersValidity(MixContext mixContext, uint mixBufferCount, uint inputMixCount, ReadOnlySpan<MixParameter> parameters)
+        private static bool CheckMixParametersValidity(MixContext mixContext, uint mixBufferCount, uint inputMixCount, SequenceReader<byte> parameters)
         {
             uint maxMixStateCount = mixContext.GetCount();
             uint totalRequiredMixBufferCount = 0;
 
             for (int i = 0; i < inputMixCount; i++)
             {
-                if (parameters[i].IsUsed)
+                ref readonly MixParameter parameter = ref parameters.GetRefOrRefToCopy<MixParameter>(out _);
+
+                if (parameter.IsUsed)
                 {
-                    if (parameters[i].DestinationMixId != Constants.UnusedMixId &&
-                        parameters[i].DestinationMixId > maxMixStateCount &&
-                        parameters[i].MixId != Constants.FinalMixId)
+                    if (parameter.DestinationMixId != Constants.UnusedMixId &&
+                        parameter.DestinationMixId > maxMixStateCount &&
+                        parameter.MixId != Constants.FinalMixId)
                     {
                         return true;
                     }
 
-                    totalRequiredMixBufferCount += parameters[i].BufferCount;
+                    totalRequiredMixBufferCount += parameter.BufferCount;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -391,7 +384,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             if (_behaviourContext.IsMixInParameterDirtyOnlyUpdateSupported())
             {
-                MixInParameterDirtyOnlyUpdate parameter = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, MixInParameterDirtyOnlyUpdate>(_input.Span)[0];
+                ref readonly MixInParameterDirtyOnlyUpdate parameter = ref _inputReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy<MixInParameterDirtyOnlyUpdate>(out _);
 
                 mixCount = parameter.MixCount;
 
@@ -411,25 +404,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 return ResultCode.InvalidUpdateInfo;
             }
 
-            if (_behaviourContext.IsMixInParameterDirtyOnlyUpdateSupported())
-            {
-                _input = _input[Unsafe.SizeOf<MixInParameterDirtyOnlyUpdate>()..];
-            }
+            long initialInputConsumed = _inputReader.Consumed;
 
-            ReadOnlySpan<MixParameter> parameters = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, MixParameter>(_input.Span[..(int)inputMixSize]);
+            int parameterCount = (int)inputMixSize / Unsafe.SizeOf<MixParameter>();
 
-            _input = _input[(int)inputMixSize..];
-
-            if (CheckMixParametersValidity(mixContext, mixBufferCount, mixCount, parameters))
+            if (CheckMixParametersValidity(mixContext, mixBufferCount, mixCount, _inputReader))
             {
                 return ResultCode.InvalidUpdateInfo;
             }
 
             bool isMixContextDirty = false;
 
-            for (int i = 0; i < parameters.Length; i++)
+            for (int i = 0; i < parameterCount; i++)
             {
-                MixParameter parameter = parameters[i];
+                ref readonly MixParameter parameter = ref _inputReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy<MixParameter>(out _);
 
                 int mixId = i;
 
@@ -454,7 +442,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                 if (mix.IsUsed)
                 {
-                    isMixContextDirty |= mix.Update(mixContext.EdgeMatrix, ref parameter, effectContext, splitterContext, _behaviourContext);
+                    isMixContextDirty |= mix.Update(mixContext.EdgeMatrix, in parameter, effectContext, splitterContext, _behaviourContext);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -473,10 +461,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 }
             }
 
+            _inputReader.SetConsumed(initialInputConsumed + inputMixSize);
+
             return ResultCode.Success;
         }
 
-        private static void ResetSink(ref BaseSink sink, ref SinkInParameter parameter)
+        private static void ResetSink(ref BaseSink sink, in SinkInParameter parameter)
         {
             sink.CleanUp();
 
@@ -489,10 +479,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             };
         }
 
-        public ResultCode UpdateSinks(SinkContext context, Memory<MemoryPoolState> memoryPools)
+        public ResultCode UpdateSinks(SinkContext context, PoolMapper mapper)
         {
-            PoolMapper mapper = new(_processHandle, memoryPools, _behaviourContext.IsMemoryPoolForceMappingEnabled());
-
             if (context.GetCount() * Unsafe.SizeOf<SinkInParameter>() != _inputHeader.SinksSize)
             {
                 return ResultCode.InvalidUpdateInfo;
@@ -500,22 +488,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             int initialOutputSize = _output.Length;
 
-            ReadOnlySpan<SinkInParameter> parameters = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, SinkInParameter>(_input[..(int)_inputHeader.SinksSize].Span);
-
-            _input = _input[(int)_inputHeader.SinksSize..];
+            long initialInputConsumed = _inputReader.Consumed;
 
             for (int i = 0; i < context.GetCount(); i++)
             {
-                SinkInParameter parameter = parameters[i];
+                ref readonly SinkInParameter parameter = ref _inputReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy<SinkInParameter>(out _);
                 ref SinkOutStatus outStatus = ref SpanIOHelper.GetWriteRef<SinkOutStatus>(ref _output)[0];
                 ref BaseSink sink = ref context.GetSink(i);
 
-                if (!sink.IsTypeValid(ref parameter))
+                if (!sink.IsTypeValid(in parameter))
                 {
-                    ResetSink(ref sink, ref parameter);
+                    ResetSink(ref sink, in parameter);
                 }
 
-                sink.Update(out ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, ref parameter, ref outStatus, mapper);
+                sink.Update(out ErrorInfo updateErrorInfo, in parameter, ref outStatus, mapper);
 
                 if (updateErrorInfo.ErrorCode != ResultCode.Success)
                 {
@@ -530,6 +516,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             Debug.Assert((initialOutputSize - currentOutputSize) == OutputHeader.SinksSize);
 
+            _inputReader.SetConsumed(initialInputConsumed + _inputHeader.SinksSize);
+
             return ResultCode.Success;
         }
 
@@ -540,7 +528,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 return ResultCode.InvalidUpdateInfo;
             }
 
-            PerformanceInParameter parameter = SpanIOHelper.Read<PerformanceInParameter>(ref _input);
+            ref readonly PerformanceInParameter parameter = ref _inputReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy<PerformanceInParameter>(out _);
 
             ref PerformanceOutStatus outStatus = ref SpanIOHelper.GetWriteRef<PerformanceOutStatus>(ref _output)[0];
 
@@ -585,9 +573,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             return ResultCode.Success;
         }
 
-        public ResultCode CheckConsumedSize()
+        public readonly ResultCode CheckConsumedSize()
         {
-            int consumedInputSize = _inputOrigin.Length - _input.Length;
+            long consumedInputSize = _inputReader.Consumed;
             int consumedOutputSize = _outputOrigin.Length - _output.Length;
 
             if (consumedInputSize != _inputHeader.TotalSize)

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Voice/VoiceState.cs

@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
         /// <returns>Return true, if the server voice information needs to be updated.</returns>
-        private readonly bool ShouldUpdateParameters(ref VoiceInParameter parameter)
+        private readonly bool ShouldUpdateParameters(in VoiceInParameter parameter)
         {
             if (DataSourceStateAddressInfo.CpuAddress == parameter.DataSourceStateAddress)
             {
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
         /// <param name="poolMapper">The mapper to use.</param>
         /// <param name="behaviourContext">The behaviour context.</param>
-        public void UpdateParameters(out ErrorInfo outErrorInfo, ref VoiceInParameter parameter, ref PoolMapper poolMapper, ref BehaviourContext behaviourContext)
+        public void UpdateParameters(out ErrorInfo outErrorInfo, in VoiceInParameter parameter, PoolMapper poolMapper, ref BehaviourContext behaviourContext)
         {
             InUse = parameter.InUse;
             Id = parameter.Id;
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
                 VoiceDropFlag = false;
             }
 
-            if (ShouldUpdateParameters(ref parameter))
+            if (ShouldUpdateParameters(in parameter))
             {
                 DataSourceStateUnmapped = !poolMapper.TryAttachBuffer(out outErrorInfo, ref DataSourceStateAddressInfo, parameter.DataSourceStateAddress, parameter.DataSourceStateSize);
             }
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
         /// <param name="outStatus">The given user output.</param>
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
         /// <param name="voiceUpdateStates">The voice states associated to the <see cref="VoiceState"/>.</param>
-        public void WriteOutStatus(ref VoiceOutStatus outStatus, ref VoiceInParameter parameter, ReadOnlySpan<Memory<VoiceUpdateState>> voiceUpdateStates)
+        public void WriteOutStatus(ref VoiceOutStatus outStatus, in VoiceInParameter parameter, ReadOnlySpan<Memory<VoiceUpdateState>> voiceUpdateStates)
         {
 #if DEBUG
             // Sanity check in debug mode of the internal state
@@ -426,7 +426,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
         /// <param name="voiceUpdateStates">The voice states associated to the <see cref="VoiceState"/>.</param>
         /// <param name="mapper">The mapper to use.</param>
         /// <param name="behaviourContext">The behaviour context.</param>
-        public void UpdateWaveBuffers(out ErrorInfo[] errorInfos, ref VoiceInParameter parameter, ReadOnlySpan<Memory<VoiceUpdateState>> voiceUpdateStates, ref PoolMapper mapper, ref BehaviourContext behaviourContext)
+        public void UpdateWaveBuffers(
+            out ErrorInfo[] errorInfos,
+            in VoiceInParameter parameter,
+            ReadOnlySpan<Memory<VoiceUpdateState>> voiceUpdateStates,
+            PoolMapper mapper,
+            ref BehaviourContext behaviourContext)
         {
             errorInfos = new ErrorInfo[Constants.VoiceWaveBufferCount * 2];
 
@@ -444,7 +449,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
 
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.VoiceWaveBufferCount; i++)
             {
-                UpdateWaveBuffer(errorInfos.AsSpan(i * 2, 2), ref WaveBuffers[i], ref parameter.WaveBuffers[i], parameter.SampleFormat, voiceUpdateState.IsWaveBufferValid[i], ref mapper, ref behaviourContext);
+                UpdateWaveBuffer(errorInfos.AsSpan(i * 2, 2), ref WaveBuffers[i], ref parameter.WaveBuffers[i], parameter.SampleFormat, voiceUpdateState.IsWaveBufferValid[i], mapper, ref behaviourContext);
             }
         }
 
@@ -458,7 +463,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice
         /// <param name="isValid">If set to true, the server side wavebuffer is considered valid.</param>
         /// <param name="mapper">The mapper to use.</param>
         /// <param name="behaviourContext">The behaviour context.</param>
-        private void UpdateWaveBuffer(Span<ErrorInfo> errorInfos, ref WaveBuffer waveBuffer, ref WaveBufferInternal inputWaveBuffer, SampleFormat sampleFormat, bool isValid, ref PoolMapper mapper, ref BehaviourContext behaviourContext)
+        private void UpdateWaveBuffer(
+            Span<ErrorInfo> errorInfos,
+            ref WaveBuffer waveBuffer,
+            ref WaveBufferInternal inputWaveBuffer,
+            SampleFormat sampleFormat,
+            bool isValid,
+            PoolMapper mapper,
+            ref BehaviourContext behaviourContext)
         {
             if (!isValid && waveBuffer.IsSendToAudioProcessor && waveBuffer.BufferAddressInfo.CpuAddress != 0)
             {

src/Ryujinx.Common/Configuration/Hid/KeyboardHotkeys.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 namespace Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid
 {
-    // NOTE: Please don't change this to struct.
-    //       This breaks Avalonia's TwoWay binding, which makes us unable to save new KeyboardHotkeys.
     public class KeyboardHotkeys
     {
         public Key ToggleVsync { get; set; }

src/Ryujinx.Common/Extensions/SequenceReaderExtensions.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+using System;
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Common.Extensions
+{
+    public static class SequenceReaderExtensions
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Dumps the entire <see cref="SequenceReader{byte}"/> to a file, restoring its previous location afterward.
+        /// Useful for debugging purposes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="reader">The <see cref="SequenceReader{Byte}"/> to write to a file</param>
+        /// <param name="fileFullName">The path and name of the file to create and dump to</param>
+        public static void DumpToFile(this ref SequenceReader<byte> reader, string fileFullName)
+        {
+            var initialConsumed = reader.Consumed;
+
+            reader.Rewind(initialConsumed);
+
+            using (var fileStream = System.IO.File.Create(fileFullName, 4096, System.IO.FileOptions.None))
+            {
+                while (reader.End == false)
+                {
+                    var span = reader.CurrentSpan;
+                    fileStream.Write(span);
+                    reader.Advance(span.Length);
+                }
+            }
+
+            reader.SetConsumed(initialConsumed);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a reference to the desired value. This ref should always be used. The argument passed in <paramref name="copyDestinationIfRequiredDoNotUse"/> should never be used, as this is only used for storage if the value
+        /// must be copied from multiple <see cref="ReadOnlyMemory{Byte}"/> segments held by the <see cref="SequenceReader{Byte}"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Type to get</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="reader">The <see cref="SequenceReader{Byte}"/> to read from</param>
+        /// <param name="copyDestinationIfRequiredDoNotUse">A location used as storage if (and only if) the value to be read spans multiple <see cref="ReadOnlyMemory{Byte}"/> segments</param>
+        /// <returns>A reference to the desired value, either directly to memory in the <see cref="SequenceReader{Byte}"/>, or to <paramref name="copyDestinationIfRequiredDoNotUse"/> if it has been used for copying the value in to</returns>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// DO NOT use <paramref name="copyDestinationIfRequiredDoNotUse"/> after calling this method, as it will only
+        /// contain a value if the value couldn't be referenced directly because it spans multiple <see cref="ReadOnlyMemory{Byte}"/> segments.
+        /// To discourage use, it is recommended to call this method like the following:
+        /// <c>
+        ///     ref readonly MyStruct value = ref sequenceReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy{MyStruct}(out _);
+        /// </c>
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">The <see cref="SequenceReader{Byte}"/> does not contain enough data to read a value of type <typeparamref name="T"/></exception>
+        public static ref readonly T GetRefOrRefToCopy<T>(this scoped ref SequenceReader<byte> reader, out T copyDestinationIfRequiredDoNotUse) where T : unmanaged
+        {
+            int lengthRequired = Unsafe.SizeOf<T>();
+
+            ReadOnlySpan<byte> span = reader.UnreadSpan;
+            if (lengthRequired <= span.Length)
+            {
+                reader.Advance(lengthRequired);
+
+                copyDestinationIfRequiredDoNotUse = default;
+
+                ReadOnlySpan<T> spanOfT = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, T>(span);
+
+                return ref spanOfT[0];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                copyDestinationIfRequiredDoNotUse = default;
+
+                Span<T> valueSpan = MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref copyDestinationIfRequiredDoNotUse, 1);
+
+                Span<byte> valueBytesSpan = MemoryMarshal.AsBytes(valueSpan);
+
+                if (!reader.TryCopyTo(valueBytesSpan))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(reader), "The sequence is not long enough to read the desired value.");
+                }
+
+                reader.Advance(lengthRequired);
+
+                return ref valueSpan[0];
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads an <see cref="int"/> as little endian.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="reader">The <see cref="SequenceReader{Byte}"/> to read from</param>
+        /// <param name="value">A location to receive the read value</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown if there wasn't enough data for an <see cref="int"/></exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static void ReadLittleEndian(this ref SequenceReader<byte> reader, out int value)
+        {
+            if (!reader.TryReadLittleEndian(out value))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(value), "The sequence is not long enough to read the desired value.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reads the desired unmanaged value by copying it to the specified <paramref name="value"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Type to read</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="reader">The <see cref="SequenceReader{Byte}"/> to read from</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The target that will receive the read value</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">The <see cref="SequenceReader{Byte}"/> does not contain enough data to read a value of type <typeparamref name="T"/></exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static void ReadUnmanaged<T>(this ref SequenceReader<byte> reader, out T value) where T : unmanaged
+        {
+            if (!reader.TryReadUnmanaged(out value))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(value), "The sequence is not long enough to read the desired value.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the reader's position as bytes consumed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="reader">The <see cref="SequenceReader{Byte}"/> to set the position</param>
+        /// <param name="consumed">The number of bytes consumed</param>
+        public static void SetConsumed(ref this SequenceReader<byte> reader, long consumed)
+        {
+            reader.Rewind(reader.Consumed);
+            reader.Advance(consumed);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Try to read the given type out of the buffer if possible. Warning: this is dangerous to use with arbitrary
+        /// structs - see remarks for full details.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Type to read</typeparam>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// IMPORTANT: The read is a straight copy of bits. If a struct depends on specific state of it's members to
+        /// behave correctly this can lead to exceptions, etc. If reading endian specific integers, use the explicit
+        /// overloads such as <see cref="SequenceReader{T}.TryReadLittleEndian"/>
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// True if successful. <paramref name="value"/> will be default if failed (due to lack of space).
+        /// </returns>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static unsafe bool TryReadUnmanaged<T>(ref this SequenceReader<byte> reader, out T value) where T : unmanaged
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<byte> span = reader.UnreadSpan;
+
+            if (span.Length < sizeof(T))
+            {
+                return TryReadUnmanagedMultiSegment(ref reader, out value);
+            }
+
+            value = Unsafe.ReadUnaligned<T>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span));
+
+            reader.Advance(sizeof(T));
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private static unsafe bool TryReadUnmanagedMultiSegment<T>(ref SequenceReader<byte> reader, out T value) where T : unmanaged
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(reader.UnreadSpan.Length < sizeof(T));
+
+            // Not enough data in the current segment, try to peek for the data we need.
+            T buffer = default;
+
+            Span<byte> tempSpan = new Span<byte>(&buffer, sizeof(T));
+
+            if (!reader.TryCopyTo(tempSpan))
+            {
+                value = default;
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            value = Unsafe.ReadUnaligned<T>(ref MemoryMarshal.GetReference(tempSpan));
+
+            reader.Advance(sizeof(T));
+
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/SpanOrArray.cs

@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-
-namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    /// A struct that can represent both a Span and Array.
-    /// This is useful to keep the Array representation when possible to avoid copies.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <typeparam name="T">Element Type</typeparam>
-    public readonly ref struct SpanOrArray<T> where T : unmanaged
-    {
-        public readonly T[] Array;
-        public readonly ReadOnlySpan<T> Span;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new SpanOrArray from an array.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="array">Array to store</param>
-        public SpanOrArray(T[] array)
-        {
-            Array = array;
-            Span = ReadOnlySpan<T>.Empty;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new SpanOrArray from a readonly span.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="array">Span to store</param>
-        public SpanOrArray(ReadOnlySpan<T> span)
-        {
-            Array = null;
-            Span = span;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Return the contained array, or convert the span if necessary.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>An array containing the data</returns>
-        public T[] ToArray()
-        {
-            return Array ?? Span.ToArray();
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Return a ReadOnlySpan from either the array or ReadOnlySpan.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>A ReadOnlySpan containing the data</returns>
-        public ReadOnlySpan<T> AsSpan()
-        {
-            return Array ?? Span;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast an array to a SpanOrArray.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="array">Source array</param>
-        public static implicit operator SpanOrArray<T>(T[] array)
-        {
-            return new SpanOrArray<T>(array);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast a ReadOnlySpan to a SpanOrArray.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="span">Source ReadOnlySpan</param>
-        public static implicit operator SpanOrArray<T>(ReadOnlySpan<T> span)
-        {
-            return new SpanOrArray<T>(span);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast a Span to a SpanOrArray.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="span">Source Span</param>
-        public static implicit operator SpanOrArray<T>(Span<T> span)
-        {
-            return new SpanOrArray<T>(span);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast a SpanOrArray to a ReadOnlySpan
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="spanOrArray">Source SpanOrArray</param>
-        public static implicit operator ReadOnlySpan<T>(SpanOrArray<T> spanOrArray)
-        {
-            return spanOrArray.AsSpan();
-        }
-    }
-}

src/Ryujinx.Common/Utilities/EmbeddedResources.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Reflection;
@@ -41,6 +42,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common
             return StreamUtils.StreamToBytes(stream);
         }
 
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ReadFileToRentedMemory(string filename)
+        {
+            var (assembly, path) = ResolveManifestPath(filename);
+
+            return ReadFileToRentedMemory(assembly, path);
+        }
+
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ReadFileToRentedMemory(Assembly assembly, string filename)
+        {
+            using var stream = GetStream(assembly, filename);
+
+            return stream is null
+                ? null
+                : StreamUtils.StreamToRentedMemory(stream);
+        }
+
         public async static Task<byte[]> ReadAsync(Assembly assembly, string filename)
         {
             using var stream = GetStream(assembly, filename);

src/Ryujinx.Common/Utilities/StreamUtils.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+using Microsoft.IO;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
@@ -9,12 +11,50 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Utilities
     {
         public static byte[] StreamToBytes(Stream input)
         {
-            using MemoryStream stream = MemoryStreamManager.Shared.GetStream();
+            using RecyclableMemoryStream output = StreamToRecyclableMemoryStream(input);
 
+            return output.ToArray();
+        }
 
-            input.CopyTo(stream);
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> StreamToRentedMemory(Stream input)
+        {
+            if (input is MemoryStream inputMemoryStream)
+            {
+                return MemoryStreamToRentedMemory(inputMemoryStream);
+            }
+            else if (input.CanSeek)
+            {
+                long bytesExpected = input.Length;
 
-            return stream.ToArray();
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> ownedMemory = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(bytesExpected);
+
+                var destSpan = ownedMemory.Memory.Span;
+
+                int totalBytesRead = 0;
+
+                while (totalBytesRead < bytesExpected)
+                {
+                    int bytesRead = input.Read(destSpan[totalBytesRead..]);
+
+                    if (bytesRead == 0)
+                    {
+                        ownedMemory.Dispose();
+
+                        throw new IOException($"Tried reading {bytesExpected} but the stream closed after reading {totalBytesRead}.");
+                    }
+
+                    totalBytesRead += bytesRead;
+                }
+
+                return ownedMemory;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // If input is (non-seekable) then copy twice: first into a RecyclableMemoryStream, then to a rented IMemoryOwner<byte>.
+                using RecyclableMemoryStream output = StreamToRecyclableMemoryStream(input);
+
+                return MemoryStreamToRentedMemory(output);
+            }
         }
 
         public static async Task<byte[]> StreamToBytesAsync(Stream input, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
@@ -25,5 +65,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Utilities
 
             return stream.ToArray();
         }
+
+        private static IMemoryOwner<byte> MemoryStreamToRentedMemory(MemoryStream input)
+        {
+            input.Position = 0;
+
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> ownedMemory = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(input.Length);
+
+            // Discard the return value because we assume reading a MemoryStream always succeeds completely.
+            _ = input.Read(ownedMemory.Memory.Span);
+
+            return ownedMemory;
+        }
+
+        private static RecyclableMemoryStream StreamToRecyclableMemoryStream(Stream input)
+        {
+            RecyclableMemoryStream stream = MemoryStreamManager.Shared.GetStream();
+
+            input.CopyTo(stream);
+
+            return stream;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/Jit/MemoryManagerHostTracked.cs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 using ARMeilleure.Memory;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit.HostTracked;
 using Ryujinx.Cpu.Signal;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
@@ -83,6 +85,70 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
             _addressSpace = new(Tracking, backingMemory, _nativePageTable, useProtectionMirrors);
         }
 
+        public override ReadOnlySequence<byte> GetReadOnlySequence(ulong va, int size, bool tracked = false)
+        {
+            if (size == 0)
+            {
+                return ReadOnlySequence<byte>.Empty;
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (tracked)
+                {
+                    SignalMemoryTracking(va, (ulong)size, false);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    AssertValidAddressAndSize(va, (ulong)size);
+                }
+
+                ulong endVa = va + (ulong)size;
+                int offset = 0;
+
+                BytesReadOnlySequenceSegment first = null, last = null;
+
+                while (va < endVa)
+                {
+                    (MemoryBlock memory, ulong rangeOffset, ulong copySize) = GetMemoryOffsetAndSize(va, (ulong)(size - offset));
+
+                    Memory<byte> physicalMemory = memory.GetMemory(rangeOffset, (int)copySize);
+
+                    if (first is null)
+                    {
+                        first = last = new BytesReadOnlySequenceSegment(physicalMemory);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (last.IsContiguousWith(physicalMemory, out nuint contiguousStart, out int contiguousSize))
+                        {
+                            Memory<byte> contiguousPhysicalMemory = new NativeMemoryManager<byte>(contiguousStart, contiguousSize).Memory;
+
+                            last.Replace(contiguousPhysicalMemory);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            last = last.Append(physicalMemory);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    va += copySize;
+                    offset += (int)copySize;
+                }
+
+                return new ReadOnlySequence<byte>(first, 0, last, (int)(size - last.RunningIndex));
+            }
+            catch (InvalidMemoryRegionException)
+            {
+                if (_invalidAccessHandler == null || !_invalidAccessHandler(va))
+                {
+                    throw;
+                }
+
+                return ReadOnlySequence<byte>.Empty;
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public void Map(ulong va, ulong pa, ulong size, MemoryMapFlags flags)
         {
@@ -237,11 +303,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
             }
             else
             {
-                Memory<byte> memory = new byte[size];
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> memoryOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
-                Read(va, memory.Span);
+                Read(va, memoryOwner.Memory.Span);
 
-                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memory);
+                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memoryOwner);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Device/DeviceMemoryManager.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
@@ -143,11 +145,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Device
             }
             else
             {
-                Memory<byte> memory = new byte[size];
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> memoryOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
-                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memory.Span);
+                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memoryOwner.Memory.Span);
 
-                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memory, tracked: true);
+                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memoryOwner, tracked: true);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Capabilities.cs

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public readonly bool SupportsMismatchingViewFormat;
         public readonly bool SupportsCubemapView;
         public readonly bool SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset;
+        public readonly bool SupportsSeparateSampler;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderBallot;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderFloat64;
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             bool supportsMismatchingViewFormat,
             bool supportsCubemapView,
             bool supportsNonConstantTextureOffset,
+            bool supportsSeparateSampler,
             bool supportsShaderBallot,
             bool supportsShaderBarrierDivergence,
             bool supportsShaderFloat64,
@@ -144,6 +146,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             SupportsMismatchingViewFormat = supportsMismatchingViewFormat;
             SupportsCubemapView = supportsCubemapView;
             SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset = supportsNonConstantTextureOffset;
+            SupportsSeparateSampler = supportsSeparateSampler;
             SupportsShaderBallot = supportsShaderBallot;
             SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence = supportsShaderBarrierDivergence;
             SupportsShaderFloat64 = supportsShaderFloat64;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IImageArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
+{
+    public interface IImageArray
+    {
+        void SetFormats(int index, Format[] imageFormats);
+        void SetImages(int index, ITexture[] images);
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IPipeline.cs

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type);
 
         void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, Format imageFormat);
+        void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array);
 
         void SetLineParameters(float width, bool smooth);
 
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         void SetStorageBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferAssignment> buffers);
 
         void SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, ISampler sampler);
+        void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITextureArray array);
 
         void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers);
         void SetUniformBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferAssignment> buffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IRenderer.cs

@@ -21,10 +21,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size);
         BufferHandle CreateBufferSparse(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> storageBuffers);
 
+        IImageArray CreateImageArray(int size, bool isBuffer);
+
         IProgram CreateProgram(ShaderSource[] shaders, ShaderInfo info);
 
         ISampler CreateSampler(SamplerCreateInfo info);
         ITexture CreateTexture(TextureCreateInfo info);
+        ITextureArray CreateTextureArray(int size, bool isBuffer);
+
         bool PrepareHostMapping(nint address, ulong size);
 
         void CreateSync(ulong id, bool strict);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ITexture.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 {
@@ -17,10 +17,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         PinnedSpan<byte> GetData();
         PinnedSpan<byte> GetData(int layer, int level);
 
-        void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data);
-        void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level);
-        void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region);
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// the operation completes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
+        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// the operation completes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
+        /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
+        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// the operation completes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
+        /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
+        /// <param name="region">Target sub-region of the texture to update</param>
+        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region);
+
         void SetStorage(BufferRange buffer);
+
         void Release();
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ITextureArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
+{
+    public interface ITextureArray
+    {
+        void SetSamplers(int index, ISampler[] samplers);
+        void SetTextures(int index, ITexture[] textures);
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandHelper.cs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Buffer;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.CounterEvent;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.ImageArray;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Program;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Renderer;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Sampler;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.TextureArray;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Window;
 using System;
 using System.Linq;
@@ -46,10 +48,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<CreateBufferAccessCommand>(CommandType.CreateBufferAccess);
             Register<CreateBufferSparseCommand>(CommandType.CreateBufferSparse);
             Register<CreateHostBufferCommand>(CommandType.CreateHostBuffer);
+            Register<CreateImageArrayCommand>(CommandType.CreateImageArray);
             Register<CreateProgramCommand>(CommandType.CreateProgram);
             Register<CreateSamplerCommand>(CommandType.CreateSampler);
             Register<CreateSyncCommand>(CommandType.CreateSync);
             Register<CreateTextureCommand>(CommandType.CreateTexture);
+            Register<CreateTextureArrayCommand>(CommandType.CreateTextureArray);
             Register<GetCapabilitiesCommand>(CommandType.GetCapabilities);
             Register<PreFrameCommand>(CommandType.PreFrame);
             Register<ReportCounterCommand>(CommandType.ReportCounter);
@@ -63,6 +67,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<CounterEventDisposeCommand>(CommandType.CounterEventDispose);
             Register<CounterEventFlushCommand>(CommandType.CounterEventFlush);
 
+            Register<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>(CommandType.ImageArraySetFormats);
+            Register<ImageArraySetImagesCommand>(CommandType.ImageArraySetImages);
+
             Register<ProgramDisposeCommand>(CommandType.ProgramDispose);
             Register<ProgramGetBinaryCommand>(CommandType.ProgramGetBinary);
             Register<ProgramCheckLinkCommand>(CommandType.ProgramCheckLink);
@@ -82,6 +89,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>(CommandType.TextureSetDataSliceRegion);
             Register<TextureSetStorageCommand>(CommandType.TextureSetStorage);
 
+            Register<TextureArraySetSamplersCommand>(CommandType.TextureArraySetSamplers);
+            Register<TextureArraySetTexturesCommand>(CommandType.TextureArraySetTextures);
+
             Register<WindowPresentCommand>(CommandType.WindowPresent);
 
             Register<BarrierCommand>(CommandType.Barrier);
@@ -114,6 +124,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetTransformFeedbackBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetTransformFeedbackBuffers);
             Register<SetUniformBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetUniformBuffers);
             Register<SetImageCommand>(CommandType.SetImage);
+            Register<SetImageArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetImageArray);
             Register<SetIndexBufferCommand>(CommandType.SetIndexBuffer);
             Register<SetLineParametersCommand>(CommandType.SetLineParameters);
             Register<SetLogicOpStateCommand>(CommandType.SetLogicOpState);
@@ -130,6 +141,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetScissorsCommand>(CommandType.SetScissor);
             Register<SetStencilTestCommand>(CommandType.SetStencilTest);
             Register<SetTextureAndSamplerCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureAndSampler);
+            Register<SetTextureArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureArray);
             Register<SetUserClipDistanceCommand>(CommandType.SetUserClipDistance);
             Register<SetVertexAttribsCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexAttribs);
             Register<SetVertexBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexBuffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandType.cs

@@ -7,10 +7,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         CreateBufferAccess,
         CreateBufferSparse,
         CreateHostBuffer,
+        CreateImageArray,
         CreateProgram,
         CreateSampler,
         CreateSync,
         CreateTexture,
+        CreateTextureArray,
         GetCapabilities,
         Unused,
         PreFrame,
@@ -25,6 +27,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         CounterEventDispose,
         CounterEventFlush,
 
+        ImageArraySetFormats,
+        ImageArraySetImages,
+
         ProgramDispose,
         ProgramGetBinary,
         ProgramCheckLink,
@@ -44,6 +49,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         TextureSetDataSliceRegion,
         TextureSetStorage,
 
+        TextureArraySetSamplers,
+        TextureArraySetTextures,
+
         WindowPresent,
 
         Barrier,
@@ -76,6 +84,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetTransformFeedbackBuffers,
         SetUniformBuffers,
         SetImage,
+        SetImageArray,
         SetIndexBuffer,
         SetLineParameters,
         SetLogicOpState,
@@ -92,6 +101,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetScissor,
         SetStencilTest,
         SetTextureAndSampler,
+        SetTextureArray,
         SetUserClipDistance,
         SetVertexAttribs,
         SetVertexBuffers,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/ImageArray/ImageArraySetFormatsCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.ImageArray
+{
+    struct ImageArraySetFormatsCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.ImageArraySetFormats;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> _imageArray;
+        private int _index;
+        private TableRef<Format[]> _imageFormats;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> imageArray, int index, TableRef<Format[]> imageFormats)
+        {
+            _imageArray = imageArray;
+            _index = index;
+            _imageFormats = imageFormats;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref ImageArraySetFormatsCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            ThreadedImageArray imageArray = command._imageArray.Get(threaded);
+            imageArray.Base.SetFormats(command._index, command._imageFormats.Get(threaded));
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/ImageArray/ImageArraySetImagesCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.ImageArray
+{
+    struct ImageArraySetImagesCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<ImageArraySetImagesCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.ImageArraySetImages;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> _imageArray;
+        private int _index;
+        private TableRef<ITexture[]> _images;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> imageArray, int index, TableRef<ITexture[]> images)
+        {
+            _imageArray = imageArray;
+            _index = index;
+            _images = images;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref ImageArraySetImagesCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            ThreadedImageArray imageArray = command._imageArray.Get(threaded);
+            imageArray.Base.SetImages(command._index, command._images.Get(threaded).Select(texture => ((ThreadedTexture)texture)?.Base).ToArray());
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Renderer/CreateImageArrayCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Renderer
+{
+    struct CreateImageArrayCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<CreateImageArrayCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.CreateImageArray;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> _imageArray;
+        private int _size;
+        private bool _isBuffer;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> imageArray, int size, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            _imageArray = imageArray;
+            _size = size;
+            _isBuffer = isBuffer;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref CreateImageArrayCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            command._imageArray.Get(threaded).Base = renderer.CreateImageArray(command._size, command._isBuffer);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Renderer/CreateTextureArrayCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Renderer
+{
+    struct CreateTextureArrayCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<CreateTextureArrayCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.CreateTextureArray;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> _textureArray;
+        private int _size;
+        private bool _isBuffer;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> textureArray, int size, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            _textureArray = textureArray;
+            _size = size;
+            _isBuffer = isBuffer;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref CreateTextureArrayCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            command._textureArray.Get(threaded).Base = renderer.CreateTextureArray(command._size, command._isBuffer);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetImageArrayCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetImageArrayCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetImageArrayCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetImageArray;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _binding;
+        private TableRef<IImageArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int binding, TableRef<IImageArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _binding = binding;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetImageArrayCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(command._stage, command._binding, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedImageArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetTextureArrayCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetTextureArrayCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetTextureArrayCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetTextureArray;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _binding;
+        private TableRef<ITextureArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int binding, TableRef<ITextureArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _binding = binding;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetTextureArrayCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(command._stage, command._binding, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedTextureArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetData;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<byte[]> _data;
+        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<byte[]> data)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
         public static void Run(ref TextureSetDataCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ThreadedTexture texture = command._texture.Get(threaded);
-            texture.Base.SetData(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(command._data.Get(threaded)));
+            texture.Base.SetData(command._data.Get(threaded));
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataSliceCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetDataSlice;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<byte[]> _data;
+        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
         private int _layer;
         private int _level;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<byte[]> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
         public static void Run(ref TextureSetDataSliceCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ThreadedTexture texture = command._texture.Get(threaded);
-            texture.Base.SetData(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(command._data.Get(threaded)), command._layer, command._level);
+            texture.Base.SetData(command._data.Get(threaded), command._layer, command._level);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetDataSliceRegion;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<byte[]> _data;
+        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
         private int _layer;
         private int _level;
         private Rectangle<int> _region;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<byte[]> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
         public static void Run(ref TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ThreadedTexture texture = command._texture.Get(threaded);
-            texture.Base.SetData(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(command._data.Get(threaded)), command._layer, command._level, command._region);
+            texture.Base.SetData(command._data.Get(threaded), command._layer, command._level, command._region);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/TextureAndSamplerArray/TextureArraySetSamplersCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.TextureArray
+{
+    struct TextureArraySetSamplersCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<TextureArraySetSamplersCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureArraySetSamplers;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> _textureArray;
+        private int _index;
+        private TableRef<ISampler[]> _samplers;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> textureArray, int index, TableRef<ISampler[]> samplers)
+        {
+            _textureArray = textureArray;
+            _index = index;
+            _samplers = samplers;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref TextureArraySetSamplersCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            ThreadedTextureArray textureArray = command._textureArray.Get(threaded);
+            textureArray.Base.SetSamplers(command._index, command._samplers.Get(threaded).Select(sampler => ((ThreadedSampler)sampler)?.Base).ToArray());
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/TextureAndSamplerArray/TextureArraySetTexturesCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.TextureArray
+{
+    struct TextureArraySetTexturesCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<TextureArraySetTexturesCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureArraySetTextures;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> _textureArray;
+        private int _index;
+        private TableRef<ITexture[]> _textures;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> textureArray, int index, TableRef<ITexture[]> textures)
+        {
+            _textureArray = textureArray;
+            _index = index;
+            _textures = textures;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref TextureArraySetTexturesCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            ThreadedTextureArray textureArray = command._textureArray.Get(threaded);
+            textureArray.Base.SetTextures(command._index, command._textures.Get(threaded).Select(texture => ((ThreadedTexture)texture)?.Base).ToArray());
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedImageArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.ImageArray;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Threaded representation of a image array.
+    /// </summary>
+    class ThreadedImageArray : IImageArray
+    {
+        private readonly ThreadedRenderer _renderer;
+        public IImageArray Base;
+
+        public ThreadedImageArray(ThreadedRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            _renderer = renderer;
+        }
+
+        private TableRef<T> Ref<T>(T reference)
+        {
+            return new TableRef<T>(_renderer, reference);
+        }
+
+        public void SetFormats(int index, Format[] imageFormats)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(imageFormats));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
+        public void SetImages(int index, ITexture[] images)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<ImageArraySetImagesCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(images));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedTexture.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
 {
@@ -110,21 +110,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()));
+            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data));
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
-            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()), layer, level);
+            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data), layer, level);
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
-            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()), layer, level, region);
+            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data), layer, level, region);
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedTextureArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.TextureArray;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Threaded representation of a texture and sampler array.
+    /// </summary>
+    class ThreadedTextureArray : ITextureArray
+    {
+        private readonly ThreadedRenderer _renderer;
+        public ITextureArray Base;
+
+        public ThreadedTextureArray(ThreadedRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            _renderer = renderer;
+        }
+
+        private TableRef<T> Ref<T>(T reference)
+        {
+            return new TableRef<T>(_renderer, reference);
+        }
+
+        public void SetSamplers(int index, ISampler[] samplers)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<TextureArraySetSamplersCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(samplers.ToArray()));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
+        public void SetTextures(int index, ITexture[] textures)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<TextureArraySetTexturesCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(textures.ToArray()));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedPipeline.cs

@@ -183,6 +183,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetImageArrayCommand>().Set(stage, binding, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetIndexBufferCommand>().Set(buffer, type);
@@ -285,6 +291,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetTextureArrayCommand>().Set(stage, binding, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetTransformFeedbackBuffersCommand>().Set(_renderer.CopySpan(buffers));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedRenderer.cs

@@ -299,6 +299,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             return handle;
         }
 
+        public IImageArray CreateImageArray(int size, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            var imageArray = new ThreadedImageArray(this);
+            New<CreateImageArrayCommand>().Set(Ref(imageArray), size, isBuffer);
+            QueueCommand();
+
+            return imageArray;
+        }
+
         public IProgram CreateProgram(ShaderSource[] shaders, ShaderInfo info)
         {
             var program = new ThreadedProgram(this);
@@ -349,6 +358,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
                 return texture;
             }
         }
+        public ITextureArray CreateTextureArray(int size, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            var textureArray = new ThreadedTextureArray(this);
+            New<CreateTextureArrayCommand>().Set(Ref(textureArray), size, isBuffer);
+            QueueCommand();
+
+            return textureArray;
+        }
 
         public void DeleteBuffer(BufferHandle buffer)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ResourceLayout.cs

@@ -71,19 +71,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
     public readonly struct ResourceUsage : IEquatable<ResourceUsage>
     {
         public int Binding { get; }
+        public int ArrayLength { get; }
         public ResourceType Type { get; }
         public ResourceStages Stages { get; }
 
-        public ResourceUsage(int binding, ResourceType type, ResourceStages stages)
+        public ResourceUsage(int binding, int arrayLength, ResourceType type, ResourceStages stages)
         {
             Binding = binding;
+            ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             Type = type;
             Stages = stages;
         }
 
         public override int GetHashCode()
         {
-            return HashCode.Combine(Binding, Type, Stages);
+            return HashCode.Combine(Binding, ArrayLength, Type, Stages);
         }
 
         public override bool Equals(object obj)
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         public bool Equals(ResourceUsage other)
         {
-            return Binding == other.Binding && Type == other.Type && Stages == other.Stages;
+            return Binding == other.Binding && ArrayLength == other.ArrayLength && Type == other.Type && Stages == other.Stages;
         }
 
         public static bool operator ==(ResourceUsage left, ResourceUsage right)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Constants.cs

@@ -89,5 +89,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
         /// Maximum size that an storage buffer is assumed to have when the correct size is unknown.
         /// </summary>
         public const ulong MaxUnknownStorageSize = 0x100000;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Size of a bindless texture handle as exposed by guest graphics APIs.
+        /// </summary>
+        public const int TextureHandleSizeInBytes = sizeof(ulong);
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Compute/ComputeClass.cs

@@ -126,6 +126,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Compute
             ulong samplerPoolGpuVa = ((ulong)_state.State.SetTexSamplerPoolAOffsetUpper << 32) | _state.State.SetTexSamplerPoolB;
             ulong texturePoolGpuVa = ((ulong)_state.State.SetTexHeaderPoolAOffsetUpper << 32) | _state.State.SetTexHeaderPoolB;
 
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId = _state.State.SetTexSamplerPoolCMaximumIndex;
+
             GpuChannelPoolState poolState = new(
                 texturePoolGpuVa,
                 _state.State.SetTexHeaderPoolCMaximumIndex,
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Compute
                 sharedMemorySize,
                 _channel.BufferManager.HasUnalignedStorageBuffers);
 
-            CachedShaderProgram cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
+            CachedShaderProgram cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
 
             _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(cs.HostProgram);
 
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Compute
                     sharedMemorySize,
                     _channel.BufferManager.HasUnalignedStorageBuffers);
 
-                cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
+                cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
 
                 _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(cs.HostProgram);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Dma/DmaClass.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Dma
 
                     if (target != null)
                     {
-                        byte[] data;
+                        IMemoryOwner<byte> data;
                         if (srcLinear)
                         {
                             data = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/GPFifo/GPFifoClass.cs

@@ -157,6 +157,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo
             }
             else if (operation == SyncpointbOperation.Incr)
             {
+                // "Unbind" render targets since a syncpoint increment might indicate future CPU access for the textures.
+                _parent.TextureManager.RefreshModifiedTextures();
+
                 _context.CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(HostSyncFlags.StrictSyncpoint);
                 _context.Synchronization.IncrementSyncpoint(syncpointId);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/GPFifo/GPFifoProcessor.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Dma;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.InlineToMemory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Twod;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
@@ -28,6 +29,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo
         /// </summary>
         public MemoryManager MemoryManager => _channel.MemoryManager;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Channel texture manager.
+        /// </summary>
+        public TextureManager TextureManager => _channel.TextureManager;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// 3D Engine.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/InlineToMemory/InlineToMemoryClass.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Device;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
 using System;
@@ -198,7 +199,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.InlineToMemory
                     if (target != null)
                     {
                         target.SynchronizeMemory();
-                        target.SetData(data, 0, 0, new GAL.Rectangle<int>(_dstX, _dstY, _lineLengthIn / target.Info.FormatInfo.BytesPerPixel, _lineCount));
+                        var dataCopy = ByteMemoryPool.RentCopy(data);
+                        target.SetData(dataCopy, 0, 0, new GAL.Rectangle<int>(_dstX, _dstY, _lineLengthIn / target.Info.FormatInfo.BytesPerPixel, _lineCount));
                         target.SignalModified();
 
                         return;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/ShaderTexture.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine
         /// <returns>Texture target value</returns>
         public static Target GetTarget(SamplerType type)
         {
-            type &= ~(SamplerType.Indexed | SamplerType.Shadow);
+            type &= ~SamplerType.Shadow;
 
             switch (type)
             {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/StateUpdater.cs

@@ -1429,7 +1429,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                 addressesSpan[index] = baseAddress + shader.Offset;
             }
 
-            CachedShaderProgram gs = shaderCache.GetGraphicsShader(ref _state.State, ref _pipeline, _channel, ref _currentSpecState.GetPoolState(), ref _currentSpecState.GetGraphicsState(), addresses);
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId = _state.State.SamplerIndex == SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex
+                ? _state.State.TexturePoolState.MaximumId
+                : _state.State.SamplerPoolState.MaximumId;
+
+            CachedShaderProgram gs = shaderCache.GetGraphicsShader(
+                ref _state.State,
+                ref _pipeline,
+                _channel,
+                samplerPoolMaximumId,
+                ref _currentSpecState.GetPoolState(),
+                ref _currentSpecState.GetGraphicsState(),
+                addresses);
 
             // Consume the modified flag for spec state so that it isn't checked again.
             _currentSpecState.SetShader(gs);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/GpuContext.cs

@@ -395,8 +395,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
             {
                 Renderer.CreateSync(SyncNumber, strict);
 
-                SyncActions.ForEach(action => action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint));
-                SyncpointActions.ForEach(action => action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint));
+                foreach (var action in SyncActions)
+                {
+                    action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint);
+                }
+                foreach (var action in SyncpointActions)
+                {
+                    action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint);
+                }
 
                 SyncNumber++;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/AutoDeleteCache.cs

@@ -107,8 +107,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 if (texture.CacheNode != _textures.Last)
                 {
                     _textures.Remove(texture.CacheNode);
-
-                    texture.CacheNode = _textures.AddLast(texture);
+                    _textures.AddLast(texture.CacheNode);
                 }
 
                 if (_totalSize > MaxTextureSizeCapacity && _textures.Count >= MinCountForDeletion)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/Pool.cs

@@ -111,6 +111,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <returns>The GPU resource with the given ID</returns>
         public abstract T1 Get(int id);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the cached item with the given ID, or null if there is no cached item for the specified ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">ID of the item. This is effectively a zero-based index</param>
+        /// <returns>The cached item with the given ID</returns>
+        public T1 GetCachedItem(int id)
+        {
+            if (!IsValidId(id))
+            {
+                return default;
+            }
+
+            return Items[id];
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Checks if a given ID is valid and inside the range of the pool.
         /// </summary>
@@ -197,6 +212,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             return false;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the pool was modified by comparing the current <seealso cref="ModifiedSequenceNumber"/> with a cached one.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sequenceNumber">Cached modified sequence number</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the pool was modified, false otherwise</returns>
+        public bool WasModified(ref int sequenceNumber)
+        {
+            if (sequenceNumber != ModifiedSequenceNumber)
+            {
+                sequenceNumber = ModifiedSequenceNumber;
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
         protected abstract void InvalidateRangeImpl(ulong address, ulong size);
 
         protected abstract void Delete(T1 item);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/PoolCache.cs

@@ -62,8 +62,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel that the texture pool cache belongs to</param>
         /// <param name="address">Start address of the texture pool</param>
         /// <param name="maximumId">Maximum ID of the texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingsArrayCache">Cache of texture array bindings</param>
         /// <returns>The found or newly created texture pool</returns>
-        public T FindOrCreate(GpuChannel channel, ulong address, int maximumId)
+        public T FindOrCreate(GpuChannel channel, ulong address, int maximumId, TextureBindingsArrayCache bindingsArrayCache)
         {
             // Remove old entries from the cache, if possible.
             while (_pools.Count > MaxCapacity && (_currentTimestamp - _pools.First.Value.CacheTimestamp) >= MinDeltaForRemoval)
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 _pools.RemoveFirst();
                 oldestPool.Dispose();
                 oldestPool.CacheNode = null;
+                bindingsArrayCache.RemoveAllWithPool(oldestPool);
             }
 
             T pool;
@@ -87,8 +89,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     if (pool.CacheNode != _pools.Last)
                     {
                         _pools.Remove(pool.CacheNode);
-
-                        pool.CacheNode = _pools.AddLast(pool);
+                        _pools.AddLast(pool.CacheNode);
                     }
 
                     pool.CacheTimestamp = _currentTimestamp;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/Texture.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
@@ -7,6 +6,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture.Astc;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Linq;
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 }
             }
 
-            SpanOrArray<byte> result = ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data);
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data);
 
             if (ScaleFactor != 1f && AllowScaledSetData())
             {
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Uploads new texture data to the host GPU.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="data">New data</param>
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="data">New data</param>
         /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
         /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
         /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
         /// <param name="region">Target sub-region of the texture to update</param>
-        public void SetData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="level">Mip level to convert</param>
         /// <param name="single">True to convert a single slice</param>
         /// <returns>Converted data</returns>
-        public SpanOrArray<byte> ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int level = 0, bool single = false)
+        public IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int level = 0, bool single = false)
         {
             int width = Info.Width;
             int height = Info.Height;
@@ -754,11 +754,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             int sliceDepth = single ? 1 : depth;
 
-            SpanOrArray<byte> result;
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> linear;
 
             if (Info.IsLinear)
             {
-                result = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(
+                linear = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(
                     width,
                     height,
                     Info.FormatInfo.BlockWidth,
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
             else
             {
-                result = LayoutConverter.ConvertBlockLinearToLinear(
+                linear = LayoutConverter.ConvertBlockLinearToLinear(
                     width,
                     height,
                     depth,
@@ -787,33 +787,41 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     data);
             }
 
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = linear;
+
             // Handle compressed cases not supported by the host:
             // - ASTC is usually not supported on desktop cards.
             // - BC4/BC5 is not supported on 3D textures.
             if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsAstcCompression && Format.IsAstc())
             {
-                if (!AstcDecoder.TryDecodeToRgba8P(
-                    result.ToArray(),
-                    Info.FormatInfo.BlockWidth,
-                    Info.FormatInfo.BlockHeight,
-                    width,
-                    height,
-                    sliceDepth,
-                    levels,
-                    layers,
-                    out byte[] decoded))
+                using (result)
                 {
-                    string texInfo = $"{Info.Target} {Info.FormatInfo.Format} {Info.Width}x{Info.Height}x{Info.DepthOrLayers} levels {Info.Levels}";
+                    if (!AstcDecoder.TryDecodeToRgba8P(
+                        result.Memory,
+                        Info.FormatInfo.BlockWidth,
+                        Info.FormatInfo.BlockHeight,
+                        width,
+                        height,
+                        sliceDepth,
+                        levels,
+                        layers,
+                        out IMemoryOwner<byte> decoded))
+                    {
+                        string texInfo = $"{Info.Target} {Info.FormatInfo.Format} {Info.Width}x{Info.Height}x{Info.DepthOrLayers} levels {Info.Levels}";
 
-                    Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.Gpu, $"Invalid ASTC texture at 0x{Info.GpuAddress:X} ({texInfo}).");
+                        Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.Gpu, $"Invalid ASTC texture at 0x{Info.GpuAddress:X} ({texInfo}).");
+                    }
+
+                    if (GraphicsConfig.EnableTextureRecompression)
+                    {
+                        using (decoded)
+                        {
+                            return BCnEncoder.EncodeBC7(decoded.Memory, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return decoded;
                 }
-
-                if (GraphicsConfig.EnableTextureRecompression)
-                {
-                    decoded = BCnEncoder.EncodeBC7(decoded, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                }
-
-                result = decoded;
             }
             else if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsEtc2Compression && Format.IsEtc2())
             {
@@ -821,16 +829,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     case Format.Etc2RgbaSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbaUnorm:
-                        result = ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgba(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgba(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Etc2RgbPtaSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbPtaUnorm:
-                        result = ETC2Decoder.DecodePta(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodePta(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Etc2RgbSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbUnorm:
-                        result = ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgb(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgb(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                 }
             }
             else if (!TextureCompatibility.HostSupportsBcFormat(Format, Target, _context.Capabilities))
@@ -839,48 +853,75 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     case Format.Bc1RgbaSrgb:
                     case Format.Bc1RgbaUnorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC1(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC1(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc2Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc2Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC2(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC2(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc3Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc3Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC3(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC3(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc4Snorm:
                     case Format.Bc4Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC4(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc4Snorm);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC4(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc4Snorm);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc5Snorm:
                     case Format.Bc5Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC5(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc5Snorm);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC5(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc5Snorm);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc6HSfloat:
                     case Format.Bc6HUfloat:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC6(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc6HSfloat);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC6(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc6HSfloat);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc7Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc7Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC7(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC7(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                 }
             }
             else if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4Format && Format == Format.R4G4Unorm)
             {
-                result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4ToR4G4B4A4(result, width);
-
-                if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
+                using (result)
                 {
-                    result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
+                    var converted = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4ToR4G4B4A4(result.Memory.Span, width);
+
+                    if (_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
+                    {
+                        return converted;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        using (converted)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(converted.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
             else if (Format == Format.R4G4B4A4Unorm)
             {
                 if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
                 {
-                    result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
+                    using (result)
+                    {
+                        return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                    }
                 }
             }
             else if (!_context.Capabilities.Supports5BitComponentFormat && Format.Is16BitPacked())
@@ -889,19 +930,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     case Format.B5G6R5Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G6B5Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertR5G6B5ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR5G6B5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
                     case Format.B5G5R5A1Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G5B5A1Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertR5G5B5ToR8G8B8A8(result, width, Format == Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR5G5B5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width, Format == Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm);
+                        }
                     case Format.A1B5G5R5Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertA1B5G5R5ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertA1B5G5R5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
                     case Format.R4G4B4A4Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
                 }
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingInfo.cs

@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public int Binding { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int ArrayLength { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Constant buffer slot with the texture handle.
         /// </summary>
@@ -39,20 +44,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public TextureUsageFlags Flags { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates that the binding is for a sampler.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsSamplerOnly { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Constructs the texture binding information structure.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
         /// <param name="format">Format of the image as declared on the shader</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
+        /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int binding, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Target = target;
             Format = format;
             Binding = binding;
+            ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
             Handle = handle;
             Flags = flags;
@@ -63,11 +75,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
+        /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, int binding, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags) : this(target, (Format)0, binding, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
+        /// <param name="isSamplerOnly">Indicates that the binding is for a sampler</param>
+        public TextureBindingInfo(
+            Target target,
+            int binding,
+            int arrayLength,
+            int cbufSlot,
+            int handle,
+            TextureUsageFlags flags,
+            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
         {
+            IsSamplerOnly = isSamplerOnly;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsManager.cs

@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private readonly TexturePoolCache _texturePoolCache;
         private readonly SamplerPoolCache _samplerPoolCache;
 
+        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _bindingsArrayCache;
+
         private TexturePool _cachedTexturePool;
         private SamplerPool _cachedSamplerPool;
 
@@ -56,6 +58,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private TextureState[] _textureState;
         private TextureState[] _imageState;
 
+        private int[] _textureCounts;
+
         private int _texturePoolSequence;
         private int _samplerPoolSequence;
 
@@ -68,12 +72,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="context">The GPU context that the texture bindings manager belongs to</param>
         /// <param name="channel">The GPU channel that the texture bindings manager belongs to</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingsArrayCache">Cache of texture array bindings</param>
         /// <param name="texturePoolCache">Texture pools cache used to get texture pools from</param>
         /// <param name="samplerPoolCache">Sampler pools cache used to get sampler pools from</param>
         /// <param name="isCompute">True if the bindings manager is used for the compute engine</param>
         public TextureBindingsManager(
             GpuContext context,
             GpuChannel channel,
+            TextureBindingsArrayCache bindingsArrayCache,
             TexturePoolCache texturePoolCache,
             SamplerPoolCache samplerPoolCache,
             bool isCompute)
@@ -85,6 +91,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             _isCompute = isCompute;
 
+            _bindingsArrayCache = bindingsArrayCache;
+
             int stages = isCompute ? 1 : Constants.ShaderStages;
 
             _textureBindings = new TextureBindingInfo[stages][];
@@ -95,9 +103,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             for (int stage = 0; stage < stages; stage++)
             {
-                _textureBindings[stage] = new TextureBindingInfo[InitialTextureStateSize];
-                _imageBindings[stage] = new TextureBindingInfo[InitialImageStateSize];
+                _textureBindings[stage] = Array.Empty<TextureBindingInfo>();
+                _imageBindings[stage] = Array.Empty<TextureBindingInfo>();
             }
+
+            _textureCounts = Array.Empty<int>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -109,6 +119,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             _textureBindings = bindings.TextureBindings;
             _imageBindings = bindings.ImageBindings;
 
+            _textureCounts = bindings.TextureCounts;
+
             SetMaxBindings(bindings.MaxTextureBinding, bindings.MaxImageBinding);
         }
 
@@ -401,27 +413,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
         }
 
-#pragma warning disable IDE0051 // Remove unused private member
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Counts the total number of texture bindings used by all shader stages.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>The total amount of textures used</returns>
-        private int GetTextureBindingsCount()
-        {
-            int count = 0;
-
-            foreach (TextureBindingInfo[] textureInfo in _textureBindings)
-            {
-                if (textureInfo != null)
-                {
-                    count += textureInfo.Length;
-                }
-            }
-
-            return count;
-        }
-#pragma warning restore IDE0051
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Ensures that the texture bindings are visible to the host GPU.
         /// Note: this actually performs the binding using the host graphics API.
@@ -465,6 +456,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo = _textureBindings[stageIndex][index];
                 TextureUsageFlags usageFlags = bindingInfo.Flags;
 
+                if (bindingInfo.ArrayLength > 1)
+                {
+                    _bindingsArrayCache.UpdateTextureArray(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, _samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 (int textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, _textureBufferIndex);
 
                 UpdateCachedBuffer(stageIndex, ref cachedTextureBufferIndex, ref cachedSamplerBufferIndex, ref cachedTextureBuffer, ref cachedSamplerBuffer, textureBufferIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
@@ -582,7 +580,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
 
             // Scales for images appear after the texture ones.
-            int baseScaleIndex = _textureBindings[stageIndex].Length;
+            int baseScaleIndex = _textureCounts[stageIndex];
 
             int cachedTextureBufferIndex = -1;
             int cachedSamplerBufferIndex = -1;
@@ -595,6 +593,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             {
                 TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo = _imageBindings[stageIndex][index];
                 TextureUsageFlags usageFlags = bindingInfo.Flags;
+
+                if (bindingInfo.ArrayLength > 1)
+                {
+                    _bindingsArrayCache.UpdateImageArray(pool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, bindingInfo);
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 int scaleIndex = baseScaleIndex + index;
 
                 (int textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, _textureBufferIndex);
@@ -620,7 +626,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                     if (isStore)
                     {
-                        cachedTexture?.SignalModified();
+                        cachedTexture.SignalModified();
                     }
 
                     Format format = bindingInfo.Format == 0 ? cachedTexture.Format : bindingInfo.Format;
@@ -728,7 +734,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             ulong poolAddress = _channel.MemoryManager.Translate(poolGpuVa);
 
-            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId);
+            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
 
             TextureDescriptor descriptor;
 
@@ -766,7 +772,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 ? _channel.BufferManager.GetComputeUniformBufferAddress(textureBufferIndex)
                 : _channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferAddress(stageIndex, textureBufferIndex);
 
-            int handle = textureBufferAddress != 0
+            int handle = textureBufferAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped
                 ? _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.Read<int>(textureBufferAddress + (uint)textureWordOffset * 4)
                 : 0;
 
@@ -786,7 +792,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                         ? _channel.BufferManager.GetComputeUniformBufferAddress(samplerBufferIndex)
                         : _channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferAddress(stageIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
 
-                    samplerHandle = samplerBufferAddress != 0
+                    samplerHandle = samplerBufferAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped
                         ? _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.Read<int>(samplerBufferAddress + (uint)samplerWordOffset * 4)
                         : 0;
                 }
@@ -824,7 +830,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (poolAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _texturePoolMaximumId);
+                    texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _texturePoolMaximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
                     _texturePool = texturePool;
                 }
             }
@@ -835,7 +841,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (poolAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    samplerPool = _samplerPoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _samplerPoolMaximumId);
+                    samplerPool = _samplerPoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _samplerPoolMaximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
                     _samplerPool = samplerPool;
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureCompatibility.cs

@@ -247,6 +247,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     return TextureMatchQuality.FormatAlias;
                 }
+                else if (lhs.FormatInfo.Format == Format.D32FloatS8Uint && rhs.FormatInfo.Format == Format.R32G32Float)
+                {
+                    return TextureMatchQuality.FormatAlias;
+                }
             }
 
             return lhs.FormatInfo.Format == rhs.FormatInfo.Format ? TextureMatchQuality.Perfect : TextureMatchQuality.NoMatch;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureGroup.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
@@ -6,6 +5,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                             ReadOnlySpan<byte> data = dataSpan[(offset - spanBase)..];
 
-                            SpanOrArray<byte> result = Storage.ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data, info.BaseLevel + level, true);
+                            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = Storage.ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data, info.BaseLevel + level, true);
 
                             Storage.SetData(result, info.BaseLayer + layer, info.BaseLevel + level);
                         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureManager.cs

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
         private readonly TextureBindingsManager _cpBindingsManager;
         private readonly TextureBindingsManager _gpBindingsManager;
+        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _bindingsArrayCache;
         private readonly TexturePoolCache _texturePoolCache;
         private readonly SamplerPoolCache _samplerPoolCache;
 
@@ -46,8 +47,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             TexturePoolCache texturePoolCache = new(context);
             SamplerPoolCache samplerPoolCache = new(context);
 
-            _cpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: true);
-            _gpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: false);
+            _bindingsArrayCache = new TextureBindingsArrayCache(context, channel);
+            _cpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, _bindingsArrayCache, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: true);
+            _gpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, _bindingsArrayCache, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: false);
             _texturePoolCache = texturePoolCache;
             _samplerPoolCache = samplerPoolCache;
 
@@ -384,7 +386,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         {
             ulong poolAddress = _channel.MemoryManager.Translate(poolGpuVa);
 
-            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId);
+            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
 
             return texturePool;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferBounds.cs

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
+using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Memory range used for buffers.
     /// </summary>
-    readonly struct BufferBounds
+    readonly struct BufferBounds : IEquatable<BufferBounds>
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// Physical memory ranges where the buffer is mapped.
@@ -33,5 +34,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             Range = range;
             Flags = flags;
         }
+
+        public override bool Equals(object obj)
+        {
+            return obj is BufferBounds bounds && Equals(bounds);
+        }
+
+        public bool Equals(BufferBounds bounds)
+        {
+            return Range == bounds.Range && Flags == bounds.Flags;
+        }
+
+        public bool Equals(ref BufferBounds bounds)
+        {
+            return Range == bounds.Range && Flags == bounds.Flags;
+        }
+
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            return HashCode.Combine(Range, Flags);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferManager.cs

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         private readonly VertexBuffer[] _vertexBuffers;
         private readonly BufferBounds[] _transformFeedbackBuffers;
         private readonly List<BufferTextureBinding> _bufferTextures;
+        private readonly List<BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>> _bufferTextureArrays;
+        private readonly List<BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>> _bufferImageArrays;
         private readonly BufferAssignment[] _ranges;
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -140,11 +142,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
 
             _bufferTextures = new List<BufferTextureBinding>();
+            _bufferTextureArrays = new List<BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>>();
+            _bufferImageArrays = new List<BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>>();
 
             _ranges = new BufferAssignment[Constants.TotalGpUniformBuffers * Constants.ShaderStages];
         }
 
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Sets the memory range with the index buffer data, to be used for subsequent draw calls.
         /// </summary>
@@ -418,6 +421,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             return _cpUniformBuffers.Buffers[index].Range.GetSubRange(0).Address;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the size of the compute uniform buffer currently bound at the given index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the uniform buffer binding</param>
+        /// <returns>The uniform buffer size, or an undefined value if the buffer is not currently bound</returns>
+        public int GetComputeUniformBufferSize(int index)
+        {
+            return (int)_cpUniformBuffers.Buffers[index].Range.GetSubRange(0).Size;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the address of the graphics uniform buffer currently bound at the given index.
         /// </summary>
@@ -429,6 +442,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             return _gpUniformBuffers[stage].Buffers[index].Range.GetSubRange(0).Address;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the size of the graphics uniform buffer currently bound at the given index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Index of the shader stage</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the uniform buffer binding</param>
+        /// <returns>The uniform buffer size, or an undefined value if the buffer is not currently bound</returns>
+        public int GetGraphicsUniformBufferSize(int stage, int index)
+        {
+            return (int)_gpUniformBuffers[stage].Buffers[index].Range.GetSubRange(0).Size;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the bounds of the uniform buffer currently bound at the given index.
         /// </summary>
@@ -459,7 +483,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             BindBuffers(bufferCache, _cpStorageBuffers, isStorage: true);
             BindBuffers(bufferCache, _cpUniformBuffers, isStorage: false);
 
-            CommitBufferTextureBindings();
+            CommitBufferTextureBindings(bufferCache);
 
             // Force rebind after doing compute work.
             Rebind();
@@ -470,14 +494,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <summary>
         /// Commit any queued buffer texture bindings.
         /// </summary>
-        private void CommitBufferTextureBindings()
+        /// <param name="bufferCache">Buffer cache</param>
+        private void CommitBufferTextureBindings(BufferCache bufferCache)
         {
             if (_bufferTextures.Count > 0)
             {
                 foreach (var binding in _bufferTextures)
                 {
                     var isStore = binding.BindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
-                    var range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
                     binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
 
                     // The texture must be rebound to use the new storage if it was updated.
@@ -494,6 +519,33 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 _bufferTextures.Clear();
             }
+
+            if (_bufferTextureArrays.Count > 0 || _bufferImageArrays.Count > 0)
+            {
+                ITexture[] textureArray = new ITexture[1];
+
+                foreach (var binding in _bufferTextureArrays)
+                {
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range);
+                    binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
+
+                    textureArray[0] = binding.Texture;
+                    binding.Array.SetTextures(binding.Index, textureArray);
+                }
+
+                foreach (var binding in _bufferImageArrays)
+                {
+                    var isStore = binding.BindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
+                    binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
+
+                    textureArray[0] = binding.Texture;
+                    binding.Array.SetImages(binding.Index, textureArray);
+                }
+
+                _bufferTextureArrays.Clear();
+                _bufferImageArrays.Clear();
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -676,7 +728,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 UpdateBuffers(_gpUniformBuffers);
             }
 
-            CommitBufferTextureBindings();
+            CommitBufferTextureBindings(bufferCache);
 
             _rebind = false;
 
@@ -828,6 +880,50 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _bufferTextures.Add(new BufferTextureBinding(stage, texture, range, bindingInfo, format, isImage));
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the buffer storage of a buffer texture array element. This will be bound when the buffer manager commits bindings.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="array">Texture array where the element will be inserted</param>
+        /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding info for the buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Format of the buffer texture</param>
+        public void SetBufferTextureStorage(
+            ITextureArray array,
+            ITexture texture,
+            MultiRange range,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            int index,
+            Format format)
+        {
+            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range);
+
+            _bufferTextureArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index, format));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the buffer storage of a buffer image array element. This will be bound when the buffer manager commits bindings.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="array">Image array where the element will be inserted</param>
+        /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding info for the buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Format of the buffer texture</param>
+        public void SetBufferTextureStorage(
+            IImageArray array,
+            ITexture texture,
+            MultiRange range,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            int index,
+            Format format)
+        {
+            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range);
+
+            _bufferImageArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index, format));
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Force all bound textures and images to be rebound the next time CommitBindings is called.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferTextureArrayBinding.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
+using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A buffer binding to apply to a buffer texture array element.
+    /// </summary>
+    readonly struct BufferTextureArrayBinding<T>
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Backend texture or image array.
+        /// </summary>
+        public T Array { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The buffer texture.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ITexture Texture { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located.
+        /// </summary>
+        public MultiRange Range { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The image or sampler binding info for the buffer texture.
+        /// </summary>
+        public TextureBindingInfo BindingInfo { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Index of the binding on the array.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Index { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The image format for the binding.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Format Format { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new buffer texture binding.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding info</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Binding format</param>
+        public BufferTextureArrayBinding(
+            T array,
+            ITexture texture,
+            MultiRange range,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            int index,
+            Format format)
+        {
+            Array = array;
+            Texture = texture;
+            Range = range;
+            BindingInfo = bindingInfo;
+            Index = index;
+            Format = format;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/MemoryManager.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -240,11 +242,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
             else
             {
-                Memory<byte> memory = new byte[size];
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> memoryOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
-                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memory.Span);
+                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memoryOwner.Memory.Span);
 
-                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memory, tracked);
+                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memoryOwner, tracked);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/PhysicalMemory.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Cpu;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Device;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
@@ -6,6 +7,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -190,7 +192,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
             else
             {
-                Memory<byte> memory = new byte[range.GetSize()];
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> memoryOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(range.GetSize());
+
+                Memory<byte> memory = memoryOwner.Memory;
 
                 int offset = 0;
                 for (int i = 0; i < range.Count; i++)
@@ -204,7 +208,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                     offset += size;
                 }
 
-                return new WritableRegion(new MultiRangeWritableBlock(range, this), 0, memory, tracked);
+                return new WritableRegion(new MultiRangeWritableBlock(range, this), 0, memoryOwner, tracked);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/CachedShaderBindings.cs

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         public BufferDescriptor[][] ConstantBufferBindings { get; }
         public BufferDescriptor[][] StorageBufferBindings { get; }
 
+        public int[] TextureCounts { get; }
+
         public int MaxTextureBinding { get; }
         public int MaxImageBinding { get; }
 
@@ -34,6 +36,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             ConstantBufferBindings = new BufferDescriptor[stageCount][];
             StorageBufferBindings = new BufferDescriptor[stageCount][];
 
+            TextureCounts = new int[stageCount];
+
             int maxTextureBinding = -1;
             int maxImageBinding = -1;
             int offset = isCompute ? 0 : 1;
@@ -54,18 +58,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
                 TextureBindings[i] = stage.Info.Textures.Select(descriptor =>
                 {
-                    Target target = ShaderTexture.GetTarget(descriptor.Type);
+                    Target target = descriptor.Type != SamplerType.None ? ShaderTexture.GetTarget(descriptor.Type) : default;
 
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
                         descriptor.Binding,
+                        descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,
                         descriptor.HandleIndex,
-                        descriptor.Flags);
+                        descriptor.Flags,
+                        descriptor.Type == SamplerType.None);
 
-                    if (descriptor.Binding > maxTextureBinding)
+                    if (descriptor.ArrayLength <= 1)
                     {
-                        maxTextureBinding = descriptor.Binding;
+                        if (descriptor.Binding > maxTextureBinding)
+                        {
+                            maxTextureBinding = descriptor.Binding;
+                        }
+
+                        TextureCounts[i]++;
                     }
 
                     return result;
@@ -80,11 +91,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                         target,
                         format,
                         descriptor.Binding,
+                        descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,
                         descriptor.HandleIndex,
                         descriptor.Flags);
 
-                    if (descriptor.Binding > maxImageBinding)
+                    if (descriptor.ArrayLength <= 1 && descriptor.Binding > maxImageBinding)
                     {
                         maxImageBinding = descriptor.Binding;
                     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// <param name="cb1Data">The constant buffer 1 data of the shader</param>
         /// <param name="oldSpecState">Shader specialization state of the cached shader</param>
         /// <param name="newSpecState">Shader specialization state of the recompiled shader</param>
+        /// <param name="counts">Resource counts shared across all shader stages</param>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index</param>
         public DiskCacheGpuAccessor(
             GpuContext context,
@@ -109,11 +110,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public TextureFormat QueryTextureFormat(int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Pool length is not available on the cache</exception>
+        public int QuerySamplerArrayLengthFromPool()
         {
-            _newSpecState.RecordTextureFormat(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
-            (uint format, bool formatSrgb) = _oldSpecState.GetFormat(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
-            return ConvertToTextureFormat(format, formatSrgb);
+            return QueryArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler: true);
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -123,6 +123,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             return _oldSpecState.GetTextureTarget(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).ConvertSamplerType();
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Constant buffer derived length is not available on the cache</exception>
+        public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot)
+        {
+            if (!_oldSpecState.TextureArrayFromBufferRegistered(_stageIndex, 0, slot))
+            {
+                throw new DiskCacheLoadException(DiskCacheLoadResult.MissingTextureArrayLength);
+            }
+
+            int arrayLength = _oldSpecState.GetTextureArrayFromBufferLength(_stageIndex, 0, slot);
+            _newSpecState.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(_stageIndex, 0, slot, arrayLength);
+
+            return arrayLength;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Pool length is not available on the cache</exception>
+        public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool()
+        {
+            return QueryArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler: false);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public TextureFormat QueryTextureFormat(int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            _newSpecState.RecordTextureFormat(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
+            (uint format, bool formatSrgb) = _oldSpecState.GetFormat(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
+            return ConvertToTextureFormat(format, formatSrgb);
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public bool QueryTextureCoordNormalized(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
@@ -155,6 +185,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Texture information is not available on the cache</exception>
         public void RegisterTexture(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
             if (!_oldSpecState.TextureRegistered(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot))
@@ -167,5 +198,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             bool coordNormalized = _oldSpecState.GetCoordNormalized(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
             _newSpecState.RegisterTexture(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot, format, formatSrgb, target, coordNormalized);
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the cached texture or sampler pool capacity.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="isSampler">True to get sampler pool length, false for texture pool length</param>
+        /// <returns>Pool length</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="DiskCacheLoadException">Pool length is not available on the cache</exception>
+        private int QueryArrayLengthFromPool(bool isSampler)
+        {
+            if (!_oldSpecState.TextureArrayFromPoolRegistered(isSampler))
+            {
+                throw new DiskCacheLoadException(DiskCacheLoadResult.MissingTextureArrayLength);
+            }
+
+            int arrayLength = _oldSpecState.GetTextureArrayFromPoolLength(isSampler);
+            _newSpecState.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler, arrayLength);
+
+            return arrayLength;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheHostStorage.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMajor = 1;
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMinor = 2;
         private const uint FileFormatVersionPacked = ((uint)FileFormatVersionMajor << 16) | FileFormatVersionMinor;
-        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6462;
+        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6577;
 
         private const string SharedTocFileName = "shared.toc";
         private const string SharedDataFileName = "shared.data";

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheLoadResult.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// </summary>
         InvalidCb1DataLength,
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The cache is missing the length of a texture array used by the shader.
+        /// </summary>
+        MissingTextureArrayLength,
+
         /// <summary>
         /// The cache is missing the descriptor of a texture used by the shader.
         /// </summary>
@@ -60,6 +65,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.Success => "No error.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.NoAccess => "Could not access the cache file.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.InvalidCb1DataLength => "Constant buffer 1 data length is too low.",
+                DiskCacheLoadResult.MissingTextureArrayLength => "Texture array length missing from the cache file.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.MissingTextureDescriptor => "Texture descriptor missing from the cache file.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.FileCorruptedGeneric => "The cache file is corrupted.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.FileCorruptedInvalidMagic => "Magic check failed, the cache file is corrupted.",

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessor.cs

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         public ReadOnlySpan<ulong> GetCode(ulong address, int minimumSize)
         {
             int size = Math.Max(minimumSize, 0x1000 - (int)(address & 0xfff));
+
             return MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ulong>(_channel.MemoryManager.GetSpan(address, size));
         }
 
@@ -119,12 +120,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return _state.GraphicsState.HasUnalignedStorageBuffer || _state.ComputeState.HasUnalignedStorageBuffer;
         }
 
-        //// <inheritdoc/>
-        public TextureFormat QueryTextureFormat(int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public int QuerySamplerArrayLengthFromPool()
         {
-            _state.SpecializationState?.RecordTextureFormat(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
-            var descriptor = GetTextureDescriptor(handle, cbufSlot);
-            return ConvertToTextureFormat(descriptor.UnpackFormat(), descriptor.UnpackSrgb());
+            int length = _state.SamplerPoolMaximumId + 1;
+            _state.SpecializationState?.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler: true, length);
+
+            return length;
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
@@ -134,6 +136,37 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return GetTextureDescriptor(handle, cbufSlot).UnpackTextureTarget().ConvertSamplerType();
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot)
+        {
+            int size = _compute
+                ? _channel.BufferManager.GetComputeUniformBufferSize(slot)
+                : _channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferSize(_stageIndex, slot);
+
+            int arrayLength = size / Constants.TextureHandleSizeInBytes;
+
+            _state.SpecializationState?.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(_stageIndex, 0, slot, arrayLength);
+
+            return arrayLength;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool()
+        {
+            int length = _state.PoolState.TexturePoolMaximumId + 1;
+            _state.SpecializationState?.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromPool(isSampler: false, length);
+
+            return length;
+        }
+
+        //// <inheritdoc/>
+        public TextureFormat QueryTextureFormat(int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            _state.SpecializationState?.RecordTextureFormat(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
+            var descriptor = GetTextureDescriptor(handle, cbufSlot);
+            return ConvertToTextureFormat(descriptor.UnpackFormat(), descriptor.UnpackSrgb());
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public bool QueryTextureCoordNormalized(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorBase.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private int _reservedTextures;
         private int _reservedImages;
 
+        private int _staticTexturesCount;
+        private int _staticImagesCount;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new GPU accessor.
         /// </summary>
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             _reservedImages = rrc.ReservedImages;
         }
 
-        public int QueryBindingConstantBuffer(int index)
+        public int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -64,7 +67,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return binding + _reservedConstantBuffers;
         }
 
-        public int QueryBindingStorageBuffer(int index)
+        public int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            int binding;
+
+            if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
+            {
+                if (count == 1)
+                {
+                    int index = _staticImagesCount++;
+
+                    if (isBuffer)
+                    {
+                        index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage;
+                    }
+
+                    binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage * 2, "Image");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    binding = (int)GetDynamicBaseIndexDual(_context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage) + _resourceCounts.ImagesCount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                binding = _resourceCounts.ImagesCount;
+
+                _resourceCounts.ImagesCount += count;
+            }
+
+            return binding + _reservedImages;
+        }
+
+        public int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -80,48 +115,38 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return binding + _reservedStorageBuffers;
         }
 
-        public int QueryBindingTexture(int index, bool isBuffer)
+        public int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
         {
             int binding;
 
             if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
             {
-                if (isBuffer)
+                if (count == 1)
                 {
-                    index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage;
-                }
+                    int index = _staticTexturesCount++;
 
-                binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage * 2, "Texture");
+                    if (isBuffer)
+                    {
+                        index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage;
+                    }
+
+                    binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage * 2, "Texture");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    binding = (int)GetDynamicBaseIndexDual(_context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage) + _resourceCounts.TexturesCount++;
+                }
             }
             else
             {
-                binding = _resourceCounts.TexturesCount++;
+                binding = _resourceCounts.TexturesCount;
+
+                _resourceCounts.TexturesCount += count;
             }
 
             return binding + _reservedTextures;
         }
 
-        public int QueryBindingImage(int index, bool isBuffer)
-        {
-            int binding;
-
-            if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
-            {
-                if (isBuffer)
-                {
-                    index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage;
-                }
-
-                binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage * 2, "Image");
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                binding = _resourceCounts.ImagesCount++;
-            }
-
-            return binding + _reservedImages;
-        }
-
         private int GetBindingFromIndex(int index, uint maxPerStage, string resourceName)
         {
             if ((uint)index >= maxPerStage)
@@ -148,6 +173,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             };
         }
 
+        private static uint GetDynamicBaseIndexDual(uint maxPerStage)
+        {
+            return GetDynamicBaseIndex(maxPerStage) * 2;
+        }
+
+        private static uint GetDynamicBaseIndex(uint maxPerStage)
+        {
+            return maxPerStage * Constants.ShaderStages;
+        }
+
         public int QueryHostGatherBiasPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.GatherBiasPrecision;
 
         public bool QueryHostReducedPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.ReduceShaderPrecision;
@@ -178,6 +213,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
         public bool QueryHostSupportsScaledVertexFormats() => _context.Capabilities.SupportsScaledVertexFormats;
 
+        public bool QueryHostSupportsSeparateSampler() => _context.Capabilities.SupportsSeparateSampler;
+
         public bool QueryHostSupportsShaderBallot() => _context.Capabilities.SupportsShaderBallot;
 
         public bool QueryHostSupportsShaderBarrierDivergence() => _context.Capabilities.SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorState.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
     /// </summary>
     class GpuAccessorState
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Maximum ID that a sampler pool entry may have.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly int SamplerPoolMaximumId;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// GPU texture pool state.
         /// </summary>
@@ -38,18 +43,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new GPU accessor state.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="samplerPoolMaximumId">Maximum ID that a sampler pool entry may have</param>
         /// <param name="poolState">GPU texture pool state</param>
         /// <param name="computeState">GPU compute state, for compute shaders</param>
         /// <param name="graphicsState">GPU graphics state, for vertex, tessellation, geometry and fragment shaders</param>
         /// <param name="specializationState">Shader specialization state (shared by all stages)</param>
         /// <param name="transformFeedbackDescriptors">Transform feedback information, if the shader uses transform feedback. Otherwise, should be null</param>
         public GpuAccessorState(
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId,
             GpuChannelPoolState poolState,
             GpuChannelComputeState computeState,
             GpuChannelGraphicsState graphicsState,
             ShaderSpecializationState specializationState,
             TransformFeedbackDescriptor[] transformFeedbackDescriptors = null)
         {
+            SamplerPoolMaximumId = samplerPoolMaximumId;
             PoolState = poolState;
             GraphicsState = graphicsState;
             ComputeState = computeState;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuChannelPoolState.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 {
-#pragma warning disable CS0659 // Class overrides Object.Equals(object o) but does not override Object.GetHashCode()
     /// <summary>
     /// State used by the <see cref="GpuAccessor"/>.
     /// </summary>
@@ -52,6 +51,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             return obj is GpuChannelPoolState state && Equals(state);
         }
+
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            return HashCode.Combine(TexturePoolGpuVa, TexturePoolMaximumId, TextureBufferIndex);
+        }
     }
-#pragma warning restore CS0659
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderCache.cs

@@ -192,12 +192,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// This automatically translates, compiles and adds the code to the cache if not present.
         /// </remarks>
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPoolMaximumId">Maximum ID that an entry in the sampler pool may have</param>
         /// <param name="poolState">Texture pool state</param>
         /// <param name="computeState">Compute engine state</param>
         /// <param name="gpuVa">GPU virtual address of the binary shader code</param>
         /// <returns>Compiled compute shader code</returns>
         public CachedShaderProgram GetComputeShader(
             GpuChannel channel,
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId,
             GpuChannelPoolState poolState,
             GpuChannelComputeState computeState,
             ulong gpuVa)
@@ -214,7 +216,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             }
 
             ShaderSpecializationState specState = new(ref computeState);
-            GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(poolState, computeState, default, specState);
+            GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, computeState, default, specState);
             GpuAccessor gpuAccessor = new(_context, channel, gpuAccessorState);
             gpuAccessor.InitializeReservedCounts(tfEnabled: false, vertexAsCompute: false);
 
@@ -291,6 +293,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="state">GPU state</param>
         /// <param name="pipeline">Pipeline state</param>
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPoolMaximumId">Maximum ID that an entry in the sampler pool may have</param>
         /// <param name="poolState">Texture pool state</param>
         /// <param name="graphicsState">3D engine state</param>
         /// <param name="addresses">Addresses of the shaders for each stage</param>
@@ -299,6 +302,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             ref ThreedClassState state,
             ref ProgramPipelineState pipeline,
             GpuChannel channel,
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId,
             ref GpuChannelPoolState poolState,
             ref GpuChannelGraphicsState graphicsState,
             ShaderAddresses addresses)
@@ -319,7 +323,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             UpdatePipelineInfo(ref state, ref pipeline, graphicsState, channel);
 
             ShaderSpecializationState specState = new(ref graphicsState, ref pipeline, transformFeedbackDescriptors);
-            GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(poolState, default, graphicsState, specState, transformFeedbackDescriptors);
+            GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, default, graphicsState, specState, transformFeedbackDescriptors);
 
             ReadOnlySpan<ulong> addressesSpan = addresses.AsSpan();
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderInfoBuilder.cs

@@ -132,6 +132,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.TextureAndSampler, ResourceType.BufferTexture, TextureSetIndex, textureBinding, texturesPerStage);
             AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.Image, ResourceType.BufferImage, ImageSetIndex, imageBinding, imagesPerStage);
 
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Images, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: true);
+
             AddUsage(info.CBuffers, stages, UniformSetIndex, isStorage: false);
             AddUsage(info.SBuffers, stages, StorageSetIndex, isStorage: true);
             AddUsage(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
@@ -169,6 +172,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             AddDescriptor(stages, type2, setIndex, binding + count, count);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds all array descriptors (those with an array length greater than one).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="textures">Textures to be added</param>
+        /// <param name="stages">Stages where the textures are used</param>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the textures will be bound</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">True for images, false for textures</param>
+        private void AddArrayDescriptors(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isImage)
+        {
+            foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
+            {
+                if (texture.ArrayLength > 1)
+                {
+                    ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
+
+                    _resourceDescriptors[setIndex].Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Adds buffer usage information to the list of usages.
         /// </summary>
@@ -181,7 +204,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             for (int index = 0; index < count; index++)
             {
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(binding + index, type, stages));
+                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(binding + index, 1, type, stages));
             }
         }
 
@@ -198,6 +221,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             {
                 _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(
                     buffer.Binding,
+                    1,
                     isStorage ? ResourceType.StorageBuffer : ResourceType.UniformBuffer,
                     stages));
             }
@@ -214,16 +238,35 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
             {
-                bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
+                ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
-                ResourceType type = isBuffer
-                    ? (isImage ? ResourceType.BufferImage : ResourceType.BufferTexture)
-                    : (isImage ? ResourceType.Image : ResourceType.TextureAndSampler);
+                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
+            }
+        }
 
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(
-                    texture.Binding,
-                    type,
-                    stages));
+        private static ResourceType GetTextureResourceType(TextureDescriptor texture, bool isImage)
+        {
+            bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
+
+            if (isBuffer)
+            {
+                return isImage ? ResourceType.BufferImage : ResourceType.BufferTexture;
+            }
+            else if (isImage)
+            {
+                return ResourceType.Image;
+            }
+            else if (texture.Type == SamplerType.None)
+            {
+                return ResourceType.Sampler;
+            }
+            else if (texture.Separate)
+            {
+                return ResourceType.Texture;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return ResourceType.TextureAndSampler;
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderSpecializationState.cs

@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             PrimitiveTopology = 1 << 1,
             TransformFeedback = 1 << 3,
+            TextureArrayFromBuffer = 1 << 4,
+            TextureArrayFromPool = 1 << 5,
         }
 
         private QueriedStateFlags _queriedState;
@@ -153,6 +155,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         }
 
         private readonly Dictionary<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>> _textureSpecialization;
+        private readonly Dictionary<TextureKey, int> _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization;
+        private readonly Dictionary<bool, int> _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization;
         private KeyValuePair<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>>[] _allTextures;
         private Box<TextureSpecializationState>[][] _textureByBinding;
         private Box<TextureSpecializationState>[][] _imageByBinding;
@@ -163,6 +167,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private ShaderSpecializationState()
         {
             _textureSpecialization = new Dictionary<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>>();
+            _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization = new Dictionary<TextureKey, int>();
+            _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization = new Dictionary<bool, int>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -323,6 +329,30 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             state.Value.CoordNormalized = coordNormalized;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the length of a texture array calculated from a constant buffer size.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
+        /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="length">Number of elements in the texture array</param>
+        public void RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot, int length)
+        {
+            _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)] = length;
+            _queriedState |= QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers the length of a texture array calculated from a texture or sampler pool capacity.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="isSampler">True for sampler pool, false for texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="length">Number of elements in the texture array</param>
+        public void RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromPool(bool isSampler, int length)
+        {
+            _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization[isSampler] = length;
+            _queriedState |= QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromPool;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Indicates that the format of a given texture was used during the shader translation process.
         /// </summary>
@@ -369,7 +399,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Checks if a given texture was registerd on this specialization state.
+        /// Checks if a given texture was registered on this specialization state.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
@@ -379,12 +409,35 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot) != null;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if a given texture array (from constant buffer) was registered on this specialization state.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
+        /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the length for the given buffer and stage exists, false otherwise</returns>
+        public bool TextureArrayFromBufferRegistered(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            return _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization.ContainsKey(new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if a given texture array (from a sampler pool or texture pool) was registered on this specialization state.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="isSampler">True for sampler pool, false for texture pool</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the length for the given pool, false otherwise</returns>
+        public bool TextureArrayFromPoolRegistered(bool isSampler)
+        {
+            return _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization.ContainsKey(isSampler);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the recorded format of a given texture.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>Format and sRGB tuple</returns>
         public (uint, bool) GetFormat(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
             TextureSpecializationState state = GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).Value;
@@ -397,6 +450,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>Texture target</returns>
         public TextureTarget GetTextureTarget(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
             return GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).Value.TextureTarget;
@@ -408,11 +462,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
         /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>True if coordinates are normalized, false otherwise</returns>
         public bool GetCoordNormalized(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
             return GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).Value.CoordNormalized;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the recorded length of a given texture array (from constant buffer).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
+        /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>Texture array length</returns>
+        public int GetTextureArrayFromBufferLength(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            return _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the recorded length of a given texture array (from a sampler or texture pool).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="isSampler">True to get the sampler pool length, false to get the texture pool length</param>
+        /// <returns>Texture array length</returns>
+        public int GetTextureArrayFromPoolLength(bool isSampler)
+        {
+            return _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization[isSampler];
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets texture specialization state for a given texture, or create a new one if not present.
         /// </summary>
@@ -548,6 +625,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return Matches(channel, ref poolState, checkTextures, isCompute: false);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts special vertex attribute groups to their generic equivalents, for comparison purposes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="type">Vertex attribute type</param>
+        /// <returns>Filtered attribute</returns>
         private static AttributeType FilterAttributeType(GpuChannel channel, AttributeType type)
         {
             type &= ~(AttributeType.Packed | AttributeType.PackedRgb10A2Signed);
@@ -838,6 +921,38 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 specState._textureSpecialization[textureKey] = textureState;
             }
 
+            if (specState._queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer))
+            {
+                dataReader.Read(ref count);
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < count; index++)
+                {
+                    TextureKey textureKey = default;
+                    int length = 0;
+
+                    dataReader.ReadWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
+                    dataReader.Read(ref length);
+
+                    specState._textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization[textureKey] = length;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (specState._queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromPool))
+            {
+                dataReader.Read(ref count);
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < count; index++)
+                {
+                    bool textureKey = default;
+                    int length = 0;
+
+                    dataReader.ReadWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
+                    dataReader.Read(ref length);
+
+                    specState._textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization[textureKey] = length;
+                }
+            }
+
             return specState;
         }
 
@@ -902,6 +1017,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 dataWriter.WriteWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
                 dataWriter.WriteWithMagicAndSize(ref textureState.Value, TexsMagic);
             }
+
+            if (_queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer))
+            {
+                count = (ushort)_textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization.Count;
+                dataWriter.Write(ref count);
+
+                foreach (var kv in _textureArrayFromBufferSpecialization)
+                {
+                    var textureKey = kv.Key;
+                    var length = kv.Value;
+
+                    dataWriter.WriteWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
+                    dataWriter.Write(ref length);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (_queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromPool))
+            {
+                count = (ushort)_textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization.Count;
+                dataWriter.Write(ref count);
+
+                foreach (var kv in _textureArrayFromPoolSpecialization)
+                {
+                    var textureKey = kv.Key;
+                    var length = kv.Value;
+
+                    dataWriter.WriteWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
+                    dataWriter.Write(ref length);
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 }