SetProcessMemoryPermission address and size are always 64-bit (#6977)

* JIT: Coalesce copies on LSRA with simple register preferencing

* PPTC version bump

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="LibHac" Version="0.19.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers" Version="3.3.4" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp" Version="4.9.2" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens" Version="7.5.1" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens" Version="7.6.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.9.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IO.RecyclableMemoryStream" Version="3.0.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IO.RecyclableMemoryStream" Version="3.0.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="MsgPack.Cli" Version="1.0.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="NetCoreServer" Version="8.0.7" />
     <PackageVersion Include="NUnit" Version="3.13.3" />

src/ARMeilleure/CodeGen/Arm64/CodeGenContext.cs

@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.Arm64
             long originalPosition = _stream.Position;
 
             _stream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
-            _stream.Read(code, 0, code.Length);
+            _stream.ReadExactly(code, 0, code.Length);
             _stream.Seek(originalPosition, SeekOrigin.Begin);
 
             RelocInfo relocInfo;

src/ARMeilleure/CodeGen/RegisterAllocators/LinearScanAllocator.cs

@@ -251,7 +251,20 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
                 }
             }
 
-            int selectedReg = GetHighestValueIndex(freePositions);
+            // If this is a copy destination variable, we prefer the register used for the copy source.
+            // If the register is available, then the copy can be eliminated later as both source
+            // and destination will use the same register.
+            int selectedReg;
+
+            if (current.TryGetCopySourceRegister(out int preferredReg) && freePositions[preferredReg] >= current.GetEnd())
+            {
+                selectedReg = preferredReg;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                selectedReg = GetHighestValueIndex(freePositions);
+            }
+
             int selectedNextUse = freePositions[selectedReg];
 
             // Intervals starts and ends at odd positions, unless they span an entire
@@ -431,7 +444,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
             }
         }
 
-        private static int GetHighestValueIndex(Span<int> span)
+        private static int GetHighestValueIndex(ReadOnlySpan<int> span)
         {
             int highest = int.MinValue;
 
@@ -798,12 +811,12 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
             // The "visited" state is stored in the MSB of the local's value.
             const ulong VisitedMask = 1ul << 63;
 
-            bool IsVisited(Operand local)
+            static bool IsVisited(Operand local)
             {
                 return (local.GetValueUnsafe() & VisitedMask) != 0;
             }
 
-            void SetVisited(Operand local)
+            static void SetVisited(Operand local)
             {
                 local.GetValueUnsafe() |= VisitedMask;
             }
@@ -826,9 +839,25 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
                         {
                             dest.NumberLocal(_intervals.Count);
 
-                            _intervals.Add(new LiveInterval(dest));
+                            LiveInterval interval = new LiveInterval(dest);
+                            _intervals.Add(interval);
 
                             SetVisited(dest);
+
+                            // If this is a copy (or copy-like operation), set the copy source interval as well.
+                            // This is used for register preferencing later on, which allows the copy to be eliminated
+                            // in some cases.
+                            if (node.Instruction == Instruction.Copy || node.Instruction == Instruction.ZeroExtend32)
+                            {
+                                Operand source = node.GetSource(0);
+
+                                if (source.Kind == OperandKind.LocalVariable &&
+                                    source.GetLocalNumber() > 0 &&
+                                    (node.Instruction == Instruction.Copy || source.Type == OperandType.I32))
+                                {
+                                    interval.SetCopySource(_intervals[source.GetLocalNumber()]);
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }

src/ARMeilleure/CodeGen/RegisterAllocators/LiveInterval.cs

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
             public LiveRange CurrRange;
 
             public LiveInterval Parent;
+            public LiveInterval CopySource;
 
             public UseList Uses;
             public LiveIntervalList Children;
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
         private ref LiveRange CurrRange => ref _data->CurrRange;
         private ref LiveRange PrevRange => ref _data->PrevRange;
         private ref LiveInterval Parent => ref _data->Parent;
+        private ref LiveInterval CopySource => ref _data->CopySource;
         private ref UseList Uses => ref _data->Uses;
         private ref LiveIntervalList Children => ref _data->Children;
 
@@ -78,6 +80,25 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
             Register = register;
         }
 
+        public void SetCopySource(LiveInterval copySource)
+        {
+            CopySource = copySource;
+        }
+
+        public bool TryGetCopySourceRegister(out int copySourceRegIndex)
+        {
+            if (CopySource._data != null)
+            {
+                copySourceRegIndex = CopySource.Register.Index;
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            copySourceRegIndex = 0;
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
         public void Reset()
         {
             PrevRange = default;

src/ARMeilleure/CodeGen/X86/Assembler.cs

@@ -1444,7 +1444,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.X86
 
                 Span<byte> buffer = new byte[jump.JumpPosition - _stream.Position];
 
-                _stream.Read(buffer);
+                _stream.ReadExactly(buffer);
                 _stream.Seek(ReservedBytesForJump, SeekOrigin.Current);
 
                 codeStream.Write(buffer);

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/ControlFlowGraph.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
         private int[] _postOrderMap;
 
         public int LocalsCount { get; private set; }
-        public BasicBlock Entry { get; }
+        public BasicBlock Entry { get; private set; }
         public IntrusiveList<BasicBlock> Blocks { get; }
         public BasicBlock[] PostOrderBlocks => _postOrderBlocks;
         public int[] PostOrderMap => _postOrderMap;
@@ -34,6 +34,15 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
             return result;
         }
 
+        public void UpdateEntry(BasicBlock newEntry)
+        {
+            newEntry.AddSuccessor(Entry);
+
+            Entry = newEntry;
+            Blocks.AddFirst(newEntry);
+            Update();
+        }
+
         public void Update()
         {
             RemoveUnreachableBlocks(Blocks);

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/PTC/Ptc.cs

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
         private const string OuterHeaderMagicString = "PTCohd\0\0";
         private const string InnerHeaderMagicString = "PTCihd\0\0";
 
-        private const uint InternalVersion = 6634; //! To be incremented manually for each change to the ARMeilleure project.
+        private const uint InternalVersion = 6950; //! To be incremented manually for each change to the ARMeilleure project.
 
         private const string ActualDir = "0";
         private const string BackupDir = "1";

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/RegisterUsage.cs

@@ -89,6 +89,17 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
 
         public static void RunPass(ControlFlowGraph cfg, ExecutionMode mode)
         {
+            if (cfg.Entry.Predecessors.Count != 0)
+            {
+                // We expect the entry block to have no predecessors.
+                // This is required because we have a implicit context load at the start of the function,
+                // but if there is a jump to the start of the function, the context load would trash the modified values.
+                // Here we insert a new entry block that will jump to the existing entry block.
+                BasicBlock newEntry = new BasicBlock(cfg.Blocks.Count);
+
+                cfg.UpdateEntry(newEntry);
+            }
+
             // Compute local register inputs and outputs used inside blocks.
             RegisterMask[] localInputs = new RegisterMask[cfg.Blocks.Count];
             RegisterMask[] localOutputs = new RegisterMask[cfg.Blocks.Count];
@@ -201,7 +212,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
 
                 // The only block without any predecessor should be the entry block.
                 // It always needs a context load as it is the first block to run.
-                if (block.Predecessors.Count == 0 || hasContextLoad)
+                if (block == cfg.Entry || hasContextLoad)
                 {
                     long vecMask = globalInputs[block.Index].VecMask;
                     long intMask = globalInputs[block.Index].IntMask;

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SDL2/SDL2HardwareDeviceSession.cs

@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SDL2
                 return;
             }
 
-            using IMemoryOwner<byte> samplesOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(frameCount * _bytesPerFrame);
+            using SpanOwner<byte> samplesOwner = SpanOwner<byte>.Rent(frameCount * _bytesPerFrame);
 
-            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Memory.Span;
+            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Span;
 
             _ringBuffer.Read(samples, 0, samples.Length);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo/SoundIoHardwareDeviceSession.cs

@@ -122,9 +122,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo
 
             int channelCount = areas.Length;
 
-            using IMemoryOwner<byte> samplesOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(frameCount * bytesPerFrame);
+            using SpanOwner<byte> samplesOwner = SpanOwner<byte>.Rent(frameCount * bytesPerFrame);
 
-            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Memory.Span;
+            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Span;
 
             _ringBuffer.Read(samples, 0, samples.Length);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Backends/Common/DynamicRingBuffer.cs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         private readonly object _lock = new();
 
-        private IMemoryOwner<byte> _bufferOwner;
+        private MemoryOwner<byte> _bufferOwner;
         private Memory<byte> _buffer;
         private int _size;
         private int _headOffset;
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         public DynamicRingBuffer(int initialCapacity = RingBufferAlignment)
         {
-            _bufferOwner = ByteMemoryPool.RentCleared(initialCapacity);
+            _bufferOwner = MemoryOwner<byte>.RentCleared(initialCapacity);
             _buffer = _bufferOwner.Memory;
         }
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         private void SetCapacityLocked(int capacity)
         {
-            IMemoryOwner<byte> newBufferOwner = ByteMemoryPool.RentCleared(capacity);
+            MemoryOwner<byte> newBufferOwner = MemoryOwner<byte>.RentCleared(capacity);
             Memory<byte> newBuffer = newBufferOwner.Memory;
 
             if (_size > 0)

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/MemoryOwner.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+#nullable enable
+using System;
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// An <see cref="IMemoryOwner{T}"/> implementation with an embedded length and fast <see cref="Span{T}"/>
+    /// accessor, with memory allocated from <seealso cref="ArrayPool{T}.Shared"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of item to store.</typeparam>
+    public sealed class MemoryOwner<T> : IMemoryOwner<T>
+    {
+        private readonly int _length;
+        private T[]? _array;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> class with the specified parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        private MemoryOwner(int length)
+        {
+            _length = length;
+            _array = ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Rent(length);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance with the specified length.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance of the requested length</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name="length"/> is not valid</exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static MemoryOwner<T> Rent(int length) => new(length);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance with the specified length and the content cleared.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance of the requested length and the content cleared</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name="length"/> is not valid</exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static MemoryOwner<T> RentCleared(int length)
+        {
+            MemoryOwner<T> result = new(length);
+
+            result._array.AsSpan(0, length).Clear();
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance with the content copied from the specified buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="buffer">The buffer to copy</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance with the same length and content as <paramref name="buffer"/></returns>
+        public static MemoryOwner<T> RentCopy(ReadOnlySpan<T> buffer)
+        {
+            MemoryOwner<T> result = new(buffer.Length);
+
+            buffer.CopyTo(result._array);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the number of items in the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Length
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get => _length;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public Memory<T> Memory
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get
+            {
+                T[]? array = _array;
+
+                if (array is null)
+                {
+                    ThrowObjectDisposedException();
+                }
+
+                return new(array, 0, _length);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a <see cref="Span{T}"/> wrapping the memory belonging to the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Uses a trick made possible by the .NET 6+ runtime array layout.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public Span<T> Span
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get
+            {
+                T[]? array = _array;
+
+                if (array is null)
+                {
+                    ThrowObjectDisposedException();
+                }
+
+                ref T firstElementRef = ref MemoryMarshal.GetArrayDataReference(array);
+
+                return MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref firstElementRef, _length);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            T[]? array = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _array, null);
+
+            if (array is not null)
+            {
+                ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Return(array, RuntimeHelpers.IsReferenceOrContainsReferences<T>());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Throws an <see cref="ObjectDisposedException"/> when <see cref="_array"/> is <see langword="null"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        [DoesNotReturn]
+        private static void ThrowObjectDisposedException()
+        {
+            throw new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(MemoryOwner<T>), "The buffer has already been disposed.");
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/SpanOwner.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+using System;
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A stack-only type that rents a buffer of a specified length from <seealso cref="ArrayPool{T}.Shared"/>.
+    /// It does not implement <see cref="IDisposable"/> to avoid being boxed, but should still be disposed. This
+    /// is easy since C# 8, which allows use of C# `using` constructs on any type that has a public Dispose() method.
+    /// To keep this type simple, fast, and read-only, it does not check or guard against multiple disposals.
+    /// For all these reasons, all usage should be with a `using` block or statement.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of item to store.</typeparam>
+    public readonly ref struct SpanOwner<T>
+    {
+        private readonly int _length;
+        private readonly T[] _array;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> struct with the specified parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        private SpanOwner(int length)
+        {
+            _length = length;
+            _array = ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Rent(length);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an empty <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static SpanOwner<T> Empty
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get => new(0);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance with the specified length.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance of the requested length</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name="length"/> is not valid</exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static SpanOwner<T> Rent(int length) => new(length);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance with the length and the content cleared.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance of the requested length and the content cleared</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name="length"/> is not valid</exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static SpanOwner<T> RentCleared(int length)
+        {
+            SpanOwner<T> result = new(length);
+
+            result._array.AsSpan(0, length).Clear();
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance with the content copied from the specified buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="buffer">The buffer to copy</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance with the same length and content as <paramref name="buffer"/></returns>
+        public static SpanOwner<T> RentCopy(ReadOnlySpan<T> buffer)
+        {
+            SpanOwner<T> result = new(buffer.Length);
+
+            buffer.CopyTo(result._array);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the number of items in the current instance
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Length
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get => _length;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a <see cref="Span{T}"/> wrapping the memory belonging to the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Uses a trick made possible by the .NET 6+ runtime array layout.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public Span<T> Span
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get
+            {
+                ref T firstElementRef = ref MemoryMarshal.GetArrayDataReference(_array);
+
+                return MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref firstElementRef, _length);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Implements the duck-typed <see cref="IDisposable.Dispose"/> method.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Return(_array, RuntimeHelpers.IsReferenceOrContainsReferences<T>());
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Capabilities.cs

@@ -51,6 +51,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public readonly bool SupportsIndirectParameters;
         public readonly bool SupportsDepthClipControl;
 
+        public readonly int UniformBufferSetIndex;
+        public readonly int StorageBufferSetIndex;
+        public readonly int TextureSetIndex;
+        public readonly int ImageSetIndex;
+        public readonly int ExtraSetBaseIndex;
+        public readonly int MaximumExtraSets;
+
         public readonly uint MaximumUniformBuffersPerStage;
         public readonly uint MaximumStorageBuffersPerStage;
         public readonly uint MaximumTexturesPerStage;
@@ -109,6 +116,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             bool supportsViewportSwizzle,
             bool supportsIndirectParameters,
             bool supportsDepthClipControl,
+            int uniformBufferSetIndex,
+            int storageBufferSetIndex,
+            int textureSetIndex,
+            int imageSetIndex,
+            int extraSetBaseIndex,
+            int maximumExtraSets,
             uint maximumUniformBuffersPerStage,
             uint maximumStorageBuffersPerStage,
             uint maximumTexturesPerStage,
@@ -164,6 +177,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             SupportsViewportSwizzle = supportsViewportSwizzle;
             SupportsIndirectParameters = supportsIndirectParameters;
             SupportsDepthClipControl = supportsDepthClipControl;
+            UniformBufferSetIndex = uniformBufferSetIndex;
+            StorageBufferSetIndex = storageBufferSetIndex;
+            TextureSetIndex = textureSetIndex;
+            ImageSetIndex = imageSetIndex;
+            ExtraSetBaseIndex = extraSetBaseIndex;
+            MaximumExtraSets = maximumExtraSets;
             MaximumUniformBuffersPerStage = maximumUniformBuffersPerStage;
             MaximumStorageBuffersPerStage = maximumStorageBuffersPerStage;
             MaximumTexturesPerStage = maximumTexturesPerStage;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Format.cs

@@ -711,5 +711,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         {
             return format.IsUint() || format.IsSint();
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the texture format is a float or sRGB color format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Does not include normalized, compressed or depth formats.
+        /// Float and sRGB formats do not participate in logical operations.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="format">Texture format</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the format is a float or sRGB color format, false otherwise</returns>
+        public static bool IsFloatOrSrgb(this Format format)
+        {
+            switch (format)
+            {
+                case Format.R8G8B8A8Srgb:
+                case Format.B8G8R8A8Srgb:
+                case Format.R16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16B16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16B16A16Float:
+                case Format.R32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32B32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32B32A32Float:
+                case Format.R11G11B10Float:
+                case Format.R9G9B9E5Float:
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IImageArray.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+using System;
+
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 {
-    public interface IImageArray
+    public interface IImageArray : IDisposable
     {
         void SetFormats(int index, Format[] imageFormats);
         void SetImages(int index, ITexture[] images);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IPipeline.cs

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, Format imageFormat);
         void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array);
+        void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array);
 
         void SetLineParameters(float width, bool smooth);
 
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         void SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, ISampler sampler);
         void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITextureArray array);
+        void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array);
 
         void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers);
         void SetUniformBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferAssignment> buffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ITextureArray.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+using System;
+
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 {
-    public interface ITextureArray
+    public interface ITextureArray : IDisposable
     {
         void SetSamplers(int index, ISampler[] samplers);
         void SetTextures(int index, ITexture[] textures);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandHelper.cs

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<CounterEventDisposeCommand>(CommandType.CounterEventDispose);
             Register<CounterEventFlushCommand>(CommandType.CounterEventFlush);
 
+            Register<ImageArrayDisposeCommand>(CommandType.ImageArrayDispose);
             Register<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>(CommandType.ImageArraySetFormats);
             Register<ImageArraySetImagesCommand>(CommandType.ImageArraySetImages);
 
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>(CommandType.TextureSetDataSliceRegion);
             Register<TextureSetStorageCommand>(CommandType.TextureSetStorage);
 
+            Register<TextureArrayDisposeCommand>(CommandType.TextureArrayDispose);
             Register<TextureArraySetSamplersCommand>(CommandType.TextureArraySetSamplers);
             Register<TextureArraySetTexturesCommand>(CommandType.TextureArraySetTextures);
 
@@ -124,6 +126,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetUniformBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetUniformBuffers);
             Register<SetImageCommand>(CommandType.SetImage);
             Register<SetImageArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetImageArray);
+            Register<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>(CommandType.SetImageArraySeparate);
             Register<SetIndexBufferCommand>(CommandType.SetIndexBuffer);
             Register<SetLineParametersCommand>(CommandType.SetLineParameters);
             Register<SetLogicOpStateCommand>(CommandType.SetLogicOpState);
@@ -141,6 +144,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetStencilTestCommand>(CommandType.SetStencilTest);
             Register<SetTextureAndSamplerCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureAndSampler);
             Register<SetTextureArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureArray);
+            Register<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureArraySeparate);
             Register<SetUserClipDistanceCommand>(CommandType.SetUserClipDistance);
             Register<SetVertexAttribsCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexAttribs);
             Register<SetVertexBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexBuffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandType.cs

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         CounterEventDispose,
         CounterEventFlush,
 
+        ImageArrayDispose,
         ImageArraySetFormats,
         ImageArraySetImages,
 
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         TextureSetDataSliceRegion,
         TextureSetStorage,
 
+        TextureArrayDispose,
         TextureArraySetSamplers,
         TextureArraySetTextures,
 
@@ -84,6 +86,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetUniformBuffers,
         SetImage,
         SetImageArray,
+        SetImageArraySeparate,
         SetIndexBuffer,
         SetLineParameters,
         SetLogicOpState,
@@ -101,6 +104,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetStencilTest,
         SetTextureAndSampler,
         SetTextureArray,
+        SetTextureArraySeparate,
         SetUserClipDistance,
         SetVertexAttribs,
         SetVertexBuffers,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/ImageArray/ImageArrayDisposeCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.ImageArray
+{
+    struct ImageArrayDisposeCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<ImageArrayDisposeCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.ImageArrayDispose;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> _imageArray;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> imageArray)
+        {
+            _imageArray = imageArray;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref ImageArrayDisposeCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            command._imageArray.Get(threaded).Base.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetImageArraySeparateCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetImageArraySeparateCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetImageArraySeparate;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _setIndex;
+        private TableRef<IImageArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, TableRef<IImageArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _setIndex = setIndex;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetImageArraySeparateCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArraySeparate(command._stage, command._setIndex, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedImageArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetTextureArraySeparateCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetTextureArraySeparateCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetTextureArraySeparate;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _setIndex;
+        private TableRef<ITextureArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, TableRef<ITextureArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _setIndex = setIndex;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetTextureArraySeparateCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArraySeparate(command._stage, command._setIndex, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedTextureArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/TextureArray/TextureArrayDisposeCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.TextureArray
+{
+    struct TextureArrayDisposeCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<TextureArrayDisposeCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureArrayDispose;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> _textureArray;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> textureArray)
+        {
+            _textureArray = textureArray;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref TextureArrayDisposeCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            command._textureArray.Get(threaded).Base.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedImageArray.cs

@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
             return new TableRef<T>(_renderer, reference);
         }
 
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _renderer.New<ImageArrayDisposeCommand>().Set(Ref(this));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetFormats(int index, Format[] imageFormats)
         {
             _renderer.New<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(imageFormats));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedTextureArray.cs

@@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
             return new TableRef<T>(_renderer, reference);
         }
 
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _renderer.New<TextureArrayDisposeCommand>().Set(Ref(this));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetSamplers(int index, ISampler[] samplers)
         {
             _renderer.New<TextureArraySetSamplersCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(samplers.ToArray()));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedPipeline.cs

@@ -189,6 +189,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>().Set(stage, setIndex, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetIndexBufferCommand>().Set(buffer, type);
@@ -297,6 +303,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>().Set(stage, setIndex, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetTransformFeedbackBuffersCommand>().Set(_renderer.CopySpan(buffers));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingInfo.cs

@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public Format Format { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shader texture host set index.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Set { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Shader texture host binding point.
         /// </summary>
@@ -54,15 +59,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
         /// <param name="format">Format of the image as declared on the shader</param>
+        /// <param name="set">Shader texture host set index</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
         /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int set, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Target = target;
             Format = format;
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
@@ -74,6 +81,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Constructs the texture binding information structure.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
+        /// <param name="set">Shader texture host set index</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
         /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
@@ -82,12 +90,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="isSamplerOnly">Indicates that the binding is for a sampler</param>
         public TextureBindingInfo(
             Target target,
+            int set,
             int binding,
             int arrayLength,
             int cbufSlot,
             int handle,
             TextureUsageFlags flags,
-            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
+            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, set, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
         {
             IsSamplerOnly = isSamplerOnly;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsArrayCache.cs

@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int stageIndex,
             int textureBufferIndex,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             Update(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: false, samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
         }
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
         /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
-        public void UpdateImageArray(TexturePool texturePool, ShaderStage stage, int stageIndex, int textureBufferIndex, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        public void UpdateImageArray(TexturePool texturePool, ShaderStage stage, int stageIndex, int textureBufferIndex, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             Update(texturePool, null, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: true, SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex, bindingInfo);
         }
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int textureBufferIndex,
             bool isImage,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             if (IsDirectHandleType(bindingInfo.Handle))
             {
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
-        private void UpdateFromPool(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool, ShaderStage stage, bool isImage, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        private void UpdateFromPool(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool, ShaderStage stage, bool isImage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             CacheEntry entry = GetOrAddEntry(texturePool, samplerPool, bindingInfo, isImage, out bool isNewEntry);
 
@@ -638,11 +638,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (isImage)
                 {
-                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                    SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                    SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                 }
 
                 return;
@@ -737,14 +737,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
                 entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
             }
             else
             {
                 entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
                 entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
             }
         }
 
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int textureBufferIndex,
             bool isImage,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             (textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, textureBufferIndex);
 
@@ -800,11 +800,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                     if (isImage)
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                        SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                        SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                     }
 
                     return;
@@ -829,11 +829,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                     if (isImage)
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                        SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                        SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                     }
 
                     return;
@@ -950,14 +950,50 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
                 entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
             }
             else
             {
                 entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
                 entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture array binding on the host.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="array">Texture array</param>
+        private void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            if (bindingInfo.Set >= _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex && _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets != 0)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArraySeparate(stage, bindingInfo.Set, array);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, array);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a image array binding on the host.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="array">Image array</param>
+        private void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            if (bindingInfo.Set >= _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex && _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets != 0)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArraySeparate(stage, bindingInfo.Set, array);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, array);
             }
         }
 
@@ -973,7 +1009,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private CacheEntry GetOrAddEntry(
             TexturePool texturePool,
             SamplerPool samplerPool,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
             bool isImage,
             out bool isNew)
         {
@@ -1015,7 +1051,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private CacheEntryFromBuffer GetOrAddEntry(
             TexturePool texturePool,
             SamplerPool samplerPool,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
             bool isImage,
             ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds,
             out bool isNew)
@@ -1077,6 +1113,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 nextNode = nextNode.Next;
                 _cacheFromBuffer.Remove(toRemove.Value.Key);
                 _lruCache.Remove(toRemove);
+
+                if (toRemove.Value.Key.IsImage)
+                {
+                    toRemove.Value.ImageArray.Dispose();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    toRemove.Value.TextureArray.Dispose();
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -1088,11 +1133,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         {
             List<CacheEntryFromPoolKey> keysToRemove = null;
 
-            foreach (CacheEntryFromPoolKey key in _cacheFromPool.Keys)
+            foreach ((CacheEntryFromPoolKey key, CacheEntry entry) in _cacheFromPool)
             {
                 if (key.MatchesPool(pool))
                 {
                     (keysToRemove ??= new()).Add(key);
+
+                    if (key.IsImage)
+                    {
+                        entry.ImageArray.Dispose();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        entry.TextureArray.Dispose();
+                    }
                 }
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/CachedShaderBindings.cs

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
+                        descriptor.Set,
                         descriptor.Binding,
                         descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
                         format,
+                        descriptor.Set,
                         descriptor.Binding,
                         descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/BinarySerializer.cs

@@ -125,9 +125,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             CompressionAlgorithm algorithm = CompressionAlgorithm.None;
             Read(ref algorithm);
 
-            if (algorithm == CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate)
+            switch (algorithm)
             {
-                _activeStream = new DeflateStream(_stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.None:
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate:
+                    _activeStream = new DeflateStream(_stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli:
+                    _activeStream = new BrotliStream(_stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid compression algorithm \"{algorithm}\"");
             }
         }
 
@@ -139,9 +148,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         {
             Write(ref algorithm);
 
-            if (algorithm == CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate)
+            switch (algorithm)
             {
-                _activeStream = new DeflateStream(_stream, CompressionLevel.Fastest, true);
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.None:
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate:
+                    _activeStream = new DeflateStream(_stream, CompressionLevel.Fastest, true);
+                    break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli:
+                    _activeStream = new BrotliStream(_stream, CompressionLevel.Fastest, true);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid compression algorithm \"{algorithm}\"");
             }
         }
 
@@ -177,7 +195,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             switch (algorithm)
             {
                 case CompressionAlgorithm.None:
-                    stream.Read(data);
+                    stream.ReadExactly(data);
                     break;
                 case CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate:
                     stream = new DeflateStream(stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
@@ -187,6 +205,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                     }
                     stream.Dispose();
                     break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli:
+                    stream = new BrotliStream(stream, CompressionMode.Decompress, true);
+                    for (int offset = 0; offset < data.Length;)
+                    {
+                        offset += stream.Read(data[offset..]);
+                    }
+                    stream.Dispose();
+                    break;
             }
         }
 
@@ -210,6 +236,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                     stream.Write(data);
                     stream.Dispose();
                     break;
+                case CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli:
+                    stream = new BrotliStream(stream, CompressionLevel.Fastest, true);
+                    stream.Write(data);
+                    stream.Dispose();
+                    break;
             }
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/CompressionAlgorithm.cs

@@ -14,5 +14,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// Deflate compression (RFC 1951).
         /// </summary>
         Deflate,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Brotli compression (RFC 7932).
+        /// </summary>
+        Brotli,
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheCommon.cs

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// <returns>Compression algorithm</returns>
         public static CompressionAlgorithm GetCompressionAlgorithm()
         {
-            return CompressionAlgorithm.Deflate;
+            return CompressionAlgorithm.Brotli;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheGuestStorage.cs

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                 }
 
                 dataFileStream.Seek((long)entry.Offset, SeekOrigin.Begin);
-                dataFileStream.Read(cb1Data);
+                dataFileStream.ReadExactly(cb1Data);
                 BinarySerializer.ReadCompressed(dataFileStream, guestCode);
 
                 _cache[index] = (guestCode, cb1Data);
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                     dataFileStream.Seek((long)entry.Offset, SeekOrigin.Begin);
                     byte[] cachedCode = new byte[entry.CodeSize];
                     byte[] cachedCb1Data = new byte[entry.Cb1DataSize];
-                    dataFileStream.Read(cachedCb1Data);
+                    dataFileStream.ReadExactly(cachedCb1Data);
                     BinarySerializer.ReadCompressed(dataFileStream, cachedCode);
 
                     if (data.SequenceEqual(cachedCode) && cb1Data.SequenceEqual(cachedCb1Data))

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheHostStorage.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMajor = 1;
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMinor = 2;
         private const uint FileFormatVersionPacked = ((uint)FileFormatVersionMajor << 16) | FileFormatVersionMinor;
-        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 5936;
+        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6921;
 
         private const string SharedTocFileName = "shared.toc";
         private const string SharedDataFileName = "shared.data";

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorBase.cs

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             _reservedImages = rrc.ReservedImages;
         }
 
-        public int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 binding = _resourceCounts.UniformBuffersCount++;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedConstantBuffers;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.UniformBufferSetIndex, binding + _reservedConstantBuffers);
         }
 
-        public int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 _resourceCounts.ImagesCount += count;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedImages;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.ImageSetIndex, binding + _reservedImages);
         }
 
-        public int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 binding = _resourceCounts.StorageBuffersCount++;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedStorageBuffers;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.StorageBufferSetIndex, binding + _reservedStorageBuffers);
         }
 
-        public int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+        public SetBindingPair CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 _resourceCounts.TexturesCount += count;
             }
 
-            return binding + _reservedTextures;
+            return new SetBindingPair(_context.Capabilities.TextureSetIndex, binding + _reservedTextures);
         }
 
         private int GetBindingFromIndex(int index, uint maxPerStage, string resourceName)
@@ -183,6 +183,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return maxPerStage * Constants.ShaderStages;
         }
 
+        public int CreateExtraSet()
+        {
+            if (_resourceCounts.SetsCount >= _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets)
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            return _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex + _resourceCounts.SetsCount++;
+        }
+
         public int QueryHostGatherBiasPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.GatherBiasPrecision;
 
         public bool QueryHostReducedPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.ReduceShaderPrecision;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ResourceCounts.cs

@@ -24,5 +24,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// Total of images used by the shaders.
         /// </summary>
         public int ImagesCount;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Total of extra sets used by the shaders.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int SetsCount;
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderInfoBuilder.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
@@ -9,13 +10,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
     /// </summary>
     class ShaderInfoBuilder
     {
-        private const int TotalSets = 4;
-
-        private const int UniformSetIndex = 0;
-        private const int StorageSetIndex = 1;
-        private const int TextureSetIndex = 2;
-        private const int ImageSetIndex = 3;
-
         private const ResourceStages SupportBufferStages =
             ResourceStages.Compute |
             ResourceStages.Vertex |
@@ -36,8 +30,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private readonly int _reservedTextures;
         private readonly int _reservedImages;
 
-        private readonly List<ResourceDescriptor>[] _resourceDescriptors;
-        private readonly List<ResourceUsage>[] _resourceUsages;
+        private List<ResourceDescriptor>[] _resourceDescriptors;
+        private List<ResourceUsage>[] _resourceUsages;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new shader info builder.
@@ -51,17 +45,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             _fragmentOutputMap = -1;
 
-            _resourceDescriptors = new List<ResourceDescriptor>[TotalSets];
-            _resourceUsages = new List<ResourceUsage>[TotalSets];
+            int uniformSetIndex = context.Capabilities.UniformBufferSetIndex;
+            int storageSetIndex = context.Capabilities.StorageBufferSetIndex;
+            int textureSetIndex = context.Capabilities.TextureSetIndex;
+            int imageSetIndex = context.Capabilities.ImageSetIndex;
 
-            for (int index = 0; index < TotalSets; index++)
+            int totalSets = Math.Max(uniformSetIndex, storageSetIndex);
+            totalSets = Math.Max(totalSets, textureSetIndex);
+            totalSets = Math.Max(totalSets, imageSetIndex);
+            totalSets++;
+
+            _resourceDescriptors = new List<ResourceDescriptor>[totalSets];
+            _resourceUsages = new List<ResourceUsage>[totalSets];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < totalSets; index++)
             {
                 _resourceDescriptors[index] = new();
                 _resourceUsages[index] = new();
             }
 
-            AddDescriptor(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
-            AddUsage(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
+            AddDescriptor(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
+            AddUsage(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
 
             ResourceReservationCounts rrc = new(!context.Capabilities.SupportsTransformFeedback && tfEnabled, vertexAsCompute);
 
@@ -73,12 +77,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             // TODO: Handle that better? Maybe we should only set the binding that are really needed on each shader.
             ResourceStages stages = vertexAsCompute ? ResourceStages.Compute | ResourceStages.Vertex : VtgStages;
 
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 1, rrc.ReservedConstantBuffers - 1);
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, StorageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedStorageBuffers);
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferTexture, TextureSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedTextures);
-            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferImage, ImageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedImages);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, 1, rrc.ReservedConstantBuffers - 1);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, storageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedStorageBuffers);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferTexture, textureSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedTextures);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferImage, imageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedImages);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Populates descriptors and usages for vertex as compute and transform feedback emulation reserved resources.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stages">Shader stages where the resources are used</param>
+        /// <param name="type">Resource type</param>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Resource set index where the resources are used</param>
+        /// <param name="start">First binding number</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Amount of bindings</param>
         private void PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(ResourceStages stages, ResourceType type, int setIndex, int start, int count)
         {
             AddDescriptor(stages, type, setIndex, start, count);
@@ -127,18 +139,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             int textureBinding = _reservedTextures + stageIndex * texturesPerStage * 2;
             int imageBinding = _reservedImages + stageIndex * imagesPerStage * 2;
 
-            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, uniformBinding, uniformsPerStage);
-            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, StorageSetIndex, storageBinding, storagesPerStage);
-            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.TextureAndSampler, ResourceType.BufferTexture, TextureSetIndex, textureBinding, texturesPerStage);
-            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.Image, ResourceType.BufferImage, ImageSetIndex, imageBinding, imagesPerStage);
+            int uniformSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.UniformBufferSetIndex;
+            int storageSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.StorageBufferSetIndex;
+            int textureSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.TextureSetIndex;
+            int imageSetIndex = _context.Capabilities.ImageSetIndex;
 
-            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
-            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Images, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: true);
+            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, uniformSetIndex, uniformBinding, uniformsPerStage);
+            AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, storageSetIndex, storageBinding, storagesPerStage);
+            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.TextureAndSampler, ResourceType.BufferTexture, textureSetIndex, textureBinding, texturesPerStage);
+            AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.Image, ResourceType.BufferImage, imageSetIndex, imageBinding, imagesPerStage);
 
-            AddUsage(info.CBuffers, stages, UniformSetIndex, isStorage: false);
-            AddUsage(info.SBuffers, stages, StorageSetIndex, isStorage: true);
-            AddUsage(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
-            AddUsage(info.Images, stages, ImageSetIndex, isImage: true);
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Textures, stages, isImage: false);
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Images, stages, isImage: true);
+
+            AddUsage(info.CBuffers, stages, isStorage: false);
+            AddUsage(info.SBuffers, stages, isStorage: true);
+            AddUsage(info.Textures, stages, isImage: false);
+            AddUsage(info.Images, stages, isImage: true);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -177,9 +194,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="textures">Textures to be added</param>
         /// <param name="stages">Stages where the textures are used</param>
-        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the textures will be bound</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">True for images, false for textures</param>
-        private void AddArrayDescriptors(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isImage)
+        private void AddArrayDescriptors(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, bool isImage)
         {
             foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
             {
@@ -187,7 +203,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 {
                     ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
-                    _resourceDescriptors[setIndex].Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
+                    GetDescriptors(texture.Set).Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -213,13 +229,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="buffers">Buffers to be added</param>
         /// <param name="stages">Stages where the buffers are used</param>
-        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the buffers will be bound</param>
         /// <param name="isStorage">True for storage buffers, false for uniform buffers</param>
-        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<BufferDescriptor> buffers, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isStorage)
+        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<BufferDescriptor> buffers, ResourceStages stages, bool isStorage)
         {
             foreach (BufferDescriptor buffer in buffers)
             {
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(
+                GetUsages(buffer.Set).Add(new ResourceUsage(
                     buffer.Binding,
                     1,
                     isStorage ? ResourceType.StorageBuffer : ResourceType.UniformBuffer,
@@ -232,18 +247,65 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="textures">Textures to be added</param>
         /// <param name="stages">Stages where the textures are used</param>
-        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the textures will be bound</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">True for images, false for textures</param>
-        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isImage)
+        private void AddUsage(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, bool isImage)
         {
             foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
             {
                 ResourceType type = GetTextureResourceType(texture, isImage);
 
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
+                GetUsages(texture.Set).Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the list of resource descriptors for a given set index. A new list will be created if needed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Resource set index</param>
+        /// <returns>List of resource descriptors</returns>
+        private List<ResourceDescriptor> GetDescriptors(int setIndex)
+        {
+            if (_resourceDescriptors.Length <= setIndex)
+            {
+                int oldLength = _resourceDescriptors.Length;
+                Array.Resize(ref _resourceDescriptors, setIndex + 1);
+
+                for (int index = oldLength; index <= setIndex; index++)
+                {
+                    _resourceDescriptors[index] = new();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return _resourceDescriptors[setIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the list of resource usages for a given set index. A new list will be created if needed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Resource set index</param>
+        /// <returns>List of resource usages</returns>
+        private List<ResourceUsage> GetUsages(int setIndex)
+        {
+            if (_resourceUsages.Length <= setIndex)
+            {
+                int oldLength = _resourceUsages.Length;
+                Array.Resize(ref _resourceUsages, setIndex + 1);
+
+                for (int index = oldLength; index <= setIndex; index++)
+                {
+                    _resourceUsages[index] = new();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return _resourceUsages[setIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a resource type from a texture descriptor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texture">Texture descriptor</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the texture is a image texture (writable) or not (sampled)</param>
+        /// <returns>Resource type</returns>
         private static ResourceType GetTextureResourceType(TextureDescriptor texture, bool isImage)
         {
             bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
@@ -278,10 +340,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <returns>Shader information</returns>
         public ShaderInfo Build(ProgramPipelineState? pipeline, bool fromCache = false)
         {
-            var descriptors = new ResourceDescriptorCollection[TotalSets];
-            var usages = new ResourceUsageCollection[TotalSets];
+            int totalSets = _resourceDescriptors.Length;
 
-            for (int index = 0; index < TotalSets; index++)
+            var descriptors = new ResourceDescriptorCollection[totalSets];
+            var usages = new ResourceUsageCollection[totalSets];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < totalSets; index++)
             {
                 descriptors[index] = new ResourceDescriptorCollection(_resourceDescriptors[index].ToArray().AsReadOnly());
                 usages[index] = new ResourceUsageCollection(_resourceUsages[index].ToArray().AsReadOnly());

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/ImageArray.cs

@@ -63,5 +63,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/TextureArray.cs

@@ -48,5 +48,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/OpenGLRenderer.cs

@@ -187,6 +187,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
                 supportsViewportSwizzle: HwCapabilities.SupportsViewportSwizzle,
                 supportsIndirectParameters: HwCapabilities.SupportsIndirectParameters,
                 supportsDepthClipControl: true,
+                uniformBufferSetIndex: 0,
+                storageBufferSetIndex: 1,
+                textureSetIndex: 2,
+                imageSetIndex: 3,
+                extraSetBaseIndex: 0,
+                maximumExtraSets: 0,
                 maximumUniformBuffersPerStage: 13, // TODO: Avoid hardcoding those limits here and get from driver?
                 maximumStorageBuffersPerStage: 16,
                 maximumTexturesPerStage: 32,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Pipeline.cs

@@ -963,6 +963,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             (array as ImageArray).Bind(binding);
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            throw new NotSupportedException("OpenGL does not support descriptor sets.");
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             _elementsType = type.Convert();
@@ -1312,6 +1317,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             (array as TextureArray).Bind(binding);
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            throw new NotSupportedException("OpenGL does not support descriptor sets.");
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             if (_tfEnabled)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/BufferDescriptor.cs

@@ -4,14 +4,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
     {
         // New fields should be added to the end of the struct to keep disk shader cache compatibility.
 
+        public readonly int Set;
         public readonly int Binding;
         public readonly byte Slot;
         public readonly byte SbCbSlot;
         public readonly ushort SbCbOffset;
         public readonly BufferUsageFlags Flags;
 
-        public BufferDescriptor(int binding, int slot)
+        public BufferDescriptor(int set, int binding, int slot)
         {
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             Slot = (byte)slot;
             SbCbSlot = 0;
@@ -19,8 +21,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             Flags = BufferUsageFlags.None;
         }
 
-        public BufferDescriptor(int binding, int slot, int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset, BufferUsageFlags flags)
+        public BufferDescriptor(int set, int binding, int slot, int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset, BufferUsageFlags flags)
         {
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             Slot = (byte)slot;
             SbCbSlot = (byte)sbCbSlot;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenMemory.cs

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             }
             else
             {
-                context.Properties.Textures.TryGetValue(texOp.Binding, out TextureDefinition definition);
+                context.Properties.Textures.TryGetValue(texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding(), out TextureDefinition definition);
                 bool hasLod = !definition.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Multisample) && (definition.Type & SamplerType.Mask) != SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
                 string texCall;
 
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
         private static string GetSamplerName(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, ref int srcIndex)
         {
-            TextureDefinition textureDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.Binding];
+            TextureDefinition textureDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             string name = textureDefinition.Name;
 
             if (textureDefinition.ArrayLength != 1)
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
             if (texOp.IsSeparate)
             {
-                TextureDefinition samplerDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.SamplerBinding];
+                TextureDefinition samplerDefinition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.GetSamplerSetAndBinding()];
                 string samplerName = samplerDefinition.Name;
 
                 if (samplerDefinition.ArrayLength != 1)
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
         private static string GetImageName(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, ref int srcIndex)
         {
-            TextureDefinition definition = context.Properties.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            TextureDefinition definition = context.Properties.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             string name = definition.Name;
 
             if (definition.ArrayLength != 1)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/CodeGenContext.cs

@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         public Dictionary<int, Instruction> LocalMemories { get; } = new();
         public Dictionary<int, Instruction> SharedMemories { get; } = new();
 
-        public Dictionary<int, SamplerType> SamplersTypes { get; } = new();
-        public Dictionary<int, SamplerDeclaration> Samplers { get; } = new();
-        public Dictionary<int, ImageDeclaration> Images { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<SetBindingPair, SamplerType> SamplersTypes { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<SetBindingPair, SamplerDeclaration> Samplers { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<SetBindingPair, ImageDeclaration> Images { get; } = new();
 
         public Dictionary<IoDefinition, Instruction> Inputs { get; } = new();
         public Dictionary<IoDefinition, Instruction> Outputs { get; } = new();
@@ -98,11 +98,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             Logger = parameters.Logger;
             TargetApi = parameters.TargetApi;
 
-            AddCapability(Capability.Shader);
-            AddCapability(Capability.Float64);
-
-            SetMemoryModel(AddressingModel.Logical, MemoryModel.GLSL450);
-
             Delegates = new SpirvDelegates(this);
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Declarations.cs

@@ -208,13 +208,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
                 var sampledImageVariable = context.Variable(sampledImageArrayPointerType, StorageClass.UniformConstant);
 
-                context.Samplers.Add(sampler.Binding, new SamplerDeclaration(
+                context.Samplers.Add(new(sampler.Set, sampler.Binding), new SamplerDeclaration(
                     imageType,
                     sampledImageType,
                     sampledImagePointerType,
                     sampledImageVariable,
                     sampler.ArrayLength != 1));
-                context.SamplersTypes.Add(sampler.Binding, sampler.Type);
+                context.SamplersTypes.Add(new(sampler.Set, sampler.Binding), sampler.Type);
 
                 context.Name(sampledImageVariable, sampler.Name);
                 context.Decorate(sampledImageVariable, Decoration.DescriptorSet, (LiteralInteger)setIndex);
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
                 var imageVariable = context.Variable(imageArrayPointerType, StorageClass.UniformConstant);
 
-                context.Images.Add(image.Binding, new ImageDeclaration(imageType, imagePointerType, imageVariable, image.ArrayLength != 1));
+                context.Images.Add(new(image.Set, image.Binding), new ImageDeclaration(imageType, imagePointerType, imageVariable, image.ArrayLength != 1));
 
                 context.Name(imageVariable, image.Name);
                 context.Decorate(imageVariable, Decoration.DescriptorSet, (LiteralInteger)setIndex);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Instructions.cs

@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
             SpvInstruction resultType = context.GetType(componentType);
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
             if (declaration.IsIndexed)
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
             if (declaration.IsIndexed)
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             int pCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
@@ -1433,7 +1433,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             int srcIndex = 0;
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
@@ -1449,7 +1449,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             int srcIndex = 0;
 
-            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
             SpvInstruction image = GenerateSampledImageLoad(context, texOp, declaration, ref srcIndex);
 
             image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
@@ -1460,7 +1460,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             }
             else
             {
-                var type = context.SamplersTypes[texOp.Binding];
+                var type = context.SamplersTypes[texOp.GetTextureSetAndBinding()];
                 bool hasLod = !type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Multisample) && type != SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
 
                 int dimensions = (type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureCube ? 2 : type.GetDimensions();
@@ -1889,7 +1889,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             {
                 image = context.Load(declaration.ImageType, image);
 
-                SamplerDeclaration samplerDeclaration = context.Samplers[texOp.SamplerBinding];
+                SamplerDeclaration samplerDeclaration = context.Samplers[texOp.GetSamplerSetAndBinding()];
 
                 SpvInstruction sampler = samplerDeclaration.Image;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/SpirvGenerator.cs

@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             CodeGenContext context = new(info, parameters, instPool, integerPool);
 
+            context.AddCapability(Capability.Shader);
+
+            context.SetMemoryModel(AddressingModel.Logical, MemoryModel.GLSL450);
+
             context.AddCapability(Capability.GroupNonUniformBallot);
             context.AddCapability(Capability.GroupNonUniformShuffle);
             context.AddCapability(Capability.GroupNonUniformVote);
@@ -51,6 +55,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             context.AddCapability(Capability.ImageQuery);
             context.AddCapability(Capability.SampledBuffer);
 
+            if (parameters.HostCapabilities.SupportsShaderFloat64)
+            {
+                context.AddCapability(Capability.Float64);
+            }
+
             if (parameters.Definitions.TransformFeedbackEnabled && parameters.Definitions.LastInVertexPipeline)
             {
                 context.AddCapability(Capability.TransformFeedback);
@@ -58,7 +67,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             if (parameters.Definitions.Stage == ShaderStage.Fragment)
             {
-                if (context.Info.IoDefinitions.Contains(new IoDefinition(StorageKind.Input, IoVariable.Layer)))
+                if (context.Info.IoDefinitions.Contains(new IoDefinition(StorageKind.Input, IoVariable.Layer)) ||
+                    context.Info.IoDefinitions.Contains(new IoDefinition(StorageKind.Input, IoVariable.PrimitiveId)))
                 {
                     context.AddCapability(Capability.Geometry);
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -27,34 +27,43 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         ReadOnlySpan<ulong> GetCode(ulong address, int minimumSize);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of a constant buffer.
+        /// Gets the binding number of a constant buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="index">Constant buffer index</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index);
+        SetBindingPair CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of an image.
+        /// Gets the binding number of an image.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="count">For array of images, the number of elements of the array, otherwise it should be 1</param>
         /// <param name="isBuffer">Indicates if the image is a buffer image</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
+        SetBindingPair CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of a storage buffer.
+        /// Gets the binding number of a storage buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="index">Storage buffer index</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index);
+        SetBindingPair CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of a texture.
+        /// Gets the binding number of a texture.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="count">For array of textures, the number of elements of the array, otherwise it should be 1</param>
         /// <param name="isBuffer">Indicates if the texture is a buffer texture</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
+        SetBindingPair CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the set index for an additional set, or -1 if there's no extra set available.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Extra set index, or -1 if not available</returns>
+        int CreateExtraSet()
+        {
+            return -1;
+        }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries Local Size X for compute shaders.

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitPredicate.cs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
             if (op.BVal)
             {
-                context.Copy(dest, context.ConditionalSelect(res, ConstF(1), Const(0)));
+                context.Copy(dest, context.ConditionalSelect(res, ConstF(1), ConstF(0)));
             }
             else
             {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitSurface.cs

@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 flags |= TextureFlags.Bindless;
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.ImageAtomic,
                 type,
                 format,
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 imm);
 
-            Operand res = context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, binding, sources);
+            Operand res = context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, sources);
 
             context.Copy(d, res);
         }
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                 TextureFormat format = isBindless ? TextureFormat.Unknown : ShaderProperties.GetTextureFormat(context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor, handle);
 
-                int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                     Instruction.ImageLoad,
                     type,
                     format,
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                     handle);
 
-                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, binding, (int)componentMask, dests, sources);
+                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, (int)componentMask, dests, sources);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                 TextureFormat format = GetTextureFormat(size);
 
-                int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                     Instruction.ImageLoad,
                     type,
                     format,
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                     handle);
 
-                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, binding, compMask, dests, sources);
+                context.ImageLoad(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, compMask, dests, sources);
 
                 switch (size)
                 {
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 flags |= TextureFlags.Bindless;
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.ImageAtomic,
                 type,
                 format,
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 imm);
 
-            context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, binding, sources);
+            context.ImageAtomic(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, sources);
         }
 
         private static void EmitSust(
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 flags |= TextureFlags.Coherent;
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.ImageStore,
                 type,
                 format,
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 handle);
 
-            context.ImageStore(type, format, flags, binding, sources);
+            context.ImageStore(type, format, flags, setAndBinding, sources);
         }
 
         private static int GetComponentSizeInBytesLog2(SuatomSize size)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitTexture.cs

@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 return Register(dest++, RegisterType.Gpr);
             }
 
-            int binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.Lod,
                 type,
                 TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                     else
                     {
                         // The instruction component order is the inverse of GLSL's.
-                        Operand res = context.Lod(type, flags, binding, compIndex ^ 1, sources);
+                        Operand res = context.Lod(type, flags, setAndBinding, compIndex ^ 1, sources);
 
                         res = context.FPMultiply(res, ConstF(256.0f));
 
@@ -1116,12 +1116,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
             }
 
             TextureFlags flags = isBindless ? TextureFlags.Bindless : TextureFlags.None;
-            int binding;
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding;
 
             switch (query)
             {
                 case TexQuery.TexHeaderDimension:
-                    binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                    setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                         Instruction.TextureQuerySize,
                         type,
                         TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -1140,13 +1140,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                                 break;
                             }
 
-                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySize(type, flags, binding, compIndex, sources));
+                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySize(type, flags, setAndBinding, compIndex, sources));
                         }
                     }
                     break;
 
                 case TexQuery.TexHeaderTextureType:
-                    binding = isBindless ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                    setAndBinding = isBindless ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                         Instruction.TextureQuerySamples,
                         type,
                         TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -1171,7 +1171,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
 
                         if (d != null)
                         {
-                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySamples(type, flags, binding, sources));
+                            context.Copy(d, context.TextureQuerySamples(type, flags, setAndBinding, sources));
                         }
                     }
                     break;
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
             Operand[] dests,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            int binding = flags.HasFlag(TextureFlags.Bindless) ? 0 : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = flags.HasFlag(TextureFlags.Bindless) ? default : context.ResourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 Instruction.TextureSample,
                 type,
                 TextureFormat.Unknown,
@@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                 TextureOperation.DefaultCbufSlot,
                 handle);
 
-            context.TextureSample(type, flags, binding, componentMask, dests, sources);
+            context.TextureSample(type, flags, setAndBinding, componentMask, dests, sources);
         }
 
         private static SamplerType ConvertSamplerType(TexDim dimensions)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IntermediateRepresentation/Instruction.cs

@@ -156,6 +156,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             return false;
         }
 
+        public static bool IsComparison(this Instruction inst)
+        {
+            switch (inst & Instruction.Mask)
+            {
+                case Instruction.CompareEqual:
+                case Instruction.CompareGreater:
+                case Instruction.CompareGreaterOrEqual:
+                case Instruction.CompareGreaterOrEqualU32:
+                case Instruction.CompareGreaterU32:
+                case Instruction.CompareLess:
+                case Instruction.CompareLessOrEqual:
+                case Instruction.CompareLessOrEqualU32:
+                case Instruction.CompareLessU32:
+                case Instruction.CompareNotEqual:
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
         public static bool IsTextureQuery(this Instruction inst)
         {
             inst &= Instruction.Mask;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IntermediateRepresentation/TextureOperation.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
         public TextureFormat Format { get; set; }
         public TextureFlags Flags { get; private set; }
 
+        public int Set { get; private set; }
         public int Binding { get; private set; }
+        public int SamplerSet { get; private set; }
         public int SamplerBinding { get; private set; }
 
         public TextureOperation(
@@ -16,6 +18,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
+            int set,
             int binding,
             int compIndex,
             Operand[] dests,
@@ -24,24 +27,28 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             Type = type;
             Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
+            SamplerSet = -1;
             SamplerBinding = -1;
         }
 
-        public void TurnIntoArray(int binding)
+        public void TurnIntoArray(SetBindingPair setAndBinding)
         {
             Flags &= ~TextureFlags.Bindless;
-            Binding = binding;
+            Set = setAndBinding.SetIndex;
+            Binding = setAndBinding.Binding;
         }
 
-        public void TurnIntoArray(int textureBinding, int samplerBinding)
+        public void TurnIntoArray(SetBindingPair textureSetAndBinding, SetBindingPair samplerSetAndBinding)
         {
-            TurnIntoArray(textureBinding);
+            TurnIntoArray(textureSetAndBinding);
 
-            SamplerBinding = samplerBinding;
+            SamplerSet = samplerSetAndBinding.SetIndex;
+            SamplerBinding = samplerSetAndBinding.Binding;
         }
 
-        public void SetBinding(int binding)
+        public void SetBinding(SetBindingPair setAndBinding)
         {
             if ((Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0)
             {
@@ -50,7 +57,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
                 RemoveSource(0);
             }
 
-            Binding = binding;
+            Set = setAndBinding.SetIndex;
+            Binding = setAndBinding.Binding;
         }
 
         public void SetLodLevelFlag()

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/SetBindingPair.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
+{
+    public readonly record struct SetBindingPair(int SetIndex, int Binding);
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/AstTextureOperation.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
         public TextureFormat Format { get; }
         public TextureFlags Flags { get; }
 
+        public int Set { get; }
         public int Binding { get; }
+        public int SamplerSet { get; }
         public int SamplerBinding { get; }
 
         public bool IsSeparate => SamplerBinding >= 0;
@@ -18,7 +20,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
+            int set,
             int binding,
+            int samplerSet,
             int samplerBinding,
             int index,
             params IAstNode[] sources) : base(inst, StorageKind.None, false, index, sources, sources.Length)
@@ -26,8 +30,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
             Type = type;
             Format = format;
             Flags = flags;
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
+            SamplerSet = samplerSet;
             SamplerBinding = samplerBinding;
         }
+
+        public SetBindingPair GetTextureSetAndBinding()
+        {
+            return new SetBindingPair(Set, Binding);
+        }
+
+        public SetBindingPair GetSamplerSetAndBinding()
+        {
+            return new SetBindingPair(SamplerSet, SamplerBinding);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/ShaderProperties.cs

@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
     {
         private readonly Dictionary<int, BufferDefinition> _constantBuffers;
         private readonly Dictionary<int, BufferDefinition> _storageBuffers;
-        private readonly Dictionary<int, TextureDefinition> _textures;
-        private readonly Dictionary<int, TextureDefinition> _images;
+        private readonly Dictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition> _textures;
+        private readonly Dictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition> _images;
         private readonly Dictionary<int, MemoryDefinition> _localMemories;
         private readonly Dictionary<int, MemoryDefinition> _sharedMemories;
 
         public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, BufferDefinition> ConstantBuffers => _constantBuffers;
         public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, BufferDefinition> StorageBuffers => _storageBuffers;
-        public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, TextureDefinition> Textures => _textures;
-        public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, TextureDefinition> Images => _images;
+        public IReadOnlyDictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition> Textures => _textures;
+        public IReadOnlyDictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition> Images => _images;
         public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, MemoryDefinition> LocalMemories => _localMemories;
         public IReadOnlyDictionary<int, MemoryDefinition> SharedMemories => _sharedMemories;
 
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
         {
             _constantBuffers = new Dictionary<int, BufferDefinition>();
             _storageBuffers = new Dictionary<int, BufferDefinition>();
-            _textures = new Dictionary<int, TextureDefinition>();
-            _images = new Dictionary<int, TextureDefinition>();
+            _textures = new Dictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition>();
+            _images = new Dictionary<SetBindingPair, TextureDefinition>();
             _localMemories = new Dictionary<int, MemoryDefinition>();
             _sharedMemories = new Dictionary<int, MemoryDefinition>();
         }
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
 
         public void AddOrUpdateTexture(TextureDefinition definition)
         {
-            _textures[definition.Binding] = definition;
+            _textures[new(definition.Set, definition.Binding)] = definition;
         }
 
         public void AddOrUpdateImage(TextureDefinition definition)
         {
-            _images[definition.Binding] = definition;
+            _images[new(definition.Set, definition.Binding)] = definition;
         }
 
         public int AddLocalMemory(MemoryDefinition definition)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/StructuredProgram.cs

@@ -169,7 +169,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.StructuredIr
 
             AstTextureOperation GetAstTextureOperation(TextureOperation texOp)
             {
-                return new AstTextureOperation(inst, texOp.Type, texOp.Format, texOp.Flags, texOp.Binding, texOp.SamplerBinding, texOp.Index, sources);
+                return new AstTextureOperation(
+                    inst,
+                    texOp.Type,
+                    texOp.Format,
+                    texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
+                    texOp.Binding,
+                    texOp.SamplerSet,
+                    texOp.SamplerBinding,
+                    texOp.Index,
+                    sources);
             }
 
             int componentsCount = BitOperations.PopCount((uint)operation.Index);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/TextureDescriptor.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
     {
         // New fields should be added to the end of the struct to keep disk shader cache compatibility.
 
+        public readonly int Set;
         public readonly int Binding;
 
         public readonly SamplerType Type;
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         public readonly TextureUsageFlags Flags;
 
         public TextureDescriptor(
+            int set,
             int binding,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             bool separate,
             TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             Type = type;
             Format = format;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/EmitterContext.cs

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     this.TextureSample(
                         SamplerType.TextureBuffer,
                         TextureFlags.IntCoords,
-                        ResourceManager.Reservations.IndexBufferTextureBinding,
+                        ResourceManager.Reservations.GetIndexBufferTextureSetAndBinding(),
                         1,
                         new[] { vertexIndexVr },
                         new[] { this.IAdd(ibBaseOffset, outputVertexOffset) });
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                         this.TextureSample(
                             SamplerType.TextureBuffer,
                             TextureFlags.IntCoords,
-                            ResourceManager.Reservations.TopologyRemapBufferTextureBinding,
+                            ResourceManager.Reservations.GetTopologyRemapBufferTextureSetAndBinding(),
                             1,
                             new[] { vertexIndex },
                             new[] { this.IAdd(baseVertex, Const(index)) });

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/EmitterContextInsts.cs

@@ -618,12 +618,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
             Operand dest = Local();
 
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.ImageAtomic, type, format, flags, binding, 0, new[] { dest }, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.ImageAtomic,
+                type,
+                format,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                0,
+                new[] { dest },
+                sources));
 
             return dest;
         }
@@ -633,12 +642,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             int compMask,
             Operand[] dests,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.ImageLoad, type, format, flags, binding, compMask, dests, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.ImageLoad,
+                type,
+                format,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                compMask,
+                dests,
+                sources));
         }
 
         public static void ImageStore(
@@ -646,10 +664,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.ImageStore, type, format, flags, binding, 0, null, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.ImageStore,
+                type,
+                format,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                0,
+                null,
+                sources));
         }
 
         public static Operand IsNan(this EmitterContext context, Operand a, Instruction fpType = Instruction.FP32)
@@ -718,13 +745,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             this EmitterContext context,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             int compIndex,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
             Operand dest = Local();
 
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.Lod, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, binding, compIndex, new[] { dest }, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.Lod,
+                type,
+                TextureFormat.Unknown,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                compIndex,
+                new[] { dest },
+                sources));
 
             return dest;
         }
@@ -889,24 +925,42 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             this EmitterContext context,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             int compMask,
             Operand[] dests,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.TextureSample, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, binding, compMask, dests, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.TextureSample,
+                type,
+                TextureFormat.Unknown,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                compMask,
+                dests,
+                sources));
         }
 
         public static Operand TextureQuerySamples(
             this EmitterContext context,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
             Operand dest = Local();
 
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.TextureQuerySamples, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, binding, 0, new[] { dest }, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.TextureQuerySamples,
+                type,
+                TextureFormat.Unknown,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                0,
+                new[] { dest },
+                sources));
 
             return dest;
         }
@@ -915,13 +969,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             this EmitterContext context,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFlags flags,
-            int binding,
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding,
             int compIndex,
             Operand[] sources)
         {
             Operand dest = Local();
 
-            context.Add(new TextureOperation(Instruction.TextureQuerySize, type, TextureFormat.Unknown, flags, binding, compIndex, new[] { dest }, sources));
+            context.Add(new TextureOperation(
+                Instruction.TextureQuerySize,
+                type,
+                TextureFormat.Unknown,
+                flags,
+                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                setAndBinding.Binding,
+                compIndex,
+                new[] { dest },
+                sources));
 
             return dest;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/HostCapabilities.cs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         public readonly bool SupportsGeometryShaderPassthrough;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderBallot;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence;
+        public readonly bool SupportsShaderFloat64;
         public readonly bool SupportsTextureShadowLod;
         public readonly bool SupportsViewportMask;
 
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             bool supportsGeometryShaderPassthrough,
             bool supportsShaderBallot,
             bool supportsShaderBarrierDivergence,
+            bool supportsShaderFloat64,
             bool supportsTextureShadowLod,
             bool supportsViewportMask)
         {
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             SupportsGeometryShaderPassthrough = supportsGeometryShaderPassthrough;
             SupportsShaderBallot = supportsShaderBallot;
             SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence = supportsShaderBarrierDivergence;
+            SupportsShaderFloat64 = supportsShaderFloat64;
             SupportsTextureShadowLod = supportsTextureShadowLod;
             SupportsViewportMask = supportsViewportMask;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessElimination.cs

@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                     // If we can't do bindless elimination, remove the texture operation.
                     // Set any destination variables to zero.
 
+                    string typeName = texOp.Inst.IsImage()
+                        ? texOp.Type.ToGlslImageType(texOp.Format.GetComponentType())
+                        : texOp.Type.ToGlslTextureType();
+
+                    gpuAccessor.Log($"Failed to find handle source for bindless access of type \"{typeName}\".");
+
                     for (int destIndex = 0; destIndex < texOp.DestsCount; destIndex++)
                     {
                         block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.Copy, texOp.GetDest(destIndex), OperandHelper.Const(0)));
@@ -62,17 +68,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 return false;
             }
 
-            Operand nvHandle = texOp.GetSource(0);
+            Operand bindlessHandle = texOp.GetSource(0);
 
-            if (nvHandle.AsgOp is not Operation handleOp ||
-                handleOp.Inst != Instruction.Load ||
-                (handleOp.StorageKind != StorageKind.Input && handleOp.StorageKind != StorageKind.StorageBuffer))
+            if (bindlessHandle.AsgOp is PhiNode phi)
             {
-                // Right now, we only allow bindless access when the handle comes from a shader input or storage buffer.
-                // This is an artificial limitation to prevent it from being used in cases where it
-                // would have a large performance impact of loading all textures in the pool.
-                // It might be removed in the future, if we can mitigate the performance impact.
+                for (int srcIndex = 0; srcIndex < phi.SourcesCount; srcIndex++)
+                {
+                    Operand phiSource = phi.GetSource(srcIndex);
 
+                    if (phiSource.AsgOp is not PhiNode && !IsBindlessAccessAllowed(phiSource))
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (!IsBindlessAccessAllowed(bindlessHandle))
+            {
                 return false;
             }
 
@@ -80,8 +91,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
             Operand samplerHandle = OperandHelper.Local();
             Operand textureIndex = OperandHelper.Local();
 
-            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.BitwiseAnd, textureHandle, nvHandle, OperandHelper.Const(0xfffff)));
-            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.ShiftRightU32, samplerHandle, nvHandle, OperandHelper.Const(20)));
+            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.BitwiseAnd, textureHandle, bindlessHandle, OperandHelper.Const(0xfffff)));
+            block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.ShiftRightU32, samplerHandle, bindlessHandle, OperandHelper.Const(20)));
 
             int texturePoolLength = Math.Max(BindlessToArray.MinimumArrayLength, gpuAccessor.QueryTextureArrayLengthFromPool());
 
@@ -91,7 +102,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
             bool hasSampler = !texOp.Inst.IsImage();
 
-            int textureBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair textureSetAndBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 texOp.Inst,
                 texOp.Type,
                 texOp.Format,
@@ -111,7 +122,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
                 texOp.InsertSource(1, samplerIndex);
 
-                int samplerBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                SetBindingPair samplerSetAndBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                     texOp.Inst,
                     SamplerType.None,
                     texOp.Format,
@@ -120,11 +131,35 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                     TextureHandle.PackOffsets(0, 0, TextureHandleType.Direct),
                     samplerPoolLength);
 
-                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureBinding, samplerBinding);
+                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureSetAndBinding, samplerSetAndBinding);
             }
             else
             {
-                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureBinding);
+                texOp.TurnIntoArray(textureSetAndBinding);
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsBindlessAccessAllowed(Operand bindlessHandle)
+        {
+            if (bindlessHandle.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
+            {
+                // Bindless access with handles from constant buffer is allowed.
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (bindlessHandle.AsgOp is not Operation handleOp ||
+                handleOp.Inst != Instruction.Load ||
+                (handleOp.StorageKind != StorageKind.Input && handleOp.StorageKind != StorageKind.StorageBuffer))
+            {
+                // Right now, we only allow bindless access when the handle comes from a shader input or storage buffer.
+                // This is an artificial limitation to prevent it from being used in cases where it
+                // would have a large performance impact of loading all textures in the pool.
+                // It might be removed in the future, if we can mitigate the performance impact.
+
+                return false;
             }
 
             return true;
@@ -265,7 +300,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                         resourceManager,
                         gpuAccessor,
                         texOp,
-                        TextureHandle.PackOffsets(src0.GetCbufOffset(), ((src1.Value >> 20) & 0xfff), handleType),
+                        TextureHandle.PackOffsets(src0.GetCbufOffset(), (src1.Value >> 20) & 0xfff, handleType),
                         TextureHandle.PackSlots(src0.GetCbufSlot(), 0),
                         rewriteSamplerType,
                         isImage: false);
@@ -445,7 +480,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 }
             }
 
-            int binding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 texOp.Inst,
                 texOp.Type,
                 texOp.Format,
@@ -453,7 +488,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 cbufSlot,
                 cbufOffset);
 
-            texOp.SetBinding(binding);
+            texOp.SetBinding(setAndBinding);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessToArray.cs

@@ -126,7 +126,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                if (texOp.GetSource(0).AsgOp is not Operation handleAsgOp)
+                Operand bindlessHandle = Utils.FindLastOperation(texOp.GetSource(0), block);
+
+                if (bindlessHandle.AsgOp is not Operation handleAsgOp)
                 {
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -137,8 +139,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
                 if (handleAsgOp.Inst == Instruction.BitwiseOr)
                 {
-                    Operand src0 = handleAsgOp.GetSource(0);
-                    Operand src1 = handleAsgOp.GetSource(1);
+                    Operand src0 = Utils.FindLastOperation(handleAsgOp.GetSource(0), block);
+                    Operand src1 = Utils.FindLastOperation(handleAsgOp.GetSource(1), block);
 
                     if (src0.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer && src1.AsgOp is Operation)
                     {
@@ -221,7 +223,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
         private static void TurnIntoArray(ResourceManager resourceManager, TextureOperation texOp, int cbufSlot, int handleIndex, int length)
         {
-            int binding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 texOp.Inst,
                 texOp.Type,
                 texOp.Format,
@@ -230,7 +232,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 handleIndex,
                 length);
 
-            texOp.TurnIntoArray(binding);
+            texOp.TurnIntoArray(setAndBinding);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/Optimizer.cs

@@ -152,18 +152,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
         {
             // If all phi sources are the same, we can propagate it and remove the phi.
 
-            Operand firstSrc = phi.GetSource(0);
-
-            for (int index = 1; index < phi.SourcesCount; index++)
+            if (!Utils.AreAllSourcesTheSameOperand(phi))
             {
-                if (!IsSameOperand(firstSrc, phi.GetSource(index)))
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
+                return false;
             }
 
             // All sources are equal, we can propagate the value.
 
+            Operand firstSrc = phi.GetSource(0);
             Operand dest = phi.Dest;
 
             INode[] uses = dest.UseOps.ToArray();
@@ -182,17 +178,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
             return true;
         }
 
-        private static bool IsSameOperand(Operand x, Operand y)
-        {
-            if (x.Type != y.Type || x.Value != y.Value)
-            {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            // TODO: Handle Load operations with the same storage and the same constant parameters.
-            return x.Type == OperandType.Constant || x.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer;
-        }
-
         private static bool PropagatePack(Operation packOp)
         {
             // Propagate pack source operands to uses by unpack

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/Simplification.cs

@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                     TryEliminateBitwiseOr(operation);
                     break;
 
+                case Instruction.CompareNotEqual:
+                    TryEliminateCompareNotEqual(operation);
+                    break;
+
                 case Instruction.ConditionalSelect:
                     TryEliminateConditionalSelect(operation);
                     break;
@@ -174,6 +178,32 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
             }
         }
 
+        private static void TryEliminateCompareNotEqual(Operation operation)
+        {
+            // Comparison instruction returns 0 if the result is false, and -1 if true.
+            // Doing a not equal zero comparison on the result is redundant, so we can just copy the first result in this case.
+
+            Operand lhs = operation.GetSource(0);
+            Operand rhs = operation.GetSource(1);
+
+            if (lhs.Type == OperandType.Constant)
+            {
+                (lhs, rhs) = (rhs, lhs);
+            }
+
+            if (rhs.Type != OperandType.Constant || rhs.Value != 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (lhs.AsgOp is not Operation compareOp || !compareOp.Inst.IsComparison())
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            operation.TurnIntoCopy(lhs);
+        }
+
         private static void TryEliminateConditionalSelect(Operation operation)
         {
             Operand cond = operation.GetSource(0);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/Utils.cs

@@ -34,6 +34,50 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
             return elemIndexSrc.Type == OperandType.Constant && elemIndexSrc.Value == elemIndex;
         }
 
+        private static bool IsSameOperand(Operand x, Operand y)
+        {
+            if (x.Type != y.Type || x.Value != y.Value)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // TODO: Handle Load operations with the same storage and the same constant parameters.
+            return x == y || x.Type == OperandType.Constant || x.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer;
+        }
+
+        private static bool AreAllSourcesEqual(INode node, INode otherNode)
+        {
+            if (node.SourcesCount != otherNode.SourcesCount)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < node.SourcesCount; index++)
+            {
+                if (!IsSameOperand(node.GetSource(index), otherNode.GetSource(index)))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public static bool AreAllSourcesTheSameOperand(INode node)
+        {
+            Operand firstSrc = node.GetSource(0);
+
+            for (int index = 1; index < node.SourcesCount; index++)
+            {
+                if (!IsSameOperand(firstSrc, node.GetSource(index)))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
         private static Operation FindBranchSource(BasicBlock block)
         {
             foreach (BasicBlock sourceBlock in block.Predecessors)
@@ -55,6 +99,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
             return inst == Instruction.BranchIfFalse || inst == Instruction.BranchIfTrue;
         }
 
+        private static bool IsSameCondition(Operand currentCondition, Operand queryCondition)
+        {
+            if (currentCondition == queryCondition)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return currentCondition.AsgOp is Operation currentOperation &&
+                queryCondition.AsgOp is Operation queryOperation &&
+                currentOperation.Inst == queryOperation.Inst &&
+                AreAllSourcesEqual(currentOperation, queryOperation);
+        }
+
         private static bool BlockConditionsMatch(BasicBlock currentBlock, BasicBlock queryBlock)
         {
             // Check if all the conditions for the query block are satisfied by the current block.
@@ -70,10 +127,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
 
             return currentBranch != null && queryBranch != null &&
                    currentBranch.Inst == queryBranch.Inst &&
-                   currentCondition == queryCondition;
+                   IsSameCondition(currentCondition, queryCondition);
         }
 
-        public static Operand FindLastOperation(Operand source, BasicBlock block)
+        public static Operand FindLastOperation(Operand source, BasicBlock block, bool recurse = true)
         {
             if (source.AsgOp is PhiNode phiNode)
             {
@@ -84,10 +141,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                 for (int i = phiNode.SourcesCount - 1; i >= 0; i--)
                 {
                     BasicBlock phiBlock = phiNode.GetBlock(i);
+                    Operand phiSource = phiNode.GetSource(i);
 
                     if (BlockConditionsMatch(block, phiBlock))
                     {
-                        return phiNode.GetSource(i);
+                        return phiSource;
+                    }
+                    else if (recurse && phiSource.AsgOp is PhiNode)
+                    {
+                        // Phi source is another phi.
+                        // Let's check if that phi has a block that matches our condition.
+
+                        Operand match = FindLastOperation(phiSource, block, false);
+
+                        if (match != phiSource)
+                        {
+                            return match;
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/ResourceManager.cs

@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         private readonly ShaderStage _stage;
         private readonly string _stagePrefix;
 
-        private readonly int[] _cbSlotToBindingMap;
-        private readonly int[] _sbSlotToBindingMap;
+        private readonly SetBindingPair[] _cbSlotToBindingMap;
+        private readonly SetBindingPair[] _sbSlotToBindingMap;
         private uint _sbSlotWritten;
 
         private readonly Dictionary<int, int> _sbSlots;
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         private struct TextureMeta
         {
+            public int Set;
             public int Binding;
             public bool AccurateType;
             public SamplerType Type;
@@ -64,10 +65,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             _stage = stage;
             _stagePrefix = GetShaderStagePrefix(stage);
 
-            _cbSlotToBindingMap = new int[18];
-            _sbSlotToBindingMap = new int[16];
-            _cbSlotToBindingMap.AsSpan().Fill(-1);
-            _sbSlotToBindingMap.AsSpan().Fill(-1);
+            _cbSlotToBindingMap = new SetBindingPair[18];
+            _sbSlotToBindingMap = new SetBindingPair[16];
+            _cbSlotToBindingMap.AsSpan().Fill(new(-1, -1));
+            _sbSlotToBindingMap.AsSpan().Fill(new(-1, -1));
 
             _sbSlots = new();
             _sbSlotsReverse = new();
@@ -146,16 +147,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         public int GetConstantBufferBinding(int slot)
         {
-            int binding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
-            if (binding < 0)
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
+            if (setAndBinding.Binding < 0)
             {
-                binding = _gpuAccessor.CreateConstantBufferBinding(slot);
-                _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = binding;
+                setAndBinding = _gpuAccessor.CreateConstantBufferBinding(slot);
+                _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = setAndBinding;
                 string slotNumber = slot.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                AddNewConstantBuffer(binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_c{slotNumber}");
+                AddNewConstantBuffer(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_c{slotNumber}");
             }
 
-            return binding;
+            return setAndBinding.Binding;
         }
 
         public bool TryGetStorageBufferBinding(int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset, bool write, out int binding)
@@ -166,14 +167,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 return false;
             }
 
-            binding = _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
 
-            if (binding < 0)
+            if (setAndBinding.Binding < 0)
             {
-                binding = _gpuAccessor.CreateStorageBufferBinding(slot);
-                _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = binding;
+                setAndBinding = _gpuAccessor.CreateStorageBufferBinding(slot);
+                _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = setAndBinding;
                 string slotNumber = slot.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
-                AddNewStorageBuffer(binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_s{slotNumber}");
+                AddNewStorageBuffer(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_s{slotNumber}");
             }
 
             if (write)
@@ -181,6 +182,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 _sbSlotWritten |= 1u << slot;
             }
 
+            binding = setAndBinding.Binding;
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -208,7 +210,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         {
             for (slot = 0; slot < _cbSlotToBindingMap.Length; slot++)
             {
-                if (_cbSlotToBindingMap[slot] == binding)
+                if (_cbSlotToBindingMap[slot].Binding == binding)
                 {
                     return true;
                 }
@@ -218,7 +220,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             return false;
         }
 
-        public int GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+        public SetBindingPair GetTextureOrImageBinding(
             Instruction inst,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
@@ -240,7 +242,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 format = TextureFormat.Unknown;
             }
 
-            int binding = GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = GetTextureOrImageBinding(
                 cbufSlot,
                 handle,
                 arrayLength,
@@ -255,10 +257,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
             _gpuAccessor.RegisterTexture(handle, cbufSlot);
 
-            return binding;
+            return setAndBinding;
         }
 
-        private int GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+        private SetBindingPair GetTextureOrImageBinding(
             int cbufSlot,
             int handle,
             int arrayLength,
@@ -311,21 +313,38 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 UsageFlags = usageFlags,
             };
 
+            int setIndex;
             int binding;
 
             if (dict.TryGetValue(info, out var existingMeta))
             {
                 dict[info] = MergeTextureMeta(meta, existingMeta);
+                setIndex = existingMeta.Set;
                 binding = existingMeta.Binding;
             }
             else
             {
-                bool isBuffer = (type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
+                if (arrayLength > 1 && (setIndex = _gpuAccessor.CreateExtraSet()) >= 0)
+                {
+                    // We reserved an "extra set" for the array.
+                    // In this case the binding is always the first one (0).
+                    // Using separate sets for array is better as we need to do less descriptor set updates.
 
-                binding = isImage
-                    ? _gpuAccessor.CreateImageBinding(arrayLength, isBuffer)
-                    : _gpuAccessor.CreateTextureBinding(arrayLength, isBuffer);
+                    binding = 0;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    bool isBuffer = (type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
 
+                    SetBindingPair setAndBinding = isImage
+                        ? _gpuAccessor.CreateImageBinding(arrayLength, isBuffer)
+                        : _gpuAccessor.CreateTextureBinding(arrayLength, isBuffer);
+
+                    setIndex = setAndBinding.SetIndex;
+                    binding = setAndBinding.Binding;
+                }
+
+                meta.Set = setIndex;
                 meta.Binding = binding;
 
                 dict.Add(info, meta);
@@ -355,7 +374,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             }
 
             var definition = new TextureDefinition(
-                isImage ? 3 : 2,
+                setIndex,
                 binding,
                 arrayLength,
                 separate,
@@ -373,11 +392,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(definition);
             }
 
-            return binding;
+            return new SetBindingPair(setIndex, binding);
         }
 
         private static TextureMeta MergeTextureMeta(TextureMeta meta, TextureMeta existingMeta)
         {
+            meta.Set = existingMeta.Set;
             meta.Binding = existingMeta.Binding;
             meta.UsageFlags |= existingMeta.UsageFlags;
 
@@ -440,11 +460,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
             for (int slot = 0; slot < _cbSlotToBindingMap.Length; slot++)
             {
-                int binding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
 
-                if (binding >= 0 && _usedConstantBufferBindings.Contains(binding))
+                if (setAndBinding.Binding >= 0 && _usedConstantBufferBindings.Contains(setAndBinding.Binding))
                 {
-                    descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new BufferDescriptor(binding, slot);
+                    descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new BufferDescriptor(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, slot);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -464,13 +484,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
             foreach ((int key, int slot) in _sbSlots)
             {
-                int binding = _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
+                SetBindingPair setAndBinding = _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
 
-                if (binding >= 0)
+                if (setAndBinding.Binding >= 0)
                 {
                     (int sbCbSlot, int sbCbOffset) = UnpackSbCbInfo(key);
                     BufferUsageFlags flags = (_sbSlotWritten & (1u << slot)) != 0 ? BufferUsageFlags.Write : BufferUsageFlags.None;
-                    descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new BufferDescriptor(binding, slot, sbCbSlot, sbCbOffset, flags);
+                    descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new BufferDescriptor(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, slot, sbCbSlot, sbCbOffset, flags);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -507,6 +527,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 }
 
                 descriptors.Add(new TextureDescriptor(
+                    meta.Set,
                     meta.Binding,
                     meta.Type,
                     info.Format,
@@ -527,6 +548,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     }
 
                     descriptors.Add(new TextureDescriptor(
+                        meta.Set,
                         meta.Binding,
                         meta.Type,
                         info.Format,
@@ -587,24 +609,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             return false;
         }
 
-        private void AddNewConstantBuffer(int binding, string name)
+        private void AddNewConstantBuffer(int setIndex, int binding, string name)
         {
             StructureType type = new(new[]
             {
                 new StructureField(AggregateType.Array | AggregateType.Vector4 | AggregateType.FP32, "data", Constants.ConstantBufferSize / 16),
             });
 
-            Properties.AddOrUpdateConstantBuffer(new(BufferLayout.Std140, 0, binding, name, type));
+            Properties.AddOrUpdateConstantBuffer(new(BufferLayout.Std140, setIndex, binding, name, type));
         }
 
-        private void AddNewStorageBuffer(int binding, string name)
+        private void AddNewStorageBuffer(int setIndex, int binding, string name)
         {
             StructureType type = new(new[]
             {
                 new StructureField(AggregateType.Array | AggregateType.U32, "data", 0),
             });
 
-            Properties.AddOrUpdateStorageBuffer(new(BufferLayout.Std430, 1, binding, name, type));
+            Properties.AddOrUpdateStorageBuffer(new(BufferLayout.Std430, setIndex, binding, name, type));
         }
 
         public static string GetShaderStagePrefix(ShaderStage stage)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/ResourceReservations.cs

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         public const int MaxVertexBufferTextures = 32;
 
+        private const int TextureSetIndex = 2; // TODO: Get from GPU accessor.
+
         public int VertexInfoConstantBufferBinding { get; }
         public int VertexOutputStorageBufferBinding { get; }
         public int GeometryVertexOutputStorageBufferBinding { get; }
@@ -163,6 +165,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             return _vertexBufferTextureBaseBinding + vaLocation;
         }
 
+        public SetBindingPair GetVertexBufferTextureSetAndBinding(int vaLocation)
+        {
+            return new SetBindingPair(TextureSetIndex, GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(vaLocation));
+        }
+
+        public SetBindingPair GetIndexBufferTextureSetAndBinding()
+        {
+            return new SetBindingPair(TextureSetIndex, IndexBufferTextureBinding);
+        }
+
+        public SetBindingPair GetTopologyRemapBufferTextureSetAndBinding()
+        {
+            return new SetBindingPair(TextureSetIndex, TopologyRemapBufferTextureBinding);
+        }
+
         internal bool TryGetOffset(StorageKind storageKind, int location, int component, out int offset)
         {
             return _offsets.TryGetValue(new IoDefinition(storageKind, IoVariable.UserDefined, location, component), out offset);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Transforms/TexturePass.cs

@@ -182,6 +182,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                     texOp.Type,
                     texOp.Format,
                     texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
                     texOp.Binding,
                     index,
                     new[] { coordSize },
@@ -251,6 +252,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                     texOp.Type,
                     texOp.Format,
                     texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
                     texOp.Binding,
                     index,
                     new[] { coordSize },
@@ -471,6 +473,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                         texOp.Type,
                         texOp.Format,
                         texOp.Flags & ~(TextureFlags.Offset | TextureFlags.Offsets),
+                        texOp.Set,
                         texOp.Binding,
                         1 << 3, // W component: i=0, j=0
                         new[] { dests[destIndex++] },
@@ -527,6 +530,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                     texOp.Type,
                     texOp.Format,
                     texOp.Flags & ~(TextureFlags.Offset | TextureFlags.Offsets),
+                    texOp.Set,
                     texOp.Binding,
                     componentIndex,
                     dests,
@@ -573,6 +577,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                     texOp.Type,
                     texOp.Format,
                     texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
                     texOp.Binding,
                     index,
                     new[] { texSizes[index] },
@@ -603,6 +608,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                     texOp.Type,
                     texOp.Format,
                     texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
                     texOp.Binding,
                     0,
                     new[] { lod },
@@ -633,6 +639,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                     texOp.Type,
                     texOp.Format,
                     texOp.Flags,
+                    texOp.Set,
                     texOp.Binding,
                     index,
                     new[] { texSizes[index] },

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Transforms/VertexToCompute.cs

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                         {
                             bool needsSextNorm = context.Definitions.IsAttributePackedRgb10A2Signed(location);
 
+                            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = context.ResourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureSetAndBinding(location);
                             Operand temp = needsSextNorm ? Local() : dest;
                             Operand vertexElemOffset = GenerateVertexOffset(context.ResourceManager, node, location, 0);
 
@@ -62,7 +63,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                                 SamplerType.TextureBuffer,
                                 TextureFormat.Unknown,
                                 TextureFlags.IntCoords,
-                                context.ResourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(location),
+                                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                                setAndBinding.Binding,
                                 1 << component,
                                 new[] { temp },
                                 new[] { vertexElemOffset }));
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                         }
                         else
                         {
+                            SetBindingPair setAndBinding = context.ResourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureSetAndBinding(location);
                             Operand temp = component > 0 ? Local() : dest;
                             Operand vertexElemOffset = GenerateVertexOffset(context.ResourceManager, node, location, component);
 
@@ -83,7 +86,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                                 SamplerType.TextureBuffer,
                                 TextureFormat.Unknown,
                                 TextureFlags.IntCoords,
-                                context.ResourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(location),
+                                setAndBinding.SetIndex,
+                                setAndBinding.Binding,
                                 1,
                                 new[] { temp },
                                 new[] { vertexElemOffset }));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/TranslatorContext.cs

@@ -363,6 +363,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 GpuAccessor.QueryHostSupportsGeometryShaderPassthrough(),
                 GpuAccessor.QueryHostSupportsShaderBallot(),
                 GpuAccessor.QueryHostSupportsShaderBarrierDivergence(),
+                GpuAccessor.QueryHostSupportsShaderFloat64(),
                 GpuAccessor.QueryHostSupportsTextureShadowLod(),
                 GpuAccessor.QueryHostSupportsViewportMask());
 
@@ -412,8 +413,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
                 if (Stage == ShaderStage.Vertex)
                 {
-                    int ibBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.IndexBufferTextureBinding;
-                    TextureDefinition indexBuffer = new(2, ibBinding, "ib_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
+                    SetBindingPair ibSetAndBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.GetIndexBufferTextureSetAndBinding();
+                    TextureDefinition indexBuffer = new(ibSetAndBinding.SetIndex, ibSetAndBinding.Binding, "ib_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
                     resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(indexBuffer);
 
                     int inputMap = _program.AttributeUsage.UsedInputAttributes;
@@ -421,8 +422,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     while (inputMap != 0)
                     {
                         int location = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(inputMap);
-                        int binding = resourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(location);
-                        TextureDefinition vaBuffer = new(2, binding, $"vb_data{location}", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
+                        SetBindingPair setAndBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureSetAndBinding(location);
+                        TextureDefinition vaBuffer = new(setAndBinding.SetIndex, setAndBinding.Binding, $"vb_data{location}", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
                         resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(vaBuffer);
 
                         inputMap &= ~(1 << location);
@@ -430,8 +431,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 }
                 else if (Stage == ShaderStage.Geometry)
                 {
-                    int trbBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.TopologyRemapBufferTextureBinding;
-                    TextureDefinition remapBuffer = new(2, trbBinding, "trb_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
+                    SetBindingPair trbSetAndBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.GetTopologyRemapBufferTextureSetAndBinding();
+                    TextureDefinition remapBuffer = new(trbSetAndBinding.SetIndex, trbSetAndBinding.Binding, "trb_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer);
                     resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(remapBuffer);
 
                     int geometryVbOutputSbBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.GeometryVertexOutputStorageBufferBinding;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/DescriptorSetUpdater.cs

@@ -69,17 +69,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
         }
 
-        private record struct ArrayRef<T>
-        {
-            public ShaderStage Stage;
-            public T Array;
-
-            public ArrayRef(ShaderStage stage, T array)
-            {
-                Stage = stage;
-                Array = array;
-            }
-        }
+        private readonly record struct ArrayRef<T>(ShaderStage Stage, T Array);
 
         private readonly VulkanRenderer _gd;
         private readonly Device _device;
@@ -97,6 +87,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private ArrayRef<TextureArray>[] _textureArrayRefs;
         private ArrayRef<ImageArray>[] _imageArrayRefs;
 
+        private ArrayRef<TextureArray>[] _textureArrayExtraRefs;
+        private ArrayRef<ImageArray>[] _imageArrayExtraRefs;
+
         private readonly DescriptorBufferInfo[] _uniformBuffers;
         private readonly DescriptorBufferInfo[] _storageBuffers;
         private readonly DescriptorImageInfo[] _textures;
@@ -152,6 +145,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _textureArrayRefs = Array.Empty<ArrayRef<TextureArray>>();
             _imageArrayRefs = Array.Empty<ArrayRef<ImageArray>>();
 
+            _textureArrayExtraRefs = Array.Empty<ArrayRef<TextureArray>>();
+            _imageArrayExtraRefs = Array.Empty<ArrayRef<ImageArray>>();
+
             _uniformBuffers = new DescriptorBufferInfo[Constants.MaxUniformBufferBindings];
             _storageBuffers = new DescriptorBufferInfo[Constants.MaxStorageBufferBindings];
             _textures = new DescriptorImageInfo[Constants.MaxTexturesPerStage];
@@ -295,8 +291,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        PipelineStageFlags stageFlags = _textureArrayRefs[segment.Binding].Stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags();
-                        _textureArrayRefs[segment.Binding].Array?.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stageFlags);
+                        ref var arrayRef = ref _textureArrayRefs[segment.Binding];
+                        PipelineStageFlags stageFlags = arrayRef.Stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags();
+                        arrayRef.Array?.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stageFlags);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -315,8 +312,40 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        PipelineStageFlags stageFlags = _imageArrayRefs[segment.Binding].Stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags();
-                        _imageArrayRefs[segment.Binding].Array?.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stageFlags);
+                        ref var arrayRef = ref _imageArrayRefs[segment.Binding];
+                        PipelineStageFlags stageFlags = arrayRef.Stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags();
+                        arrayRef.Array?.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stageFlags);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (int setIndex = PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts; setIndex < _program.BindingSegments.Length; setIndex++)
+            {
+                var bindingSegments = _program.BindingSegments[setIndex];
+
+                if (bindingSegments.Length == 0)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                ResourceBindingSegment segment = bindingSegments[0];
+
+                if (segment.IsArray)
+                {
+                    if (segment.Type == ResourceType.Texture ||
+                        segment.Type == ResourceType.Sampler ||
+                        segment.Type == ResourceType.TextureAndSampler ||
+                        segment.Type == ResourceType.BufferTexture)
+                    {
+                        ref var arrayRef = ref _textureArrayExtraRefs[setIndex - PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts];
+                        PipelineStageFlags stageFlags = arrayRef.Stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags();
+                        arrayRef.Array?.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stageFlags);
+                    }
+                    else if (segment.Type == ResourceType.Image || segment.Type == ResourceType.BufferImage)
+                    {
+                        ref var arrayRef = ref _imageArrayExtraRefs[setIndex - PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts];
+                        PipelineStageFlags stageFlags = arrayRef.Stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags();
+                        arrayRef.Array?.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stageFlags);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -495,25 +524,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         public void SetTextureArray(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITextureArray array)
         {
-            if (_textureArrayRefs.Length <= binding)
-            {
-                Array.Resize(ref _textureArrayRefs, binding + ArrayGrowthSize);
-            }
+            ref ArrayRef<TextureArray> arrayRef = ref GetArrayRef(ref _textureArrayRefs, binding, ArrayGrowthSize);
 
-            if (_textureArrayRefs[binding].Stage != stage || _textureArrayRefs[binding].Array != array)
+            if (arrayRef.Stage != stage || arrayRef.Array != array)
             {
-                if (_textureArrayRefs[binding].Array != null)
-                {
-                    _textureArrayRefs[binding].Array.Bound = false;
-                }
+                arrayRef.Array?.DecrementBindCount();
 
                 if (array is TextureArray textureArray)
                 {
-                    textureArray.Bound = true;
+                    textureArray.IncrementBindCount();
                     textureArray.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
                 }
 
-                _textureArrayRefs[binding] = new ArrayRef<TextureArray>(stage, array as TextureArray);
+                arrayRef = new ArrayRef<TextureArray>(stage, array as TextureArray);
+
+                SignalDirty(DirtyFlags.Texture);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            ref ArrayRef<TextureArray> arrayRef = ref GetArrayRef(ref _textureArrayExtraRefs, setIndex - PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts);
+
+            if (arrayRef.Stage != stage || arrayRef.Array != array)
+            {
+                arrayRef.Array?.DecrementBindCount();
+
+                if (array is TextureArray textureArray)
+                {
+                    textureArray.IncrementBindCount();
+                    textureArray.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
+                }
+
+                arrayRef = new ArrayRef<TextureArray>(stage, array as TextureArray);
 
                 SignalDirty(DirtyFlags.Texture);
             }
@@ -521,30 +564,56 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         public void SetImageArray(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array)
         {
-            if (_imageArrayRefs.Length <= binding)
-            {
-                Array.Resize(ref _imageArrayRefs, binding + ArrayGrowthSize);
-            }
+            ref ArrayRef<ImageArray> arrayRef = ref GetArrayRef(ref _imageArrayRefs, binding, ArrayGrowthSize);
 
-            if (_imageArrayRefs[binding].Stage != stage || _imageArrayRefs[binding].Array != array)
+            if (arrayRef.Stage != stage || arrayRef.Array != array)
             {
-                if (_imageArrayRefs[binding].Array != null)
-                {
-                    _imageArrayRefs[binding].Array.Bound = false;
-                }
+                arrayRef.Array?.DecrementBindCount();
 
                 if (array is ImageArray imageArray)
                 {
-                    imageArray.Bound = true;
+                    imageArray.IncrementBindCount();
                     imageArray.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
                 }
 
-                _imageArrayRefs[binding] = new ArrayRef<ImageArray>(stage, array as ImageArray);
+                arrayRef = new ArrayRef<ImageArray>(stage, array as ImageArray);
 
                 SignalDirty(DirtyFlags.Image);
             }
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            ref ArrayRef<ImageArray> arrayRef = ref GetArrayRef(ref _imageArrayExtraRefs, setIndex - PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts);
+
+            if (arrayRef.Stage != stage || arrayRef.Array != array)
+            {
+                arrayRef.Array?.DecrementBindCount();
+
+                if (array is ImageArray imageArray)
+                {
+                    imageArray.IncrementBindCount();
+                    imageArray.QueueWriteToReadBarriers(cbs, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags());
+                }
+
+                arrayRef = new ArrayRef<ImageArray>(stage, array as ImageArray);
+
+                SignalDirty(DirtyFlags.Image);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static ref ArrayRef<T> GetArrayRef<T>(ref ArrayRef<T>[] array, int index, int growthSize = 1)
+        {
+            ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfNegative(index);
+
+            if (array.Length <= index)
+            {
+                Array.Resize(ref array, index + growthSize);
+            }
+
+            return ref array[index];
+        }
+
         public void SetUniformBuffers(CommandBuffer commandBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<BufferAssignment> buffers)
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < buffers.Length; i++)
@@ -594,31 +663,40 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 return;
             }
 
+            var program = _program;
+
             if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Uniform))
             {
-                if (_program.UsePushDescriptors)
+                if (program.UsePushDescriptors)
                 {
-                    UpdateAndBindUniformBufferPd(cbs, pbp);
+                    UpdateAndBindUniformBufferPd(cbs);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    UpdateAndBind(cbs, PipelineBase.UniformSetIndex, pbp);
+                    UpdateAndBind(cbs, program, PipelineBase.UniformSetIndex, pbp);
                 }
             }
 
             if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Storage))
             {
-                UpdateAndBind(cbs, PipelineBase.StorageSetIndex, pbp);
+                UpdateAndBind(cbs, program, PipelineBase.StorageSetIndex, pbp);
             }
 
             if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Texture))
             {
-                UpdateAndBind(cbs, PipelineBase.TextureSetIndex, pbp);
+                UpdateAndBind(cbs, program, PipelineBase.TextureSetIndex, pbp);
             }
 
             if (_dirty.HasFlag(DirtyFlags.Image))
             {
-                UpdateAndBind(cbs, PipelineBase.ImageSetIndex, pbp);
+                UpdateAndBind(cbs, program, PipelineBase.ImageSetIndex, pbp);
+            }
+
+            if (program.BindingSegments.Length > PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts)
+            {
+                // Program is using extra sets, we need to bind those too.
+
+                BindExtraSets(cbs, program, pbp);
             }
 
             _dirty = DirtyFlags.None;
@@ -658,9 +736,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         }
 
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        private void UpdateAndBind(CommandBufferScoped cbs, int setIndex, PipelineBindPoint pbp)
+        private void UpdateAndBind(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderCollection program, int setIndex, PipelineBindPoint pbp)
         {
-            var program = _program;
             var bindingSegments = program.BindingSegments[setIndex];
 
             if (bindingSegments.Length == 0)
@@ -869,7 +946,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         }
 
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        private void UpdateAndBindUniformBufferPd(CommandBufferScoped cbs, PipelineBindPoint pbp)
+        private void UpdateAndBindUniformBufferPd(CommandBufferScoped cbs)
         {
             int sequence = _pdSequence;
             var bindingSegments = _program.BindingSegments[PipelineBase.UniformSetIndex];
@@ -933,6 +1010,56 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
         }
 
+        private void BindExtraSets(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderCollection program, PipelineBindPoint pbp)
+        {
+            for (int setIndex = PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts; setIndex < program.BindingSegments.Length; setIndex++)
+            {
+                var bindingSegments = program.BindingSegments[setIndex];
+
+                if (bindingSegments.Length == 0)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                ResourceBindingSegment segment = bindingSegments[0];
+
+                if (segment.IsArray)
+                {
+                    DescriptorSet[] sets = null;
+
+                    if (segment.Type == ResourceType.Texture ||
+                        segment.Type == ResourceType.Sampler ||
+                        segment.Type == ResourceType.TextureAndSampler ||
+                        segment.Type == ResourceType.BufferTexture)
+                    {
+                        sets = _textureArrayExtraRefs[setIndex - PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts].Array.GetDescriptorSets(
+                            _device,
+                            cbs,
+                            _templateUpdater,
+                            program,
+                            setIndex,
+                            _dummyTexture,
+                            _dummySampler);
+                    }
+                    else if (segment.Type == ResourceType.Image || segment.Type == ResourceType.BufferImage)
+                    {
+                        sets = _imageArrayExtraRefs[setIndex - PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts].Array.GetDescriptorSets(
+                            _device,
+                            cbs,
+                            _templateUpdater,
+                            program,
+                            setIndex,
+                            _dummyTexture);
+                    }
+
+                    if (sets != null)
+                    {
+                        _gd.Api.CmdBindDescriptorSets(cbs.CommandBuffer, pbp, _program.PipelineLayout, (uint)setIndex, 1, sets, 0, ReadOnlySpan<uint>.Empty);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         public void SignalCommandBufferChange()
         {
             _updateDescriptorCacheCbIndex = true;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/FramebufferParams.cs

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         public VkFormat[] AttachmentFormats { get; }
         public int[] AttachmentIndices { get; }
         public uint AttachmentIntegerFormatMask { get; }
+        public bool LogicOpsAllowed { get; }
 
         public int AttachmentsCount { get; }
         public int MaxColorAttachmentIndex => AttachmentIndices.Length > 0 ? AttachmentIndices[^1] : -1;
@@ -32,7 +33,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         public FramebufferParams(Device device, TextureView view, uint width, uint height)
         {
-            bool isDepthStencil = view.Info.Format.IsDepthOrStencil();
+            var format = view.Info.Format;
+
+            bool isDepthStencil = format.IsDepthOrStencil();
 
             _device = device;
             _attachments = new[] { view.GetImageViewForAttachment() };
@@ -56,6 +59,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             AttachmentSamples = new[] { (uint)view.Info.Samples };
             AttachmentFormats = new[] { view.VkFormat };
             AttachmentIndices = isDepthStencil ? Array.Empty<int>() : new[] { 0 };
+            AttachmentIntegerFormatMask = format.IsInteger() ? 1u : 0u;
+            LogicOpsAllowed = !format.IsFloatOrSrgb();
 
             AttachmentsCount = 1;
 
@@ -85,6 +90,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             int index = 0;
             int bindIndex = 0;
             uint attachmentIntegerFormatMask = 0;
+            bool allFormatsFloatOrSrgb = colorsCount != 0;
 
             foreach (ITexture color in colors)
             {
@@ -101,11 +107,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     AttachmentFormats[index] = texture.VkFormat;
                     AttachmentIndices[index] = bindIndex;
 
-                    if (texture.Info.Format.IsInteger())
+                    var format = texture.Info.Format;
+
+                    if (format.IsInteger())
                     {
                         attachmentIntegerFormatMask |= 1u << bindIndex;
                     }
 
+                    allFormatsFloatOrSrgb &= format.IsFloatOrSrgb();
+
                     width = Math.Min(width, (uint)texture.Width);
                     height = Math.Min(height, (uint)texture.Height);
                     layers = Math.Min(layers, (uint)texture.Layers);
@@ -120,6 +130,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
 
             AttachmentIntegerFormatMask = attachmentIntegerFormatMask;
+            LogicOpsAllowed = !allFormatsFloatOrSrgb;
 
             if (depthStencil is TextureView dsTexture && dsTexture.Valid)
             {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/ImageArray.cs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 {
-    class ImageArray : IImageArray
+    class ImageArray : ResourceArray, IImageArray
     {
         private readonly VulkanRenderer _gd;
 
@@ -29,8 +29,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         private readonly bool _isBuffer;
 
-        public bool Bound;
-
         public ImageArray(VulkanRenderer gd, int size, bool isBuffer)
         {
             _gd = gd;
@@ -97,8 +95,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         {
             _cachedCommandBufferIndex = -1;
             _storages = null;
-
-            _gd.PipelineInternal.ForceImageDirty();
+            SetDirty(_gd);
         }
 
         public void QueueWriteToReadBarriers(CommandBufferScoped cbs, PipelineStageFlags stageFlags)
@@ -175,5 +172,47 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
             return bufferTextures;
         }
+
+        public DescriptorSet[] GetDescriptorSets(
+            Device device,
+            CommandBufferScoped cbs,
+            DescriptorSetTemplateUpdater templateUpdater,
+            ShaderCollection program,
+            int setIndex,
+            TextureView dummyTexture)
+        {
+            if (TryGetCachedDescriptorSets(cbs, program, setIndex, out DescriptorSet[] sets))
+            {
+                // We still need to ensure the current command buffer holds a reference to all used textures.
+
+                if (!_isBuffer)
+                {
+                    GetImageInfos(_gd, cbs, dummyTexture);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    GetBufferViews(cbs);
+                }
+
+                return sets;
+            }
+
+            DescriptorSetTemplate template = program.Templates[setIndex];
+
+            DescriptorSetTemplateWriter tu = templateUpdater.Begin(template);
+
+            if (!_isBuffer)
+            {
+                tu.Push(GetImageInfos(_gd, cbs, dummyTexture));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                tu.Push(GetBufferViews(cbs));
+            }
+
+            templateUpdater.Commit(_gd, device, sets[0]);
+
+            return sets;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/MultiFenceHolder.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
 
@@ -165,14 +166,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         /// <returns>True if all fences were signaled before the timeout expired, false otherwise</returns>
         private bool WaitForFencesImpl(Vk api, Device device, int offset, int size, bool hasTimeout, ulong timeout)
         {
-            Span<FenceHolder> fenceHolders = new FenceHolder[CommandBufferPool.MaxCommandBuffers];
+            using SpanOwner<FenceHolder> fenceHoldersOwner = SpanOwner<FenceHolder>.Rent(CommandBufferPool.MaxCommandBuffers);
+            Span<FenceHolder> fenceHolders = fenceHoldersOwner.Span;
 
             int count = size != 0 ? GetOverlappingFences(fenceHolders, offset, size) : GetFences(fenceHolders);
             Span<Fence> fences = stackalloc Fence[count];
 
             int fenceCount = 0;
 
-            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            for (int i = 0; i < fences.Length; i++)
             {
                 if (fenceHolders[i].TryGet(out Fence fence))
                 {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineBase.cs

@@ -751,14 +751,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _vertexBufferUpdater.Commit(Cbs);
         }
 
-#pragma warning disable CA1822 // Mark member as static
         public void SetAlphaTest(bool enable, float reference, CompareOp op)
         {
             // This is currently handled using shader specialization, as Vulkan does not support alpha test.
             // In the future, we may want to use this to write the reference value into the support buffer,
             // to avoid creating one version of the shader per reference value used.
         }
-#pragma warning restore CA1822
 
         public void SetBlendState(AdvancedBlendDescriptor blend)
         {
@@ -903,6 +901,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _descriptorSetUpdater.SetImageArray(Cbs, stage, binding, array);
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            _descriptorSetUpdater.SetImageArraySeparate(Cbs, stage, setIndex, array);
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             if (buffer.Handle != BufferHandle.Null)
@@ -945,7 +948,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             // TODO: Default levels (likely needs emulation on shaders?)
         }
 
-#pragma warning disable CA1822 // Mark member as static
         public void SetPointParameters(float size, bool isProgramPointSize, bool enablePointSprite, Origin origin)
         {
             // TODO.
@@ -955,7 +957,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         {
             // TODO.
         }
-#pragma warning restore CA1822
 
         public void SetPrimitiveRestart(bool enable, int index)
         {
@@ -1156,6 +1157,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _descriptorSetUpdater.SetTextureArray(Cbs, stage, binding, array);
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            _descriptorSetUpdater.SetTextureArraySeparate(Cbs, stage, setIndex, array);
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             PauseTransformFeedbackInternal();
@@ -1186,12 +1192,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _descriptorSetUpdater.SetUniformBuffers(CommandBuffer, buffers);
         }
 
-#pragma warning disable CA1822 // Mark member as static
         public void SetUserClipDistance(int index, bool enableClip)
         {
             // TODO.
         }
-#pragma warning restore CA1822
 
         public void SetVertexAttribs(ReadOnlySpan<VertexAttribDescriptor> vertexAttribs)
         {
@@ -1498,6 +1502,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             var dstAttachmentFormats = _newState.Internal.AttachmentFormats.AsSpan();
             FramebufferParams.AttachmentFormats.CopyTo(dstAttachmentFormats);
             _newState.Internal.AttachmentIntegerFormatMask = FramebufferParams.AttachmentIntegerFormatMask;
+            _newState.Internal.LogicOpsAllowed = FramebufferParams.LogicOpsAllowed;
 
             for (int i = FramebufferParams.AttachmentFormats.Length; i < dstAttachmentFormats.Length; i++)
             {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineConverter.cs

@@ -180,9 +180,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             pipeline.LogicOpEnable = state.LogicOpEnable;
             pipeline.LogicOp = state.LogicOp.Convert();
 
-            pipeline.MinDepthBounds = 0f; // Not implemented.
-            pipeline.MaxDepthBounds = 0f; // Not implemented.
-
             pipeline.PatchControlPoints = state.PatchControlPoints;
             pipeline.PolygonMode = PolygonMode.Fill; // Not implemented.
             pipeline.PrimitiveRestartEnable = state.PrimitiveRestartEnable;
@@ -208,17 +205,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             pipeline.StencilFrontPassOp = state.StencilTest.FrontDpPass.Convert();
             pipeline.StencilFrontDepthFailOp = state.StencilTest.FrontDpFail.Convert();
             pipeline.StencilFrontCompareOp = state.StencilTest.FrontFunc.Convert();
-            pipeline.StencilFrontCompareMask = 0;
-            pipeline.StencilFrontWriteMask = 0;
-            pipeline.StencilFrontReference = 0;
 
             pipeline.StencilBackFailOp = state.StencilTest.BackSFail.Convert();
             pipeline.StencilBackPassOp = state.StencilTest.BackDpPass.Convert();
             pipeline.StencilBackDepthFailOp = state.StencilTest.BackDpFail.Convert();
             pipeline.StencilBackCompareOp = state.StencilTest.BackFunc.Convert();
-            pipeline.StencilBackCompareMask = 0;
-            pipeline.StencilBackWriteMask = 0;
-            pipeline.StencilBackReference = 0;
 
             pipeline.StencilTestEnable = state.StencilTest.TestEnable;
 
@@ -302,6 +293,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             int attachmentCount = 0;
             int maxColorAttachmentIndex = -1;
             uint attachmentIntegerFormatMask = 0;
+            bool allFormatsFloatOrSrgb = true;
 
             for (int i = 0; i < Constants.MaxRenderTargets; i++)
             {
@@ -314,6 +306,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     {
                         attachmentIntegerFormatMask |= 1u << i;
                     }
+
+                    allFormatsFloatOrSrgb &= state.AttachmentFormats[i].IsFloatOrSrgb();
                 }
             }
 
@@ -325,6 +319,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             pipeline.ColorBlendAttachmentStateCount = (uint)(maxColorAttachmentIndex + 1);
             pipeline.VertexAttributeDescriptionsCount = (uint)Math.Min(Constants.MaxVertexAttributes, state.VertexAttribCount);
             pipeline.Internal.AttachmentIntegerFormatMask = attachmentIntegerFormatMask;
+            pipeline.Internal.LogicOpsAllowed = attachmentCount == 0 || !allFormatsFloatOrSrgb;
 
             return pipeline;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineLayoutCacheEntry.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 {
@@ -14,6 +16,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private readonly Device _device;
 
         public DescriptorSetLayout[] DescriptorSetLayouts { get; }
+        public bool[] DescriptorSetLayoutsUpdateAfterBind { get; }
         public PipelineLayout PipelineLayout { get; }
 
         private readonly int[] _consumedDescriptorsPerSet;
@@ -27,6 +30,41 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private int _dsLastCbIndex;
         private int _dsLastSubmissionCount;
 
+        private struct ManualDescriptorSetEntry
+        {
+            public Auto<DescriptorSetCollection> DescriptorSet;
+            public uint CbRefMask;
+            public bool InUse;
+
+            public ManualDescriptorSetEntry(Auto<DescriptorSetCollection> descriptorSet, int cbIndex)
+            {
+                DescriptorSet = descriptorSet;
+                CbRefMask = 1u << cbIndex;
+                InUse = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly struct PendingManualDsConsumption
+        {
+            public FenceHolder Fence { get; }
+            public int CommandBufferIndex { get; }
+            public int SetIndex { get; }
+            public int CacheIndex { get; }
+
+            public PendingManualDsConsumption(FenceHolder fence, int commandBufferIndex, int setIndex, int cacheIndex)
+            {
+                Fence = fence;
+                CommandBufferIndex = commandBufferIndex;
+                SetIndex = setIndex;
+                CacheIndex = cacheIndex;
+                fence.Get();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly List<ManualDescriptorSetEntry>[] _manualDsCache;
+        private readonly Queue<PendingManualDsConsumption> _pendingManualDsConsumptions;
+        private readonly Queue<int>[] _freeManualDsCacheEntries;
+
         private readonly Dictionary<long, DescriptorSetTemplate> _pdTemplates;
         private readonly ResourceDescriptorCollection _pdDescriptors;
         private long _lastPdUsage;
@@ -50,6 +88,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             }
 
             _dsCacheCursor = new int[setsCount];
+            _manualDsCache = new List<ManualDescriptorSetEntry>[setsCount];
+            _pendingManualDsConsumptions = new Queue<PendingManualDsConsumption>();
+            _freeManualDsCacheEntries = new Queue<int>[setsCount];
         }
 
         public PipelineLayoutCacheEntry(
@@ -58,7 +99,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             ReadOnlyCollection<ResourceDescriptorCollection> setDescriptors,
             bool usePushDescriptors) : this(gd, device, setDescriptors.Count)
         {
-            (DescriptorSetLayouts, PipelineLayout) = PipelineLayoutFactory.Create(gd, device, setDescriptors, usePushDescriptors);
+            ResourceLayouts layouts = PipelineLayoutFactory.Create(gd, device, setDescriptors, usePushDescriptors);
+
+            DescriptorSetLayouts = layouts.DescriptorSetLayouts;
+            DescriptorSetLayoutsUpdateAfterBind = layouts.DescriptorSetLayoutsUpdateAfterBind;
+            PipelineLayout = layouts.PipelineLayout;
 
             _consumedDescriptorsPerSet = new int[setDescriptors.Count];
             _poolSizes = new DescriptorPoolSize[setDescriptors.Count][];
@@ -113,7 +158,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     _poolSizes[setIndex],
                     setIndex,
                     _consumedDescriptorsPerSet[setIndex],
-                    false);
+                    DescriptorSetLayoutsUpdateAfterBind[setIndex]);
 
                 list.Add(dsc);
                 isNew = true;
@@ -124,6 +169,101 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             return list[index];
         }
 
+        public Auto<DescriptorSetCollection> GetNewManualDescriptorSetCollection(CommandBufferScoped cbs, int setIndex, out int cacheIndex)
+        {
+            FreeCompletedManualDescriptorSets();
+
+            var list = _manualDsCache[setIndex] ??= new();
+            var span = CollectionsMarshal.AsSpan(list);
+
+            Queue<int> freeQueue = _freeManualDsCacheEntries[setIndex];
+
+            // Do we have at least one freed descriptor set? If so, just use that.
+            if (freeQueue != null && freeQueue.TryDequeue(out int freeIndex))
+            {
+                ref ManualDescriptorSetEntry entry = ref span[freeIndex];
+
+                Debug.Assert(!entry.InUse && entry.CbRefMask == 0);
+
+                entry.InUse = true;
+                entry.CbRefMask = 1u << cbs.CommandBufferIndex;
+                cacheIndex = freeIndex;
+
+                _pendingManualDsConsumptions.Enqueue(new PendingManualDsConsumption(cbs.GetFence(), cbs.CommandBufferIndex, setIndex, freeIndex));
+
+                return entry.DescriptorSet;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise create a new descriptor set, and add to our pending queue for command buffer consumption tracking.
+            var dsc = _descriptorSetManager.AllocateDescriptorSet(
+                _gd.Api,
+                DescriptorSetLayouts[setIndex],
+                _poolSizes[setIndex],
+                setIndex,
+                _consumedDescriptorsPerSet[setIndex],
+                DescriptorSetLayoutsUpdateAfterBind[setIndex]);
+
+            cacheIndex = list.Count;
+            list.Add(new ManualDescriptorSetEntry(dsc, cbs.CommandBufferIndex));
+            _pendingManualDsConsumptions.Enqueue(new PendingManualDsConsumption(cbs.GetFence(), cbs.CommandBufferIndex, setIndex, cacheIndex));
+
+            return dsc;
+        }
+
+        public void UpdateManualDescriptorSetCollectionOwnership(CommandBufferScoped cbs, int setIndex, int cacheIndex)
+        {
+            FreeCompletedManualDescriptorSets();
+
+            var list = _manualDsCache[setIndex];
+            var span = CollectionsMarshal.AsSpan(list);
+            ref var entry = ref span[cacheIndex];
+
+            uint cbMask = 1u << cbs.CommandBufferIndex;
+
+            if ((entry.CbRefMask & cbMask) == 0)
+            {
+                entry.CbRefMask |= cbMask;
+
+                _pendingManualDsConsumptions.Enqueue(new PendingManualDsConsumption(cbs.GetFence(), cbs.CommandBufferIndex, setIndex, cacheIndex));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void FreeCompletedManualDescriptorSets()
+        {
+            FenceHolder signalledFence = null;
+            while (_pendingManualDsConsumptions.TryPeek(out var pds) && (pds.Fence == signalledFence || pds.Fence.IsSignaled()))
+            {
+                signalledFence = pds.Fence; // Already checked - don't need to do it again.
+                var dequeued = _pendingManualDsConsumptions.Dequeue();
+                Debug.Assert(dequeued.Fence == pds.Fence);
+                pds.Fence.Put();
+
+                var span = CollectionsMarshal.AsSpan(_manualDsCache[dequeued.SetIndex]);
+                ref var entry = ref span[dequeued.CacheIndex];
+                entry.CbRefMask &= ~(1u << dequeued.CommandBufferIndex);
+
+                if (!entry.InUse && entry.CbRefMask == 0)
+                {
+                    // If not in use by any array, and not bound to any command buffer, the descriptor set can be re-used immediately.
+                    (_freeManualDsCacheEntries[dequeued.SetIndex] ??= new()).Enqueue(dequeued.CacheIndex);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void ReleaseManualDescriptorSetCollection(int setIndex, int cacheIndex)
+        {
+            var list = _manualDsCache[setIndex];
+            var span = CollectionsMarshal.AsSpan(list);
+
+            span[cacheIndex].InUse = false;
+
+            if (span[cacheIndex].CbRefMask == 0)
+            {
+                // This is no longer in use by any array, so if not bound to any command buffer, the descriptor set can be re-used immediately.
+                (_freeManualDsCacheEntries[setIndex] ??= new()).Enqueue(cacheIndex);
+            }
+        }
+
         private static Span<DescriptorPoolSize> GetDescriptorPoolSizes(Span<DescriptorPoolSize> output, ResourceDescriptorCollection setDescriptor, uint multiplier)
         {
             int count = 0;
@@ -204,6 +344,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     }
                 }
 
+                for (int i = 0; i < _manualDsCache.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    if (_manualDsCache[i] == null)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    for (int j = 0; j < _manualDsCache[i].Count; j++)
+                    {
+                        _manualDsCache[i][j].DescriptorSet.Dispose();
+                    }
+
+                    _manualDsCache[i].Clear();
+                }
+
                 _gd.Api.DestroyPipelineLayout(_device, PipelineLayout, null);
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < DescriptorSetLayouts.Length; i++)
@@ -211,6 +366,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     _gd.Api.DestroyDescriptorSetLayout(_device, DescriptorSetLayouts[i], null);
                 }
 
+                while (_pendingManualDsConsumptions.TryDequeue(out var pds))
+                {
+                    pds.Fence.Put();
+                }
+
                 _descriptorSetManager.Dispose();
             }
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineLayoutFactory.cs

@@ -1,18 +1,23 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
+using System;
 using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 {
+    record struct ResourceLayouts(DescriptorSetLayout[] DescriptorSetLayouts, bool[] DescriptorSetLayoutsUpdateAfterBind, PipelineLayout PipelineLayout);
+
     static class PipelineLayoutFactory
     {
-        public static unsafe (DescriptorSetLayout[], PipelineLayout) Create(
+        public static unsafe ResourceLayouts Create(
             VulkanRenderer gd,
             Device device,
             ReadOnlyCollection<ResourceDescriptorCollection> setDescriptors,
             bool usePushDescriptors)
         {
             DescriptorSetLayout[] layouts = new DescriptorSetLayout[setDescriptors.Count];
+            bool[] updateAfterBindFlags = new bool[setDescriptors.Count];
 
             bool isMoltenVk = gd.IsMoltenVk;
 
@@ -32,10 +37,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
                 DescriptorSetLayoutBinding[] layoutBindings = new DescriptorSetLayoutBinding[rdc.Descriptors.Count];
 
+                bool hasArray = false;
+
                 for (int descIndex = 0; descIndex < rdc.Descriptors.Count; descIndex++)
                 {
                     ResourceDescriptor descriptor = rdc.Descriptors[descIndex];
-
                     ResourceStages stages = descriptor.Stages;
 
                     if (descriptor.Type == ResourceType.StorageBuffer && isMoltenVk)
@@ -52,16 +58,37 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                         DescriptorCount = (uint)descriptor.Count,
                         StageFlags = stages.Convert(),
                     };
+
+                    if (descriptor.Count > 1)
+                    {
+                        hasArray = true;
+                    }
                 }
 
                 fixed (DescriptorSetLayoutBinding* pLayoutBindings = layoutBindings)
                 {
+                    DescriptorSetLayoutCreateFlags flags = DescriptorSetLayoutCreateFlags.None;
+
+                    if (usePushDescriptors && setIndex == 0)
+                    {
+                        flags = DescriptorSetLayoutCreateFlags.PushDescriptorBitKhr;
+                    }
+
+                    if (gd.Vendor == Vendor.Intel && hasArray)
+                    {
+                        // Some vendors (like Intel) have low per-stage limits.
+                        // We must set the flag if we exceed those limits.
+                        flags |= DescriptorSetLayoutCreateFlags.UpdateAfterBindPoolBit;
+
+                        updateAfterBindFlags[setIndex] = true;
+                    }
+
                     var descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo = new DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo
                     {
                         SType = StructureType.DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo,
                         PBindings = pLayoutBindings,
                         BindingCount = (uint)layoutBindings.Length,
-                        Flags = usePushDescriptors && setIndex == 0 ? DescriptorSetLayoutCreateFlags.PushDescriptorBitKhr : DescriptorSetLayoutCreateFlags.None,
+                        Flags = flags,
                     };
 
                     gd.Api.CreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo, null, out layouts[setIndex]).ThrowOnError();
@@ -82,7 +109,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 gd.Api.CreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutCreateInfo, null, out layout).ThrowOnError();
             }
 
-            return (layouts, layout);
+            return new ResourceLayouts(layouts, updateAfterBindFlags, layout);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineState.cs

@@ -71,244 +71,232 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             set => Internal.Id4 = (Internal.Id4 & 0xFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 32);
         }
 
-        public float MinDepthBounds
-        {
-            readonly get => BitConverter.Int32BitsToSingle((int)((Internal.Id5 >> 0) & 0xFFFFFFFF));
-            set => Internal.Id5 = (Internal.Id5 & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000) | ((ulong)(uint)BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value) << 0);
-        }
-
-        public float MaxDepthBounds
-        {
-            readonly get => BitConverter.Int32BitsToSingle((int)((Internal.Id5 >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF));
-            set => Internal.Id5 = (Internal.Id5 & 0xFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)(uint)BitConverter.SingleToInt32Bits(value) << 32);
-        }
-
         public PolygonMode PolygonMode
         {
-            readonly get => (PolygonMode)((Internal.Id6 >> 0) & 0x3FFFFFFF);
-            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFFFFFC0000000) | ((ulong)value << 0);
+            readonly get => (PolygonMode)((Internal.Id5 >> 0) & 0x3FFFFFFF);
+            set => Internal.Id5 = (Internal.Id5 & 0xFFFFFFFFC0000000) | ((ulong)value << 0);
         }
 
         public uint StagesCount
         {
-            readonly get => (byte)((Internal.Id6 >> 30) & 0xFF);
-            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFFFC03FFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 30);
+            readonly get => (byte)((Internal.Id5 >> 30) & 0xFF);
+            set => Internal.Id5 = (Internal.Id5 & 0xFFFFFFC03FFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 30);
         }
 
         public uint VertexAttributeDescriptionsCount
         {
-            readonly get => (byte)((Internal.Id6 >> 38) & 0xFF);
-            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFC03FFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 38);
+            readonly get => (byte)((Internal.Id5 >> 38) & 0xFF);
+            set => Internal.Id5 = (Internal.Id5 & 0xFFFFC03FFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 38);
         }
 
         public uint VertexBindingDescriptionsCount
         {
-            readonly get => (byte)((Internal.Id6 >> 46) & 0xFF);
-            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFC03FFFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 46);
+            readonly get => (byte)((Internal.Id5 >> 46) & 0xFF);
+            set => Internal.Id5 = (Internal.Id5 & 0xFFC03FFFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 46);
         }
 
         public uint ViewportsCount
         {
-            readonly get => (byte)((Internal.Id6 >> 54) & 0xFF);
-            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xC03FFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 54);
+            readonly get => (byte)((Internal.Id5 >> 54) & 0xFF);
+            set => Internal.Id5 = (Internal.Id5 & 0xC03FFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 54);
         }
 
         public uint ScissorsCount
         {
-            readonly get => (byte)((Internal.Id7 >> 0) & 0xFF);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFF00) | ((ulong)value << 0);
+            readonly get => (byte)((Internal.Id6 >> 0) & 0xFF);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFF00) | ((ulong)value << 0);
         }
 
         public uint ColorBlendAttachmentStateCount
         {
-            readonly get => (byte)((Internal.Id7 >> 8) & 0xFF);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF00FF) | ((ulong)value << 8);
+            readonly get => (byte)((Internal.Id6 >> 8) & 0xFF);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF00FF) | ((ulong)value << 8);
         }
 
         public PrimitiveTopology Topology
         {
-            readonly get => (PrimitiveTopology)((Internal.Id7 >> 16) & 0xF);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFF0FFFF) | ((ulong)value << 16);
+            readonly get => (PrimitiveTopology)((Internal.Id6 >> 16) & 0xF);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFF0FFFF) | ((ulong)value << 16);
         }
 
         public LogicOp LogicOp
         {
-            readonly get => (LogicOp)((Internal.Id7 >> 20) & 0xF);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFFFFFFF0FFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 20);
+            readonly get => (LogicOp)((Internal.Id6 >> 20) & 0xF);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFFFFFFF0FFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 20);
         }
 
         public CompareOp DepthCompareOp
         {
-            readonly get => (CompareOp)((Internal.Id7 >> 24) & 0x7);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFFFFFF8FFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 24);
+            readonly get => (CompareOp)((Internal.Id6 >> 24) & 0x7);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFFFFFF8FFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 24);
         }
 
         public StencilOp StencilFrontFailOp
         {
-            readonly get => (StencilOp)((Internal.Id7 >> 27) & 0x7);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFFFFFC7FFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 27);
+            readonly get => (StencilOp)((Internal.Id6 >> 27) & 0x7);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFFFFFC7FFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 27);
         }
 
         public StencilOp StencilFrontPassOp
         {
-            readonly get => (StencilOp)((Internal.Id7 >> 30) & 0x7);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFFFFE3FFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 30);
+            readonly get => (StencilOp)((Internal.Id6 >> 30) & 0x7);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFFFFE3FFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 30);
         }
 
         public StencilOp StencilFrontDepthFailOp
         {
-            readonly get => (StencilOp)((Internal.Id7 >> 33) & 0x7);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFFFF1FFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 33);
+            readonly get => (StencilOp)((Internal.Id6 >> 33) & 0x7);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFFFF1FFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 33);
         }
 
         public CompareOp StencilFrontCompareOp
         {
-            readonly get => (CompareOp)((Internal.Id7 >> 36) & 0x7);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFFF8FFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 36);
+            readonly get => (CompareOp)((Internal.Id6 >> 36) & 0x7);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFFF8FFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 36);
         }
 
         public StencilOp StencilBackFailOp
         {
-            readonly get => (StencilOp)((Internal.Id7 >> 39) & 0x7);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFFC7FFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 39);
+            readonly get => (StencilOp)((Internal.Id6 >> 39) & 0x7);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFFC7FFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 39);
         }
 
         public StencilOp StencilBackPassOp
         {
-            readonly get => (StencilOp)((Internal.Id7 >> 42) & 0x7);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFE3FFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 42);
+            readonly get => (StencilOp)((Internal.Id6 >> 42) & 0x7);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFFE3FFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 42);
         }
 
         public StencilOp StencilBackDepthFailOp
         {
-            readonly get => (StencilOp)((Internal.Id7 >> 45) & 0x7);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFF1FFFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 45);
+            readonly get => (StencilOp)((Internal.Id6 >> 45) & 0x7);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFFF1FFFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 45);
         }
 
         public CompareOp StencilBackCompareOp
         {
-            readonly get => (CompareOp)((Internal.Id7 >> 48) & 0x7);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFF8FFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 48);
+            readonly get => (CompareOp)((Internal.Id6 >> 48) & 0x7);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFF8FFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 48);
         }
 
         public CullModeFlags CullMode
         {
-            readonly get => (CullModeFlags)((Internal.Id7 >> 51) & 0x3);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFE7FFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 51);
+            readonly get => (CullModeFlags)((Internal.Id6 >> 51) & 0x3);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFE7FFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 51);
         }
 
         public bool PrimitiveRestartEnable
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id7 >> 53) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFDFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 53);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id6 >> 53) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFDFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 53);
         }
 
         public bool DepthClampEnable
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id7 >> 54) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFBFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 54);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id6 >> 54) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFFBFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 54);
         }
 
         public bool RasterizerDiscardEnable
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id7 >> 55) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFF7FFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 55);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id6 >> 55) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFF7FFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 55);
         }
 
         public FrontFace FrontFace
         {
-            readonly get => (FrontFace)((Internal.Id7 >> 56) & 0x1);
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFEFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 56);
+            readonly get => (FrontFace)((Internal.Id6 >> 56) & 0x1);
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFEFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 56);
         }
 
         public bool DepthBiasEnable
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id7 >> 57) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFDFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 57);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id6 >> 57) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFDFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 57);
         }
 
         public bool DepthTestEnable
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id7 >> 58) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFBFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 58);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id6 >> 58) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xFBFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 58);
         }
 
         public bool DepthWriteEnable
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id7 >> 59) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xF7FFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 59);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id6 >> 59) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xF7FFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 59);
         }
 
         public bool DepthBoundsTestEnable
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id7 >> 60) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 60);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id6 >> 60) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 60);
         }
 
         public bool StencilTestEnable
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id7 >> 61) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xDFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 61);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id6 >> 61) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xDFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 61);
         }
 
         public bool LogicOpEnable
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id7 >> 62) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xBFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 62);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id6 >> 62) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0xBFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 62);
         }
 
         public bool HasDepthStencil
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id7 >> 63) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 63);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id6 >> 63) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id6 = (Internal.Id6 & 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 63);
         }
 
         public uint PatchControlPoints
         {
-            readonly get => (uint)((Internal.Id8 >> 0) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
-            set => Internal.Id8 = (Internal.Id8 & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000) | ((ulong)value << 0);
+            readonly get => (uint)((Internal.Id7 >> 0) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000) | ((ulong)value << 0);
         }
 
         public uint SamplesCount
         {
-            readonly get => (uint)((Internal.Id8 >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
-            set => Internal.Id8 = (Internal.Id8 & 0xFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 32);
+            readonly get => (uint)((Internal.Id7 >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+            set => Internal.Id7 = (Internal.Id7 & 0xFFFFFFFF) | ((ulong)value << 32);
         }
 
         public bool AlphaToCoverageEnable
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id9 >> 0) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id9 = (Internal.Id9 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 0);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id8 >> 0) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id8 = (Internal.Id8 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFE) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 0);
         }
 
         public bool AlphaToOneEnable
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id9 >> 1) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id9 = (Internal.Id9 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFD) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 1);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id8 >> 1) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id8 = (Internal.Id8 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFD) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 1);
         }
 
         public bool AdvancedBlendSrcPreMultiplied
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id9 >> 2) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id9 = (Internal.Id9 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFB) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 2);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id8 >> 2) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id8 = (Internal.Id8 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFB) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 2);
         }
 
         public bool AdvancedBlendDstPreMultiplied
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id9 >> 3) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id9 = (Internal.Id9 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF7) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 3);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id8 >> 3) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id8 = (Internal.Id8 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF7) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 3);
         }
 
         public BlendOverlapEXT AdvancedBlendOverlap
         {
-            readonly get => (BlendOverlapEXT)((Internal.Id9 >> 4) & 0x3);
-            set => Internal.Id9 = (Internal.Id9 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFCF) | ((ulong)value << 4);
+            readonly get => (BlendOverlapEXT)((Internal.Id8 >> 4) & 0x3);
+            set => Internal.Id8 = (Internal.Id8 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFCF) | ((ulong)value << 4);
         }
 
         public bool DepthMode
         {
-            readonly get => ((Internal.Id9 >> 6) & 0x1) != 0UL;
-            set => Internal.Id9 = (Internal.Id9 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFBF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 6);
+            readonly get => ((Internal.Id8 >> 6) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+            set => Internal.Id8 = (Internal.Id8 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFBF) | ((value ? 1UL : 0UL) << 6);
         }
 
         public bool HasTessellationControlShader;
@@ -408,8 +396,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             fixed (VertexInputAttributeDescription* pVertexAttributeDescriptions = &Internal.VertexAttributeDescriptions[0])
             fixed (VertexInputAttributeDescription* pVertexAttributeDescriptions2 = &_vertexAttributeDescriptions2[0])
             fixed (VertexInputBindingDescription* pVertexBindingDescriptions = &Internal.VertexBindingDescriptions[0])
-            fixed (Viewport* pViewports = &Internal.Viewports[0])
-            fixed (Rect2D* pScissors = &Internal.Scissors[0])
             fixed (PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState* pColorBlendAttachmentState = &Internal.ColorBlendAttachmentState[0])
             {
                 var vertexInputState = new PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo
@@ -472,18 +458,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     CullMode = CullMode,
                     FrontFace = FrontFace,
                     DepthBiasEnable = DepthBiasEnable,
-                    DepthBiasClamp = DepthBiasClamp,
-                    DepthBiasConstantFactor = DepthBiasConstantFactor,
-                    DepthBiasSlopeFactor = DepthBiasSlopeFactor,
                 };
 
                 var viewportState = new PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo
                 {
                     SType = StructureType.PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo,
                     ViewportCount = ViewportsCount,
-                    PViewports = pViewports,
                     ScissorCount = ScissorsCount,
-                    PScissors = pScissors,
                 };
 
                 if (gd.Capabilities.SupportsDepthClipControl)
@@ -511,19 +492,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     StencilFrontFailOp,
                     StencilFrontPassOp,
                     StencilFrontDepthFailOp,
-                    StencilFrontCompareOp,
-                    StencilFrontCompareMask,
-                    StencilFrontWriteMask,
-                    StencilFrontReference);
+                    StencilFrontCompareOp);
 
                 var stencilBack = new StencilOpState(
                     StencilBackFailOp,
                     StencilBackPassOp,
                     StencilBackDepthFailOp,
-                    StencilBackCompareOp,
-                    StencilBackCompareMask,
-                    StencilBackWriteMask,
-                    StencilBackReference);
+                    StencilBackCompareOp);
 
                 var depthStencilState = new PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo
                 {
@@ -531,12 +506,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     DepthTestEnable = DepthTestEnable,
                     DepthWriteEnable = DepthWriteEnable,
                     DepthCompareOp = DepthCompareOp,
-                    DepthBoundsTestEnable = DepthBoundsTestEnable,
+                    DepthBoundsTestEnable = false,
                     StencilTestEnable = StencilTestEnable,
                     Front = stencilFront,
                     Back = stencilBack,
-                    MinDepthBounds = MinDepthBounds,
-                    MaxDepthBounds = MaxDepthBounds,
                 };
 
                 uint blendEnables = 0;
@@ -560,10 +533,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     }
                 }
 
+                // Vendors other than NVIDIA have a bug where it enables logical operations even for float formats,
+                // so we need to force disable them here.
+                bool logicOpEnable = LogicOpEnable && (gd.Vendor == Vendor.Nvidia || Internal.LogicOpsAllowed);
+
                 var colorBlendState = new PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo
                 {
                     SType = StructureType.PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo,
-                    LogicOpEnable = LogicOpEnable,
+                    LogicOpEnable = logicOpEnable,
                     LogicOp = LogicOp,
                     AttachmentCount = ColorBlendAttachmentStateCount,
                     PAttachments = pColorBlendAttachmentState,
@@ -587,22 +564,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 }
 
                 bool supportsExtDynamicState = gd.Capabilities.SupportsExtendedDynamicState;
-                int dynamicStatesCount = supportsExtDynamicState ? 9 : 8;
+                int dynamicStatesCount = supportsExtDynamicState ? 8 : 7;
 
                 DynamicState* dynamicStates = stackalloc DynamicState[dynamicStatesCount];
 
                 dynamicStates[0] = DynamicState.Viewport;
                 dynamicStates[1] = DynamicState.Scissor;
                 dynamicStates[2] = DynamicState.DepthBias;
-                dynamicStates[3] = DynamicState.DepthBounds;
-                dynamicStates[4] = DynamicState.StencilCompareMask;
-                dynamicStates[5] = DynamicState.StencilWriteMask;
-                dynamicStates[6] = DynamicState.StencilReference;
-                dynamicStates[7] = DynamicState.BlendConstants;
+                dynamicStates[3] = DynamicState.StencilCompareMask;
+                dynamicStates[4] = DynamicState.StencilWriteMask;
+                dynamicStates[5] = DynamicState.StencilReference;
+                dynamicStates[6] = DynamicState.BlendConstants;
 
                 if (supportsExtDynamicState)
                 {
-                    dynamicStates[8] = DynamicState.VertexInputBindingStrideExt;
+                    dynamicStates[7] = DynamicState.VertexInputBindingStrideExt;
                 }
 
                 var pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo = new PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo
@@ -628,7 +604,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     PDynamicState = &pipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo,
                     Layout = PipelineLayout,
                     RenderPass = renderPass,
-                    BasePipelineIndex = -1,
                 };
 
                 Result result = gd.Api.CreateGraphicsPipelines(device, cache, 1, &pipelineCreateInfo, null, &pipelineHandle);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineUid.cs

@@ -17,23 +17,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         public ulong Id4;
         public ulong Id5;
         public ulong Id6;
+
         public ulong Id7;
-
         public ulong Id8;
-        public ulong Id9;
 
-        private readonly uint VertexAttributeDescriptionsCount => (byte)((Id6 >> 38) & 0xFF);
-        private readonly uint VertexBindingDescriptionsCount => (byte)((Id6 >> 46) & 0xFF);
-        private readonly uint ColorBlendAttachmentStateCount => (byte)((Id7 >> 8) & 0xFF);
-        private readonly bool HasDepthStencil => ((Id7 >> 63) & 0x1) != 0UL;
+        private readonly uint VertexAttributeDescriptionsCount => (byte)((Id5 >> 38) & 0xFF);
+        private readonly uint VertexBindingDescriptionsCount => (byte)((Id5 >> 46) & 0xFF);
+        private readonly uint ColorBlendAttachmentStateCount => (byte)((Id6 >> 8) & 0xFF);
+        private readonly bool HasDepthStencil => ((Id6 >> 63) & 0x1) != 0UL;
 
         public Array32<VertexInputAttributeDescription> VertexAttributeDescriptions;
         public Array33<VertexInputBindingDescription> VertexBindingDescriptions;
-        public Array16<Viewport> Viewports;
-        public Array16<Rect2D> Scissors;
         public Array8<PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState> ColorBlendAttachmentState;
         public Array9<Format> AttachmentFormats;
         public uint AttachmentIntegerFormatMask;
+        public bool LogicOpsAllowed;
 
         public readonly override bool Equals(object obj)
         {
@@ -44,7 +42,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         {
             if (!Unsafe.As<ulong, Vector256<byte>>(ref Id0).Equals(Unsafe.As<ulong, Vector256<byte>>(ref other.Id0)) ||
                 !Unsafe.As<ulong, Vector256<byte>>(ref Id4).Equals(Unsafe.As<ulong, Vector256<byte>>(ref other.Id4)) ||
-                !Unsafe.As<ulong, Vector128<byte>>(ref Id8).Equals(Unsafe.As<ulong, Vector128<byte>>(ref other.Id8)))
+                !Unsafe.As<ulong, Vector128<byte>>(ref Id7).Equals(Unsafe.As<ulong, Vector128<byte>>(ref other.Id7)))
             {
                 return false;
             }
@@ -87,8 +85,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                            Id5 * 23 ^
                            Id6 * 23 ^
                            Id7 * 23 ^
-                           Id8 * 23 ^
-                           Id9 * 23;
+                           Id8 * 23;
 
             for (int i = 0; i < (int)VertexAttributeDescriptionsCount; i++)
             {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/ResourceArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
+{
+    class ResourceArray : IDisposable
+    {
+        private DescriptorSet[] _cachedDescriptorSets;
+
+        private ShaderCollection _cachedDscProgram;
+        private int _cachedDscSetIndex;
+        private int _cachedDscIndex;
+
+        private int _bindCount;
+
+        protected void SetDirty(VulkanRenderer gd)
+        {
+            ReleaseDescriptorSet();
+
+            if (_bindCount != 0)
+            {
+                gd.PipelineInternal.ForceTextureDirty();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool TryGetCachedDescriptorSets(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderCollection program, int setIndex, out DescriptorSet[] sets)
+        {
+            if (_cachedDescriptorSets != null)
+            {
+                _cachedDscProgram.UpdateManualDescriptorSetCollectionOwnership(cbs, _cachedDscSetIndex, _cachedDscIndex);
+
+                sets = _cachedDescriptorSets;
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            var dsc = program.GetNewManualDescriptorSetCollection(cbs, setIndex, out _cachedDscIndex).Get(cbs);
+
+            sets = dsc.GetSets();
+
+            _cachedDescriptorSets = sets;
+            _cachedDscProgram = program;
+            _cachedDscSetIndex = setIndex;
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public void IncrementBindCount()
+        {
+            _bindCount++;
+        }
+
+        public void DecrementBindCount()
+        {
+            int newBindCount = --_bindCount;
+            Debug.Assert(newBindCount >= 0);
+        }
+
+        private void ReleaseDescriptorSet()
+        {
+            if (_cachedDescriptorSets != null)
+            {
+                _cachedDscProgram.ReleaseManualDescriptorSetCollection(_cachedDscSetIndex, _cachedDscIndex);
+                _cachedDescriptorSets = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            ReleaseDescriptorSet();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/ShaderCollection.cs

@@ -604,6 +604,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             return _plce.GetNewDescriptorSetCollection(setIndex, out isNew);
         }
 
+        public Auto<DescriptorSetCollection> GetNewManualDescriptorSetCollection(CommandBufferScoped cbs, int setIndex, out int cacheIndex)
+        {
+            return _plce.GetNewManualDescriptorSetCollection(cbs, setIndex, out cacheIndex);
+        }
+
+        public void UpdateManualDescriptorSetCollectionOwnership(CommandBufferScoped cbs, int setIndex, int cacheIndex)
+        {
+            _plce.UpdateManualDescriptorSetCollectionOwnership(cbs, setIndex, cacheIndex);
+        }
+
+        public void ReleaseManualDescriptorSetCollection(int setIndex, int cacheIndex)
+        {
+            _plce.ReleaseManualDescriptorSetCollection(setIndex, cacheIndex);
+        }
+
         public bool HasSameLayout(ShaderCollection other)
         {
             return other != null && _plce == other._plce;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/TextureArray.cs

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 {
-    class TextureArray : ITextureArray
+    class TextureArray : ResourceArray, ITextureArray
     {
         private readonly VulkanRenderer _gd;
 
@@ -29,8 +29,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         private readonly bool _isBuffer;
 
-        public bool Bound;
-
         public TextureArray(VulkanRenderer gd, int size, bool isBuffer)
         {
             _gd = gd;
@@ -106,8 +104,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         {
             _cachedCommandBufferIndex = -1;
             _storages = null;
-
-            _gd.PipelineInternal.ForceTextureDirty();
+            SetDirty(_gd);
         }
 
         public void QueueWriteToReadBarriers(CommandBufferScoped cbs, PipelineStageFlags stageFlags)
@@ -190,5 +187,48 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
             return bufferTextures;
         }
+
+        public DescriptorSet[] GetDescriptorSets(
+            Device device,
+            CommandBufferScoped cbs,
+            DescriptorSetTemplateUpdater templateUpdater,
+            ShaderCollection program,
+            int setIndex,
+            TextureView dummyTexture,
+            SamplerHolder dummySampler)
+        {
+            if (TryGetCachedDescriptorSets(cbs, program, setIndex, out DescriptorSet[] sets))
+            {
+                // We still need to ensure the current command buffer holds a reference to all used textures.
+
+                if (!_isBuffer)
+                {
+                    GetImageInfos(_gd, cbs, dummyTexture, dummySampler);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    GetBufferViews(cbs);
+                }
+
+                return sets;
+            }
+
+            DescriptorSetTemplate template = program.Templates[setIndex];
+
+            DescriptorSetTemplateWriter tu = templateUpdater.Begin(template);
+
+            if (!_isBuffer)
+            {
+                tu.Push(GetImageInfos(_gd, cbs, dummyTexture, dummySampler));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                tu.Push(GetBufferViews(cbs));
+            }
+
+            templateUpdater.Commit(_gd, device, sets[0]);
+
+            return sets;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanRenderer.cs

@@ -728,6 +728,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 supportsViewportSwizzle: false,
                 supportsIndirectParameters: true,
                 supportsDepthClipControl: Capabilities.SupportsDepthClipControl,
+                uniformBufferSetIndex: PipelineBase.UniformSetIndex,
+                storageBufferSetIndex: PipelineBase.StorageSetIndex,
+                textureSetIndex: PipelineBase.TextureSetIndex,
+                imageSetIndex: PipelineBase.ImageSetIndex,
+                extraSetBaseIndex: PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts,
+                maximumExtraSets: Math.Max(0, (int)limits.MaxBoundDescriptorSets - PipelineBase.DescriptorSetLayouts),
                 maximumUniformBuffersPerStage: Constants.MaxUniformBuffersPerStage,
                 maximumStorageBuffersPerStage: Constants.MaxStorageBuffersPerStage,
                 maximumTexturesPerStage: Constants.MaxTexturesPerStage,

src/Ryujinx.Gtk3/UI/Windows/AvatarWindow.cs

@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI.Windows
             reader.ReadInt64(); // Padding
 
             byte[] input = new byte[stream.Length - stream.Position];
-            stream.Read(input, 0, input.Length);
+            stream.ReadExactly(input, 0, input.Length);
 
             long inputOffset = 0;
 

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/SupervisorCall/Syscall.cs

@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.SupervisorCall
                 }
             }
 
-            ArrayPool<KSynchronizationObject>.Shared.Return(syncObjsArray);
+            ArrayPool<KSynchronizationObject>.Shared.Return(syncObjsArray, true);
 
             return result;
         }
@@ -1546,8 +1546,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.SupervisorCall
 #pragma warning disable CA1822 // Mark member as static
         public Result SetProcessMemoryPermission(
             int handle,
-            [PointerSized] ulong src,
-            [PointerSized] ulong size,
+            ulong src,
+            ulong size,
             KMemoryPermission permission)
         {
             if (!PageAligned(src))

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Threading/KScheduler.cs

@@ -28,42 +28,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
         private SchedulingState _state;
 
-        private AutoResetEvent _idleInterruptEvent;
-        private readonly object _idleInterruptEventLock;
-
         private KThread _previousThread;
         private KThread _currentThread;
-        private readonly KThread _idleThread;
+
+        private int _coreIdleLock;
+        private bool _idleSignalled = true;
+        private bool _idleActive = true;
+        private long _idleTimeRunning;
 
         public KThread PreviousThread => _previousThread;
         public KThread CurrentThread => _currentThread;
         public long LastContextSwitchTime { get; private set; }
-        public long TotalIdleTimeTicks => _idleThread.TotalTimeRunning;
+        public long TotalIdleTimeTicks => _idleTimeRunning;
 
         public KScheduler(KernelContext context, int coreId)
         {
             _context = context;
             _coreId = coreId;
 
-            _idleInterruptEvent = new AutoResetEvent(false);
-            _idleInterruptEventLock = new object();
-
-            KThread idleThread = CreateIdleThread(context, coreId);
-
-            _currentThread = idleThread;
-            _idleThread = idleThread;
-
-            idleThread.StartHostThread();
-            idleThread.SchedulerWaitEvent.Set();
-        }
-
-        private KThread CreateIdleThread(KernelContext context, int cpuCore)
-        {
-            KThread idleThread = new(context);
-
-            idleThread.Initialize(0UL, 0UL, 0UL, PrioritiesCount, cpuCore, null, ThreadType.Dummy, IdleThreadLoop);
-
-            return idleThread;
+            _currentThread = null;
         }
 
         public static ulong SelectThreads(KernelContext context)
@@ -237,39 +220,64 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
                 KThread threadToSignal = context.Schedulers[coreToSignal]._currentThread;
 
                 // Request the thread running on that core to stop and reschedule, if we have one.
-                if (threadToSignal != context.Schedulers[coreToSignal]._idleThread)
-                {
-                    threadToSignal.Context.RequestInterrupt();
-                }
+                threadToSignal?.Context.RequestInterrupt();
 
                 // If the core is idle, ensure that the idle thread is awaken.
-                context.Schedulers[coreToSignal]._idleInterruptEvent.Set();
+                context.Schedulers[coreToSignal].NotifyIdleThread();
 
                 scheduledCoresMask &= ~(1UL << coreToSignal);
             }
         }
 
-        private void IdleThreadLoop()
+        private void ActivateIdleThread()
         {
-            while (_context.Running)
+            while (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _coreIdleLock, 1, 0) != 0)
+            {
+                Thread.SpinWait(1);
+            }
+
+            Thread.MemoryBarrier();
+
+            // Signals that idle thread is now active on this core.
+            _idleActive = true;
+
+            TryLeaveIdle();
+
+            Interlocked.Exchange(ref _coreIdleLock, 0);
+        }
+
+        private void NotifyIdleThread()
+        {
+            while (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _coreIdleLock, 1, 0) != 0)
+            {
+                Thread.SpinWait(1);
+            }
+
+            Thread.MemoryBarrier();
+
+            // Signals that the idle core may be able to exit idle.
+            _idleSignalled = true;
+
+            TryLeaveIdle();
+
+            Interlocked.Exchange(ref _coreIdleLock, 0);
+        }
+
+        public void TryLeaveIdle()
+        {
+            if (_idleSignalled && _idleActive)
             {
                 _state.NeedsScheduling = false;
                 Thread.MemoryBarrier();
-                KThread nextThread = PickNextThread(_state.SelectedThread);
+                KThread nextThread = PickNextThread(null, _state.SelectedThread);
 
-                if (_idleThread != nextThread)
+                if (nextThread != null)
                 {
-                    _idleThread.SchedulerWaitEvent.Reset();
-                    WaitHandle.SignalAndWait(nextThread.SchedulerWaitEvent, _idleThread.SchedulerWaitEvent);
+                    _idleActive = false;
+                    nextThread.SchedulerWaitEvent.Set();
                 }
 
-                _idleInterruptEvent.WaitOne();
-            }
-
-            lock (_idleInterruptEventLock)
-            {
-                _idleInterruptEvent.Dispose();
-                _idleInterruptEvent = null;
+                _idleSignalled = false;
             }
         }
 
@@ -292,20 +300,37 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
             // Wake all the threads that might be waiting until this thread context is unlocked.
             for (int core = 0; core < CpuCoresCount; core++)
             {
-                _context.Schedulers[core]._idleInterruptEvent.Set();
+                _context.Schedulers[core].NotifyIdleThread();
             }
 
-            KThread nextThread = PickNextThread(selectedThread);
+            KThread nextThread = PickNextThread(KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread(), selectedThread);
 
             if (currentThread.Context.Running)
             {
                 // Wait until this thread is scheduled again, and allow the next thread to run.
-                WaitHandle.SignalAndWait(nextThread.SchedulerWaitEvent, currentThread.SchedulerWaitEvent);
+
+                if (nextThread == null)
+                {
+                    ActivateIdleThread();
+                    currentThread.SchedulerWaitEvent.WaitOne();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    WaitHandle.SignalAndWait(nextThread.SchedulerWaitEvent, currentThread.SchedulerWaitEvent);
+                }
             }
             else
             {
                 // Allow the next thread to run.
-                nextThread.SchedulerWaitEvent.Set();
+
+                if (nextThread == null)
+                {
+                    ActivateIdleThread();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    nextThread.SchedulerWaitEvent.Set();
+                }
 
                 // We don't need to wait since the thread is exiting, however we need to
                 // make sure this thread will never call the scheduler again, since it is
@@ -319,7 +344,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
             }
         }
 
-        private KThread PickNextThread(KThread selectedThread)
+        private KThread PickNextThread(KThread currentThread, KThread selectedThread)
         {
             while (true)
             {
@@ -335,7 +360,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
                     // on the core, as the scheduled thread will handle the next switch.
                     if (selectedThread.ThreadContext.Lock())
                     {
-                        SwitchTo(selectedThread);
+                        SwitchTo(currentThread, selectedThread);
 
                         if (!_state.NeedsScheduling)
                         {
@@ -346,15 +371,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        return _idleThread;
+                        return null;
                     }
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     // The core is idle now, make sure that the idle thread can run
                     // and switch the core when a thread is available.
-                    SwitchTo(null);
-                    return _idleThread;
+                    SwitchTo(currentThread, null);
+                    return null;
                 }
 
                 _state.NeedsScheduling = false;
@@ -363,12 +388,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
             }
         }
 
-        private void SwitchTo(KThread nextThread)
+        private void SwitchTo(KThread currentThread, KThread nextThread)
         {
-            KProcess currentProcess = KernelStatic.GetCurrentProcess();
-            KThread currentThread = KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread();
-
-            nextThread ??= _idleThread;
+            KProcess currentProcess = currentThread?.Owner;
 
             if (currentThread != nextThread)
             {
@@ -376,7 +398,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
                 long currentTicks = PerformanceCounter.ElapsedTicks;
                 long ticksDelta = currentTicks - previousTicks;
 
-                currentThread.AddCpuTime(ticksDelta);
+                if (currentThread == null)
+                {
+                    Interlocked.Add(ref _idleTimeRunning, ticksDelta);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    currentThread.AddCpuTime(ticksDelta);
+                }
 
                 currentProcess?.AddCpuTime(ticksDelta);
 
@@ -386,13 +415,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
                 {
                     _previousThread = !currentThread.TerminationRequested && currentThread.ActiveCore == _coreId ? currentThread : null;
                 }
-                else if (currentThread == _idleThread)
+                else if (currentThread == null)
                 {
                     _previousThread = null;
                 }
             }
 
-            if (nextThread.CurrentCore != _coreId)
+            if (nextThread != null && nextThread.CurrentCore != _coreId)
             {
                 nextThread.CurrentCore = _coreId;
             }
@@ -645,11 +674,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
         public void Dispose()
         {
-            // Ensure that the idle thread is not blocked and can exit.
-            lock (_idleInterruptEventLock)
-            {
-                _idleInterruptEvent?.Set();
-            }
+            // No resources to dispose for now.
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Threading/KSynchronization.cs

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
                     }
                 }
 
-                ArrayPool<LinkedListNode<KThread>>.Shared.Return(syncNodesArray);
+                ArrayPool<LinkedListNode<KThread>>.Shared.Return(syncNodesArray, true);
             }
 
             _context.CriticalSection.Leave();

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Threading/KThread.cs

@@ -143,9 +143,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
             PreferredCore = cpuCore;
             AffinityMask |= 1UL << cpuCore;
 
-            SchedFlags = type == ThreadType.Dummy
-                ? ThreadSchedState.Running
-                : ThreadSchedState.None;
+            SchedFlags = ThreadSchedState.None;
 
             ActiveCore = cpuCore;
             ObjSyncResult = KernelResult.ThreadNotStarted;
@@ -1055,6 +1053,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
                     // If the thread is not schedulable, we want to just run or pause
                     // it directly as we don't care about priority or the core it is
                     // running on in this case.
+
                     if (SchedFlags == ThreadSchedState.Running)
                     {
                         _schedulerWaitEvent.Set();

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Threading/ThreadType.cs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 {
     enum ThreadType
     {
-        Dummy,
         Kernel,
         Kernel2,
         User,

src/Ryujinx.ShaderTools/Program.cs

@@ -25,32 +25,32 @@ namespace Ryujinx.ShaderTools
                 _imagesCount = 0;
             }
 
-            public int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
+            public SetBindingPair CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
             {
-                return index + 1;
+                return new SetBindingPair(0, index + 1);
             }
 
-            public int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+            public SetBindingPair CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
             {
                 int binding = _imagesCount;
 
                 _imagesCount += count;
 
-                return binding;
+                return new SetBindingPair(3, binding);
             }
 
-            public int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
+            public SetBindingPair CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
             {
-                return index;
+                return new SetBindingPair(1, index);
             }
 
-            public int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+            public SetBindingPair CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
             {
                 int binding = _texturesCount;
 
                 _texturesCount += count;
 
-                return binding;
+                return new SetBindingPair(2, binding);
             }
 
             public ReadOnlySpan<ulong> GetCode(ulong address, int minimumSize)

src/Ryujinx.UI.Common/App/ApplicationLibrary.cs

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI.App.Common
             Stream resourceStream = Assembly.GetCallingAssembly().GetManifestResourceStream(resourceName);
             byte[] resourceByteArray = new byte[resourceStream.Length];
 
-            resourceStream.Read(resourceByteArray);
+            resourceStream.ReadExactly(resourceByteArray);
 
             return resourceByteArray;
         }

src/Ryujinx/UI/ViewModels/UserFirmwareAvatarSelectorViewModel.cs

@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Ava.UI.ViewModels
             reader.ReadInt64(); // Padding
 
             byte[] input = new byte[stream.Length - stream.Position];
-            stream.Read(input, 0, input.Length);
+            stream.ReadExactly(input, 0, input.Length);
 
             uint inputOffset = 0;