Fix Skia saving screenshot with transparent background and incorrect origin (#7073)

* Fix Skia saving screenshot with transparent background and incorrect origin

* Remove code that is no longer necessary

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 name: Feature Request
 description: Suggest a new feature for Ryujinx.
 title: "[Feature Request]"
+labels: enhancement
 body:
   - type: textarea
     id: overview

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
           - { name: win-x64,     os: windows-latest, zip_os_name: win_x64     }
           - { name: linux-x64,   os: ubuntu-latest,  zip_os_name: linux_x64   }
           - { name: linux-arm64, os: ubuntu-latest,  zip_os_name: linux_arm64 }
-          - { name: osx-x64,     os: macOS-latest,   zip_os_name: osx_x64     }
+          - { name: osx-x64,     os: macos-13,       zip_os_name: osx_x64     }
 
       fail-fast: false
     steps:
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: Change config filename
         run: sed -r --in-place 's/\%\%RYUJINX_CONFIG_FILE_NAME\%\%/PRConfig\.json/g;' src/Ryujinx.Common/ReleaseInformation.cs
         shell: bash
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Change config filename for macOS
         run: sed -r -i '' 's/\%\%RYUJINX_CONFIG_FILE_NAME\%\%/PRConfig\.json/g;' src/Ryujinx.Common/ReleaseInformation.cs
         shell: bash
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os == 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os == 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Build
         run: dotnet build -c "${{ matrix.configuration }}" -p:Version="${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}" -p:SourceRevisionId="${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}" -p:ExtraDefineConstants=DISABLE_UPDATER
@@ -61,15 +61,15 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Publish Ryujinx
         run: dotnet publish -c "${{ matrix.configuration }}" -r "${{ matrix.platform.name }}" -o ./publish -p:Version="${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}" -p:DebugType=embedded -p:SourceRevisionId="${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}" -p:ExtraDefineConstants=DISABLE_UPDATER src/Ryujinx --self-contained true
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Publish Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2
         run: dotnet publish -c "${{ matrix.configuration }}" -r "${{ matrix.platform.name }}" -o ./publish_sdl2_headless -p:Version="${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}" -p:DebugType=embedded -p:SourceRevisionId="${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}" -p:ExtraDefineConstants=DISABLE_UPDATER src/Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2 --self-contained true
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Publish Ryujinx.Gtk3
         run: dotnet publish -c "${{ matrix.configuration }}" -r "${{ matrix.platform.name }}" -o ./publish_gtk -p:Version="${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}" -p:DebugType=embedded -p:SourceRevisionId="${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}" -p:ExtraDefineConstants=DISABLE_UPDATER src/Ryujinx.Gtk3 --self-contained true
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Set executable bit
         run: |
@@ -83,21 +83,21 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: ryujinx-${{ matrix.configuration }}-${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}+${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}-${{ matrix.platform.zip_os_name }}
           path: publish
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Upload Ryujinx.Headless.SDL2 artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: sdl2-ryujinx-headless-${{ matrix.configuration }}-${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}+${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}-${{ matrix.platform.zip_os_name }}
           path: publish_sdl2_headless
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
       - name: Upload Ryujinx.Gtk3 artifact
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: gtk-ryujinx-${{ matrix.configuration }}-${{ env.RYUJINX_BASE_VERSION }}+${{ steps.git_short_hash.outputs.result }}-${{ matrix.platform.zip_os_name }}
           path: publish_gtk
-        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macOS-latest'
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && matrix.platform.os != 'macos-13'
 
   build_macos:
     name: macOS Universal (${{ matrix.configuration }})

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Desktop" Version="11.0.10" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Diagnostics" Version="11.0.10" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Markup.Xaml.Loader" Version="11.0.10" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Svg" Version="11.0.0.16" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Svg.Skia" Version="11.0.0.16" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Svg" Version="11.0.0.18" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Avalonia.Svg.Skia" Version="11.0.0.18" />
     <PackageVersion Include="CommandLineParser" Version="2.9.1" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Concentus" Version="1.1.7" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Concentus" Version="2.2.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="DiscordRichPresence" Version="1.2.1.24" />
     <PackageVersion Include="DynamicData" Version="8.4.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="FluentAvaloniaUI" Version="2.0.5" />
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="LibHac" Version="0.19.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers" Version="3.3.4" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp" Version="4.9.2" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens" Version="7.4.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens" Version="7.6.2" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.9.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IO.RecyclableMemoryStream" Version="3.0.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IO.RecyclableMemoryStream" Version="3.0.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="MsgPack.Cli" Version="1.0.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="NetCoreServer" Version="8.0.7" />
     <PackageVersion Include="NUnit" Version="3.13.3" />
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan" Version="2.16.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.EXT" Version="2.16.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR" Version="2.16.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="SixLabors.ImageSharp" Version="2.1.7" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="SixLabors.ImageSharp" Version="2.1.8" />
     <PackageVersion Include="SixLabors.ImageSharp.Drawing" Version="1.0.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="SPB" Version="0.0.4-build32" />
     <PackageVersion Include="System.IO.Hashing" Version="8.0.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="System.Management" Version="8.0.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="UnicornEngine.Unicorn" Version="2.0.2-rc1-fb78016" />
   </ItemGroup>
-</Project>
+</Project>

README.md

@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@
 
 ## Compatibility
 
-As of October 2023, Ryujinx has been tested on approximately 4,200 titles;
-over 4,150 boot past menus and into gameplay, with roughly 3,500 of those being considered playable.
+As of May 2024, Ryujinx has been tested on approximately 4,300 titles;
+over 4,100 boot past menus and into gameplay, with roughly 3,550 of those being considered playable.
 
 You can check out the compatibility list [here](https://github.com/Ryujinx/Ryujinx-Games-List/issues).
 

Ryujinx.sln.DotSettings

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/CSharpVarKeywordUsage/ForOtherTypes/@EntryValue">UseExplicitType</s:String>
 	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/CSharpVarKeywordUsage/ForSimpleTypes/@EntryValue">UseExplicitType</s:String>
 	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CSharpNaming/PredefinedNamingRules/=TypesAndNamespaces/@EntryIndexedValue">&lt;Policy Inspect="True" Prefix="" Suffix="" Style="AaBb"&gt;&lt;ExtraRule Prefix="I" Suffix="" Style="AaBb" /&gt;&lt;/Policy&gt;</s:String>
+	<s:String x:Key="/Default/CodeStyle/Naming/CSharpNaming/UserRules/=a0b4bc4d_002Dd13b_002D4a37_002Db37e_002Dc9c6864e4302/@EntryIndexedValue">&lt;Policy&gt;&lt;Descriptor Staticness="Any" AccessRightKinds="Any" Description="Types and namespaces"&gt;&lt;ElementKinds&gt;&lt;Kind Name="NAMESPACE" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="CLASS" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="STRUCT" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="ENUM" /&gt;&lt;Kind Name="DELEGATE" /&gt;&lt;/ElementKinds&gt;&lt;/Descriptor&gt;&lt;Policy Inspect="True" Prefix="" Suffix="" Style="AaBb"&gt;&lt;ExtraRule Prefix="I" Suffix="" Style="AaBb" /&gt;&lt;/Policy&gt;&lt;/Policy&gt;</s:String>
+	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/Environment/SettingsMigration/IsMigratorApplied/=JetBrains_002EReSharper_002EPsi_002ECSharp_002ECodeStyle_002ESettingsUpgrade_002EPredefinedNamingRulesToUserRulesUpgrade/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>
 	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=ASET/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>
 	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=Astc/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>
 	<s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=Luma/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>

src/ARMeilleure/CodeGen/Arm64/CodeGenContext.cs

@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.Arm64
             long originalPosition = _stream.Position;
 
             _stream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
-            _stream.Read(code, 0, code.Length);
+            _stream.ReadExactly(code, 0, code.Length);
             _stream.Seek(originalPosition, SeekOrigin.Begin);
 
             RelocInfo relocInfo;

src/ARMeilleure/CodeGen/RegisterAllocators/LinearScanAllocator.cs

@@ -251,7 +251,20 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
                 }
             }
 
-            int selectedReg = GetHighestValueIndex(freePositions);
+            // If this is a copy destination variable, we prefer the register used for the copy source.
+            // If the register is available, then the copy can be eliminated later as both source
+            // and destination will use the same register.
+            int selectedReg;
+
+            if (current.TryGetCopySourceRegister(out int preferredReg) && freePositions[preferredReg] >= current.GetEnd())
+            {
+                selectedReg = preferredReg;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                selectedReg = GetHighestValueIndex(freePositions);
+            }
+
             int selectedNextUse = freePositions[selectedReg];
 
             // Intervals starts and ends at odd positions, unless they span an entire
@@ -431,7 +444,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
             }
         }
 
-        private static int GetHighestValueIndex(Span<int> span)
+        private static int GetHighestValueIndex(ReadOnlySpan<int> span)
         {
             int highest = int.MinValue;
 
@@ -798,12 +811,12 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
             // The "visited" state is stored in the MSB of the local's value.
             const ulong VisitedMask = 1ul << 63;
 
-            bool IsVisited(Operand local)
+            static bool IsVisited(Operand local)
             {
                 return (local.GetValueUnsafe() & VisitedMask) != 0;
             }
 
-            void SetVisited(Operand local)
+            static void SetVisited(Operand local)
             {
                 local.GetValueUnsafe() |= VisitedMask;
             }
@@ -826,9 +839,25 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
                         {
                             dest.NumberLocal(_intervals.Count);
 
-                            _intervals.Add(new LiveInterval(dest));
+                            LiveInterval interval = new LiveInterval(dest);
+                            _intervals.Add(interval);
 
                             SetVisited(dest);
+
+                            // If this is a copy (or copy-like operation), set the copy source interval as well.
+                            // This is used for register preferencing later on, which allows the copy to be eliminated
+                            // in some cases.
+                            if (node.Instruction == Instruction.Copy || node.Instruction == Instruction.ZeroExtend32)
+                            {
+                                Operand source = node.GetSource(0);
+
+                                if (source.Kind == OperandKind.LocalVariable &&
+                                    source.GetLocalNumber() > 0 &&
+                                    (node.Instruction == Instruction.Copy || source.Type == OperandType.I32))
+                                {
+                                    interval.SetCopySource(_intervals[source.GetLocalNumber()]);
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }

src/ARMeilleure/CodeGen/RegisterAllocators/LiveInterval.cs

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
             public LiveRange CurrRange;
 
             public LiveInterval Parent;
+            public LiveInterval CopySource;
 
             public UseList Uses;
             public LiveIntervalList Children;
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
         private ref LiveRange CurrRange => ref _data->CurrRange;
         private ref LiveRange PrevRange => ref _data->PrevRange;
         private ref LiveInterval Parent => ref _data->Parent;
+        private ref LiveInterval CopySource => ref _data->CopySource;
         private ref UseList Uses => ref _data->Uses;
         private ref LiveIntervalList Children => ref _data->Children;
 
@@ -78,6 +80,25 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.RegisterAllocators
             Register = register;
         }
 
+        public void SetCopySource(LiveInterval copySource)
+        {
+            CopySource = copySource;
+        }
+
+        public bool TryGetCopySourceRegister(out int copySourceRegIndex)
+        {
+            if (CopySource._data != null)
+            {
+                copySourceRegIndex = CopySource.Register.Index;
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            copySourceRegIndex = 0;
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
         public void Reset()
         {
             PrevRange = default;

src/ARMeilleure/CodeGen/X86/Assembler.cs

@@ -1444,7 +1444,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.CodeGen.X86
 
                 Span<byte> buffer = new byte[jump.JumpPosition - _stream.Position];
 
-                _stream.Read(buffer);
+                _stream.ReadExactly(buffer);
                 _stream.Seek(ReservedBytesForJump, SeekOrigin.Current);
 
                 codeStream.Write(buffer);

src/ARMeilleure/Instructions/InstEmitSimdArithmetic.cs

@@ -2426,7 +2426,11 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
             }
             else if (Optimizations.FastFP && Optimizations.UseSse41 && sizeF == 0)
             {
-                Operand res = EmitSse41Round32Exp8OpF(context, context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Rsqrtss, GetVec(op.Rn)), scalar: true);
+                // RSQRTSS handles subnormals as zero, which differs from Arm, so we can't use it here.
+
+                Operand res = context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Sqrtss, GetVec(op.Rn));
+                res = context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Rcpss, res);
+                res = EmitSse41Round32Exp8OpF(context, res, scalar: true);
 
                 context.Copy(GetVec(op.Rd), context.VectorZeroUpper96(res));
             }
@@ -2451,7 +2455,11 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
             }
             else if (Optimizations.FastFP && Optimizations.UseSse41 && sizeF == 0)
             {
-                Operand res = EmitSse41Round32Exp8OpF(context, context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Rsqrtps, GetVec(op.Rn)), scalar: false);
+                // RSQRTPS handles subnormals as zero, which differs from Arm, so we can't use it here.
+
+                Operand res = context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Sqrtps, GetVec(op.Rn));
+                res = context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Rcpps, res);
+                res = EmitSse41Round32Exp8OpF(context, res, scalar: false);
 
                 if (op.RegisterSize == RegisterSize.Simd64)
                 {

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/ControlFlowGraph.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
         private int[] _postOrderMap;
 
         public int LocalsCount { get; private set; }
-        public BasicBlock Entry { get; }
+        public BasicBlock Entry { get; private set; }
         public IntrusiveList<BasicBlock> Blocks { get; }
         public BasicBlock[] PostOrderBlocks => _postOrderBlocks;
         public int[] PostOrderMap => _postOrderMap;
@@ -34,6 +34,15 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
             return result;
         }
 
+        public void UpdateEntry(BasicBlock newEntry)
+        {
+            newEntry.AddSuccessor(Entry);
+
+            Entry = newEntry;
+            Blocks.AddFirst(newEntry);
+            Update();
+        }
+
         public void Update()
         {
             RemoveUnreachableBlocks(Blocks);

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/PTC/Ptc.cs

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
         private const string OuterHeaderMagicString = "PTCohd\0\0";
         private const string InnerHeaderMagicString = "PTCihd\0\0";
 
-        private const uint InternalVersion = 6613; //! To be incremented manually for each change to the ARMeilleure project.
+        private const uint InternalVersion = 6950; //! To be incremented manually for each change to the ARMeilleure project.
 
         private const string ActualDir = "0";
         private const string BackupDir = "1";
@@ -857,8 +857,14 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
 
             Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
 
-            threads.ForEach((thread) => thread.Start());
-            threads.ForEach((thread) => thread.Join());
+            foreach (var thread in threads)
+            {
+                thread.Start();
+            }
+            foreach (var thread in threads)
+            {
+                thread.Join();
+            }
 
             threads.Clear();
 

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/RegisterUsage.cs

@@ -89,6 +89,17 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
 
         public static void RunPass(ControlFlowGraph cfg, ExecutionMode mode)
         {
+            if (cfg.Entry.Predecessors.Count != 0)
+            {
+                // We expect the entry block to have no predecessors.
+                // This is required because we have a implicit context load at the start of the function,
+                // but if there is a jump to the start of the function, the context load would trash the modified values.
+                // Here we insert a new entry block that will jump to the existing entry block.
+                BasicBlock newEntry = new BasicBlock(cfg.Blocks.Count);
+
+                cfg.UpdateEntry(newEntry);
+            }
+
             // Compute local register inputs and outputs used inside blocks.
             RegisterMask[] localInputs = new RegisterMask[cfg.Blocks.Count];
             RegisterMask[] localOutputs = new RegisterMask[cfg.Blocks.Count];
@@ -201,7 +212,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
 
                 // The only block without any predecessor should be the entry block.
                 // It always needs a context load as it is the first block to run.
-                if (block.Predecessors.Count == 0 || hasContextLoad)
+                if (block == cfg.Entry || hasContextLoad)
                 {
                     long vecMask = globalInputs[block.Index].VecMask;
                     long intMask = globalInputs[block.Index].IntMask;

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SDL2/SDL2HardwareDeviceSession.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Threading;
 
@@ -87,7 +89,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SDL2
                 return;
             }
 
-            byte[] samples = new byte[frameCount * _bytesPerFrame];
+            using SpanOwner<byte> samplesOwner = SpanOwner<byte>.Rent(frameCount * _bytesPerFrame);
+
+            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Span;
 
             _ringBuffer.Read(samples, 0, samples.Length);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo/SoundIoHardwareDeviceSession.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo.Native;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Threading;
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo
             _outputStream = _driver.OpenStream(RequestedSampleFormat, RequestedSampleRate, RequestedChannelCount);
             _outputStream.WriteCallback += Update;
             _outputStream.Volume = requestedVolume;
-            // TODO: Setup other callbacks (errors, ect).
+            // TODO: Setup other callbacks (errors, etc.)
 
             _outputStream.Open();
         }
@@ -120,7 +122,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.SoundIo
 
             int channelCount = areas.Length;
 
-            byte[] samples = new byte[frameCount * bytesPerFrame];
+            using SpanOwner<byte> samplesOwner = SpanOwner<byte>.Rent(frameCount * bytesPerFrame);
+
+            Span<byte> samples = samplesOwner.Span;
 
             _ringBuffer.Read(samples, 0, samples.Length);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Backends/Common/DynamicRingBuffer.cs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         private readonly object _lock = new();
 
-        private IMemoryOwner<byte> _bufferOwner;
+        private MemoryOwner<byte> _bufferOwner;
         private Memory<byte> _buffer;
         private int _size;
         private int _headOffset;
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         public DynamicRingBuffer(int initialCapacity = RingBufferAlignment)
         {
-            _bufferOwner = ByteMemoryPool.RentCleared(initialCapacity);
+            _bufferOwner = MemoryOwner<byte>.RentCleared(initialCapacity);
             _buffer = _bufferOwner.Memory;
         }
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Backends.Common
 
         private void SetCapacityLocked(int capacity)
         {
-            IMemoryOwner<byte> newBufferOwner = ByteMemoryPool.RentCleared(capacity);
+            MemoryOwner<byte> newBufferOwner = MemoryOwner<byte>.RentCleared(capacity);
             Memory<byte> newBuffer = newBufferOwner.Memory;
 
             if (_size > 0)

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Common/VoiceUpdateState.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common
     {
         public const int Align = 0x10;
         public const int BiquadStateOffset = 0x0;
-        public const int BiquadStateSize = 0x10;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The state of the biquad filters of this voice.

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/BiquadFilterHelper.cs

@@ -16,10 +16,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
         /// <param name="parameter">The biquad filter parameter</param>
         /// <param name="state">The biquad filter state</param>
         /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
-        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
         /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public static void ProcessBiquadFilter(ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter, ref BiquadFilterState state, Span<float> outputBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer, uint sampleCount)
+        public static void ProcessBiquadFilter(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount)
         {
             float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
             float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
@@ -40,6 +45,96 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply a single biquad filter and mix the result into the output buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="parameter">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
+        /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">Mix volume</param>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static void ProcessBiquadFilterAndMix(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount,
+            float volume)
+        {
+            float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
+            {
+                float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                float output = input * a0 + state.State0 * a1 + state.State1 * a2 + state.State2 * b1 + state.State3 * b2;
+
+                state.State1 = state.State0;
+                state.State0 = input;
+                state.State3 = state.State2;
+                state.State2 = output;
+
+                outputBuffer[i] += FloatingPointHelper.MultiplyRoundUp(output, volume);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply a single biquad filter and mix the result into the output buffer with volume ramp.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="parameter">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
+        /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">Initial mix volume</param>
+        /// <param name="ramp">Volume increment step</param>
+        /// <returns>Last filtered sample value</returns>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static float ProcessBiquadFilterAndMixRamp(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount,
+            float volume,
+            float ramp)
+        {
+            float a0 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b1 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b2 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float mixState = 0f;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
+            {
+                float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                float output = input * a0 + state.State0 * a1 + state.State1 * a2 + state.State2 * b1 + state.State3 * b2;
+
+                state.State1 = state.State0;
+                state.State0 = input;
+                state.State3 = state.State2;
+                state.State2 = output;
+
+                mixState = FloatingPointHelper.MultiplyRoundUp(output, volume);
+
+                outputBuffer[i] += mixState;
+                volume += ramp;
+            }
+
+            return mixState;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Apply multiple biquad filter.
         /// </summary>
@@ -47,10 +142,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
         /// <param name="parameters">The biquad filter parameter</param>
         /// <param name="states">The biquad filter state</param>
         /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
-        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
         /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        public static void ProcessBiquadFilter(ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> parameters, Span<BiquadFilterState> states, Span<float> outputBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer, uint sampleCount)
+        public static void ProcessBiquadFilter(
+            ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> parameters,
+            Span<BiquadFilterState> states,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount)
         {
             for (int stageIndex = 0; stageIndex < parameters.Length; stageIndex++)
             {
@@ -67,7 +167,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
                 {
-                    float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                    float input = stageIndex != 0 ? outputBuffer[i] : inputBuffer[i];
                     float output = input * a0 + state.State0 * a1 + state.State1 * a2 + state.State2 * b1 + state.State3 * b2;
 
                     state.State1 = state.State0;
@@ -79,5 +179,129 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply double biquad filter and mix the result into the output buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="parameters">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="states">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
+        /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">Mix volume</param>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static void ProcessDoubleBiquadFilterAndMix(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter0,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter1,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state0,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state1,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount,
+            float volume)
+        {
+            float a00 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float a01 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
+            {
+                float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                float output = input * a00 + state0.State0 * a10 + state0.State1 * a20 + state0.State2 * b10 + state0.State3 * b20;
+
+                state0.State1 = state0.State0;
+                state0.State0 = input;
+                state0.State3 = state0.State2;
+                state0.State2 = output;
+
+                input = output;
+                output = input * a01 + state1.State0 * a11 + state1.State1 * a21 + state1.State2 * b11 + state1.State3 * b21;
+
+                state1.State1 = state1.State0;
+                state1.State0 = input;
+                state1.State3 = state1.State2;
+                state1.State2 = output;
+
+                outputBuffer[i] += FloatingPointHelper.MultiplyRoundUp(output, volume);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Apply double biquad filter and mix the result into the output buffer with volume ramp.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This is implemented with a direct form 1.</remarks>
+        /// <param name="parameters">The biquad filter parameter</param>
+        /// <param name="states">The biquad filter state</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBuffer">The output buffer to write the result</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBuffer">The input buffer to read the samples from</param>
+        /// <param name="sampleCount">The count of samples to process</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">Initial mix volume</param>
+        /// <param name="ramp">Volume increment step</param>
+        /// <returns>Last filtered sample value</returns>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static float ProcessDoubleBiquadFilterAndMixRamp(
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter0,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter parameter1,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state0,
+            ref BiquadFilterState state1,
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            uint sampleCount,
+            float volume,
+            float ramp)
+        {
+            float a00 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b10 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b20 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter0.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float a01 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float a21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Numerator[2], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float b11 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[0], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+            float b21 = FixedPointHelper.ToFloat(parameter1.Denominator[1], FixedPointPrecisionForParameter);
+
+            float mixState = 0f;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < sampleCount; i++)
+            {
+                float input = inputBuffer[i];
+                float output = input * a00 + state0.State0 * a10 + state0.State1 * a20 + state0.State2 * b10 + state0.State3 * b20;
+
+                state0.State1 = state0.State0;
+                state0.State0 = input;
+                state0.State3 = state0.State2;
+                state0.State2 = output;
+
+                input = output;
+                output = input * a01 + state1.State0 * a11 + state1.State1 * a21 + state1.State2 * b11 + state1.State3 * b21;
+
+                state1.State1 = state1.State0;
+                state1.State0 = input;
+                state1.State3 = state1.State2;
+                state1.State2 = output;
+
+                mixState = FloatingPointHelper.MultiplyRoundUp(output, volume);
+
+                outputBuffer[i] += mixState;
+                volume += ramp;
+            }
+
+            return mixState;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/BiquadFilterAndMixCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
+{
+    public class BiquadFilterAndMixCommand : ICommand
+    {
+        public bool Enabled { get; set; }
+
+        public int NodeId { get; }
+
+        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.BiquadFilterAndMix;
+
+        public uint EstimatedProcessingTime { get; set; }
+
+        public ushort InputBufferIndex { get; }
+        public ushort OutputBufferIndex { get; }
+
+        private BiquadFilterParameter _parameter;
+
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> BiquadFilterState { get; }
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> PreviousBiquadFilterState { get; }
+
+        public Memory<VoiceUpdateState> State { get; }
+
+        public int LastSampleIndex { get; }
+
+        public float Volume0 { get; }
+        public float Volume1 { get; }
+
+        public bool NeedInitialization { get; }
+        public bool HasVolumeRamp { get; }
+        public bool IsFirstMixBuffer { get; }
+
+        public BiquadFilterAndMixCommand(
+            float volume0,
+            float volume1,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            int lastSampleIndex,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState,
+            bool needInitialization,
+            bool hasVolumeRamp,
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            Enabled = true;
+            NodeId = nodeId;
+
+            InputBufferIndex = (ushort)inputBufferIndex;
+            OutputBufferIndex = (ushort)outputBufferIndex;
+
+            _parameter = filter;
+            BiquadFilterState = biquadFilterState;
+            PreviousBiquadFilterState = previousBiquadFilterState;
+
+            State = state;
+            LastSampleIndex = lastSampleIndex;
+
+            Volume0 = volume0;
+            Volume1 = volume1;
+
+            NeedInitialization = needInitialization;
+            HasVolumeRamp = hasVolumeRamp;
+            IsFirstMixBuffer = isFirstMixBuffer;
+        }
+
+        public void Process(CommandList context)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(InputBufferIndex);
+            Span<float> outputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(OutputBufferIndex);
+
+            if (NeedInitialization)
+            {
+                // If there is no previous state, initialize to zero.
+
+                BiquadFilterState.Span[0] = new BiquadFilterState();
+            }
+            else if (IsFirstMixBuffer)
+            {
+                // This is the first buffer, set previous state to current state.
+
+                PreviousBiquadFilterState.Span[0] = BiquadFilterState.Span[0];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Rewind the current state by copying back the previous state.
+
+                BiquadFilterState.Span[0] = PreviousBiquadFilterState.Span[0];
+            }
+
+            if (HasVolumeRamp)
+            {
+                float volume = Volume0;
+                float ramp = (Volume1 - Volume0) / (int)context.SampleCount;
+
+                State.Span[0].LastSamples[LastSampleIndex] = BiquadFilterHelper.ProcessBiquadFilterAndMixRamp(
+                    ref _parameter,
+                    ref BiquadFilterState.Span[0],
+                    outputBuffer,
+                    inputBuffer,
+                    context.SampleCount,
+                    volume,
+                    ramp);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                BiquadFilterHelper.ProcessBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    ref _parameter,
+                    ref BiquadFilterState.Span[0],
+                    outputBuffer,
+                    inputBuffer,
+                    context.SampleCount,
+                    Volume1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/CommandType.cs

@@ -30,8 +30,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
         CopyMixBuffer,
         LimiterVersion1,
         LimiterVersion2,
-        GroupedBiquadFilter,
+        MultiTapBiquadFilter,
         CaptureBuffer,
         Compressor,
+        BiquadFilterAndMix,
+        MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix,
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/MixRampGroupedCommand.cs

@@ -24,7 +24,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
 
         public Memory<VoiceUpdateState> State { get; }
 
-        public MixRampGroupedCommand(uint mixBufferCount, uint inputBufferIndex, uint outputBufferIndex, Span<float> volume0, Span<float> volume1, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, int nodeId)
+        public MixRampGroupedCommand(
+            uint mixBufferCount,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> volume0,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> volume1,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            int nodeId)
         {
             Enabled = true;
             MixBufferCount = mixBufferCount;
@@ -48,7 +55,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
         }
 
         [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
-        private static float ProcessMixRampGrouped(Span<float> outputBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer, float volume0, float volume1, int sampleCount)
+        private static float ProcessMixRampGrouped(
+            Span<float> outputBuffer,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer,
+            float volume0,
+            float volume1,
+            int sampleCount)
         {
             float ramp = (volume1 - volume0) / sampleCount;
             float volume = volume0;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
+{
+    public class MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand : ICommand
+    {
+        public bool Enabled { get; set; }
+
+        public int NodeId { get; }
+
+        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix;
+
+        public uint EstimatedProcessingTime { get; set; }
+
+        public ushort InputBufferIndex { get; }
+        public ushort OutputBufferIndex { get; }
+
+        private BiquadFilterParameter _parameter0;
+        private BiquadFilterParameter _parameter1;
+
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> BiquadFilterState0 { get; }
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> BiquadFilterState1 { get; }
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> PreviousBiquadFilterState0 { get; }
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> PreviousBiquadFilterState1 { get; }
+
+        public Memory<VoiceUpdateState> State { get; }
+
+        public int LastSampleIndex { get; }
+
+        public float Volume0 { get; }
+        public float Volume1 { get; }
+
+        public bool NeedInitialization0 { get; }
+        public bool NeedInitialization1 { get; }
+        public bool HasVolumeRamp { get; }
+        public bool IsFirstMixBuffer { get; }
+
+        public MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand(
+            float volume0,
+            float volume1,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            int lastSampleIndex,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter0,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter1,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState0,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState1,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState0,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState1,
+            bool needInitialization0,
+            bool needInitialization1,
+            bool hasVolumeRamp,
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            Enabled = true;
+            NodeId = nodeId;
+
+            InputBufferIndex = (ushort)inputBufferIndex;
+            OutputBufferIndex = (ushort)outputBufferIndex;
+
+            _parameter0 = filter0;
+            _parameter1 = filter1;
+            BiquadFilterState0 = biquadFilterState0;
+            BiquadFilterState1 = biquadFilterState1;
+            PreviousBiquadFilterState0 = previousBiquadFilterState0;
+            PreviousBiquadFilterState1 = previousBiquadFilterState1;
+
+            State = state;
+            LastSampleIndex = lastSampleIndex;
+
+            Volume0 = volume0;
+            Volume1 = volume1;
+
+            NeedInitialization0 = needInitialization0;
+            NeedInitialization1 = needInitialization1;
+            HasVolumeRamp = hasVolumeRamp;
+            IsFirstMixBuffer = isFirstMixBuffer;
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateState(Memory<BiquadFilterState> state, Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousState, bool needInitialization)
+        {
+            if (needInitialization)
+            {
+                // If there is no previous state, initialize to zero.
+
+                state.Span[0] = new BiquadFilterState();
+            }
+            else if (IsFirstMixBuffer)
+            {
+                // This is the first buffer, set previous state to current state.
+
+                previousState.Span[0] = state.Span[0];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // Rewind the current state by copying back the previous state.
+
+                state.Span[0] = previousState.Span[0];
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Process(CommandList context)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> inputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(InputBufferIndex);
+            Span<float> outputBuffer = context.GetBuffer(OutputBufferIndex);
+
+            UpdateState(BiquadFilterState0, PreviousBiquadFilterState0, NeedInitialization0);
+            UpdateState(BiquadFilterState1, PreviousBiquadFilterState1, NeedInitialization1);
+
+            if (HasVolumeRamp)
+            {
+                float volume = Volume0;
+                float ramp = (Volume1 - Volume0) / (int)context.SampleCount;
+
+                State.Span[0].LastSamples[LastSampleIndex] = BiquadFilterHelper.ProcessDoubleBiquadFilterAndMixRamp(
+                    ref _parameter0,
+                    ref _parameter1,
+                    ref BiquadFilterState0.Span[0],
+                    ref BiquadFilterState1.Span[0],
+                    outputBuffer,
+                    inputBuffer,
+                    context.SampleCount,
+                    volume,
+                    ramp);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                BiquadFilterHelper.ProcessDoubleBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    ref _parameter0,
+                    ref _parameter1,
+                    ref BiquadFilterState0.Span[0],
+                    ref BiquadFilterState1.Span[0],
+                    outputBuffer,
+                    inputBuffer,
+                    context.SampleCount,
+                    Volume1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/Command/MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand.cs

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
 {
-    public class GroupedBiquadFilterCommand : ICommand
+    public class MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand : ICommand
     {
         public bool Enabled { get; set; }
 
         public int NodeId { get; }
 
-        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.GroupedBiquadFilter;
+        public CommandType CommandType => CommandType.MultiTapBiquadFilter;
 
         public uint EstimatedProcessingTime { get; set; }
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command
         private readonly int _outputBufferIndex;
         private readonly bool[] _isInitialized;
 
-        public GroupedBiquadFilterCommand(int baseIndex, ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> filters, Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterStateMemory, int inputBufferOffset, int outputBufferOffset, ReadOnlySpan<bool> isInitialized, int nodeId)
+        public MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand(int baseIndex, ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> filters, Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterStateMemory, int inputBufferOffset, int outputBufferOffset, ReadOnlySpan<bool> isInitialized, int nodeId)
         {
             _parameters = filters.ToArray();
             _biquadFilterStates = biquadFilterStateMemory;

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Dsp/State/BiquadFilterState.cs

@@ -2,12 +2,16 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State
 {
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1, Size = 0x10)]
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1, Size = 0x20)]
     public struct BiquadFilterState
     {
         public float State0;
         public float State1;
         public float State2;
         public float State3;
+        public float State4;
+        public float State5;
+        public float State6;
+        public float State7;
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Parameter/ISplitterDestinationInParameter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Generic interface for the splitter destination parameters.
+    /// </summary>
+    public interface ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Target splitter destination data id.
+        /// </summary>
+        int Id { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        int DestinationId { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Biquad filter parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> BiquadFilters { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if in use.
+        /// </summary>
+        bool IsUsed { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        Span<float> MixBufferVolume { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the magic is valid.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Returns true if the magic is valid.</returns>
+        bool IsMagicValid();
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Parameter/SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion1.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -5,10 +6,10 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// Input header for a splitter destination update.
+    /// Input header for a splitter destination version 1 update.
     /// </summary>
     [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
-    public struct SplitterDestinationInParameter
+    public struct SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion1 : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// Magic of the input header.
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
         /// </summary>
         private unsafe fixed byte _reserved[3];
 
-        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 4 * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = sizeof(float) * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
         private struct MixArray { }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -50,6 +51,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
         /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
         public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mixBufferVolume);
 
+        readonly int ISplitterDestinationInParameter.Id => Id;
+
+        readonly int ISplitterDestinationInParameter.DestinationId => DestinationId;
+
+        readonly Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> ISplitterDestinationInParameter.BiquadFilters => default;
+
+        readonly bool ISplitterDestinationInParameter.IsUsed => IsUsed;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// The expected constant of any input header.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Parameter/SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion2.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Input header for a splitter destination version 2 update.
+    /// </summary>
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
+    public struct SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion2 : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Magic of the input header.
+        /// </summary>
+        public uint Magic;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Target splitter destination data id.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Id;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        private MixArray _mixBufferVolume;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int DestinationId;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Biquad filter parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> BiquadFilters;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if in use.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool IsUsed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reserved/padding.
+        /// </summary>
+        private unsafe fixed byte _reserved[11];
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = sizeof(float) * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
+        private struct MixArray { }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mixBufferVolume);
+
+        readonly int ISplitterDestinationInParameter.Id => Id;
+
+        readonly int ISplitterDestinationInParameter.DestinationId => DestinationId;
+
+        readonly Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> ISplitterDestinationInParameter.BiquadFilters => BiquadFilters;
+
+        readonly bool ISplitterDestinationInParameter.IsUsed => IsUsed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The expected constant of any input header.
+        /// </summary>
+        private const uint ValidMagic = 0x44444E53;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the magic is valid.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Returns true if the magic is valid.</returns>
+        public readonly bool IsMagicValid()
+        {
+            return Magic == ValidMagic;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/AudioRenderSystem.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Integration;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.Command;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Effect;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.MemoryPool;
@@ -173,6 +174,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 return ResultCode.WorkBufferTooSmall;
             }
 
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> splitterBqfStates = Memory<BiquadFilterState>.Empty;
+
+            if (_behaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled() &&
+                parameter.SplitterCount > 0 &&
+                parameter.SplitterDestinationCount > 0)
+            {
+                splitterBqfStates = workBufferAllocator.Allocate<BiquadFilterState>(parameter.SplitterDestinationCount * SplitterContext.BqfStatesPerDestination, 0x10);
+
+                if (splitterBqfStates.IsEmpty)
+                {
+                    return ResultCode.WorkBufferTooSmall;
+                }
+
+                splitterBqfStates.Span.Clear();
+            }
+
             // Invalidate DSP cache on what was currently allocated with workBuffer.
             AudioProcessorMemoryManager.InvalidateDspCache(_dspMemoryPoolState.Translate(workBuffer, workBufferAllocator.Offset), workBufferAllocator.Offset);
 
@@ -292,7 +309,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 state = MemoryPoolState.Create(MemoryPoolState.LocationType.Cpu);
             }
 
-            if (!_splitterContext.Initialize(ref _behaviourContext, ref parameter, workBufferAllocator))
+            if (!_splitterContext.Initialize(ref _behaviourContext, ref parameter, workBufferAllocator, splitterBqfStates))
             {
                 return ResultCode.WorkBufferTooSmall;
             }
@@ -775,6 +792,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             // Splitter
             size = SplitterContext.GetWorkBufferSize(size, ref behaviourContext, ref parameter);
 
+            if (behaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled() &&
+                parameter.SplitterCount > 0 &&
+                parameter.SplitterDestinationCount > 0)
+            {
+                size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<BiquadFilterState>(size, parameter.SplitterDestinationCount * SplitterContext.BqfStatesPerDestination, 0x10);
+            }
+
             // DSP Voice
             size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<VoiceUpdateState>(size, parameter.VoiceCount, VoiceUpdateState.Align);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/BehaviourContext.cs

@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <see cref="Parameter.RendererInfoOutStatus"/> was added to supply the count of update done sent to the DSP.
         /// A new version of the command estimator was added to address timing changes caused by the voice changes.
         /// Additionally, the rendering limit percent was incremented to 80%.
-        ///
         /// </summary>
         /// <remarks>This was added in system update 6.0.0</remarks>
         public const int Revision5 = 5 << 24;
@@ -101,10 +100,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <remarks>This was added in system update 14.0.0 but some changes were made in 15.0.0</remarks>
         public const int Revision11 = 11 << 24;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// REV12:
+        /// Two new commands were added to for biquad filtering and mixing (with optinal volume ramp) on the same command.
+        /// Splitter destinations can now specify up to two biquad filtering parameters, used for filtering the buffer before mixing.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>This was added in system update 17.0.0</remarks>
+        public const int Revision12 = 12 << 24;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Last revision supported by the implementation.
         /// </summary>
-        public const int LastRevision = Revision11;
+        public const int LastRevision = Revision12;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Target revision magic supported by the implementation.
@@ -212,7 +219,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <summary>
         /// Check if the audio renderer should fix the GC-ADPCM context not being provided to the DSP.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>True if if the audio renderer should fix it.</returns>
+        /// <returns>True if the audio renderer should fix it.</returns>
         public bool IsAdpcmLoopContextBugFixed()
         {
             return CheckFeatureSupported(UserRevision, BaseRevisionMagic + Revision2);
@@ -354,7 +361,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// Check if the audio renderer should use an optimized Biquad Filter (Direct Form 1) in case of two biquad filters are defined on a voice.
         /// </summary>
         /// <returns>True if the audio renderer should use the optimization.</returns>
-        public bool IsBiquadFilterGroupedOptimizationSupported()
+        public bool UseMultiTapBiquadFilterProcessing()
         {
             return CheckFeatureSupported(UserRevision, BaseRevisionMagic + Revision10);
         }
@@ -368,6 +375,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             return CheckFeatureSupported(UserRevision, BaseRevisionMagic + Revision11);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the audio renderer should support biquad filter on splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the audio renderer support biquad filter on splitter</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled()
+        {
+            return CheckFeatureSupported(UserRevision, BaseRevisionMagic + Revision12);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Get the version of the <see cref="ICommandProcessingTimeEstimator"/>.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandBuffer.cs

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new <see cref="GroupedBiquadFilterCommand"/>.
+        /// Create a new <see cref="MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="baseIndex">The base index of the input and output buffer.</param>
         /// <param name="filters">The biquad filter parameters.</param>
@@ -213,9 +213,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <param name="outputBufferOffset">The output buffer offset.</param>
         /// <param name="isInitialized">Set to true if the biquad filter state is initialized.</param>
         /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
-        public void GenerateGroupedBiquadFilter(int baseIndex, ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> filters, Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterStatesMemory, int inputBufferOffset, int outputBufferOffset, ReadOnlySpan<bool> isInitialized, int nodeId)
+        public void GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilter(int baseIndex, ReadOnlySpan<BiquadFilterParameter> filters, Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterStatesMemory, int inputBufferOffset, int outputBufferOffset, ReadOnlySpan<bool> isInitialized, int nodeId)
         {
-            GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command = new(baseIndex, filters, biquadFilterStatesMemory, inputBufferOffset, outputBufferOffset, isInitialized, nodeId);
+            MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command = new(baseIndex, filters, biquadFilterStatesMemory, inputBufferOffset, outputBufferOffset, isInitialized, nodeId);
 
             command.EstimatedProcessingTime = _commandProcessingTimeEstimator.Estimate(command);
 
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <param name="volume">The new volume.</param>
         /// <param name="state">The <see cref="VoiceUpdateState"/> to generate the command from.</param>
         /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
-        public void GenerateMixRampGrouped(uint mixBufferCount, uint inputBufferIndex, uint outputBufferIndex, Span<float> previousVolume, Span<float> volume, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, int nodeId)
+        public void GenerateMixRampGrouped(uint mixBufferCount, uint inputBufferIndex, uint outputBufferIndex, ReadOnlySpan<float> previousVolume, ReadOnlySpan<float> volume, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, int nodeId)
         {
             MixRampGroupedCommand command = new(mixBufferCount, inputBufferIndex, outputBufferIndex, previousVolume, volume, state, nodeId);
 
@@ -260,6 +260,120 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             AddCommand(command);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generate a new <see cref="BiquadFilterAndMixCommand"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="previousVolume">The previous volume.</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">The new volume.</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBufferIndex">The input buffer index.</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBufferIndex">The output buffer index.</param>
+        /// <param name="lastSampleIndex">The index in the <see cref="VoiceUpdateState.LastSamples"/> array to store the ramped sample.</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The <see cref="VoiceUpdateState"/> to generate the command from.</param>
+        /// <param name="filter">The biquad filter parameter.</param>
+        /// <param name="biquadFilterState">The biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="previousBiquadFilterState">The previous biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="needInitialization">Set to true if the biquad filter state needs to be initialized.</param>
+        /// <param name="hasVolumeRamp">Set to true if the mix has volume ramp, and <paramref name="previousVolume"/> should be taken into account.</param>
+        /// <param name="isFirstMixBuffer">Set to true if the buffer is the first mix buffer.</param>
+        /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
+        public void GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+            float previousVolume,
+            float volume,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            int lastSampleIndex,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState,
+            bool needInitialization,
+            bool hasVolumeRamp,
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command = new(
+                previousVolume,
+                volume,
+                inputBufferIndex,
+                outputBufferIndex,
+                lastSampleIndex,
+                state,
+                ref filter,
+                biquadFilterState,
+                previousBiquadFilterState,
+                needInitialization,
+                hasVolumeRamp,
+                isFirstMixBuffer,
+                nodeId);
+
+            command.EstimatedProcessingTime = _commandProcessingTimeEstimator.Estimate(command);
+
+            AddCommand(command);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Generate a new <see cref="MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="previousVolume">The previous volume.</param>
+        /// <param name="volume">The new volume.</param>
+        /// <param name="inputBufferIndex">The input buffer index.</param>
+        /// <param name="outputBufferIndex">The output buffer index.</param>
+        /// <param name="lastSampleIndex">The index in the <see cref="VoiceUpdateState.LastSamples"/> array to store the ramped sample.</param>
+        /// <param name="state">The <see cref="VoiceUpdateState"/> to generate the command from.</param>
+        /// <param name="filter0">First biquad filter parameter.</param>
+        /// <param name="filter1">Second biquad filter parameter.</param>
+        /// <param name="biquadFilterState0">First biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="biquadFilterState1">Second biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="previousBiquadFilterState0">First previous biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="previousBiquadFilterState1">Second previous biquad state.</param>
+        /// <param name="needInitialization0">Set to true if the first biquad filter state needs to be initialized.</param>
+        /// <param name="needInitialization1">Set to true if the second biquad filter state needs to be initialized.</param>
+        /// <param name="hasVolumeRamp">Set to true if the mix has volume ramp, and <paramref name="previousVolume"/> should be taken into account.</param>
+        /// <param name="isFirstMixBuffer">Set to true if the buffer is the first mix buffer.</param>
+        /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
+        public void GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix(
+            float previousVolume,
+            float volume,
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            int lastSampleIndex,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter0,
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter filter1,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState0,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> biquadFilterState1,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState0,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> previousBiquadFilterState1,
+            bool needInitialization0,
+            bool needInitialization1,
+            bool hasVolumeRamp,
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command = new(
+                previousVolume,
+                volume,
+                inputBufferIndex,
+                outputBufferIndex,
+                lastSampleIndex,
+                state,
+                ref filter0,
+                ref filter1,
+                biquadFilterState0,
+                biquadFilterState1,
+                previousBiquadFilterState0,
+                previousBiquadFilterState1,
+                needInitialization0,
+                needInitialization1,
+                hasVolumeRamp,
+                isFirstMixBuffer,
+                nodeId);
+
+            command.EstimatedProcessingTime = _commandProcessingTimeEstimator.Estimate(command);
+
+            AddCommand(command);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Generate a new <see cref="DepopForMixBuffersCommand"/>.
         /// </summary>
@@ -268,7 +382,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         /// <param name="bufferCount">The buffer count.</param>
         /// <param name="nodeId">The node id associated to this command.</param>
         /// <param name="sampleRate">The target sample rate in use.</param>
-        public void GenerateDepopForMixBuffersCommand(Memory<float> depopBuffer, uint bufferOffset, uint bufferCount, int nodeId, uint sampleRate)
+        public void GenerateDepopForMixBuffers(Memory<float> depopBuffer, uint bufferOffset, uint bufferCount, int nodeId, uint sampleRate)
         {
             DepopForMixBuffersCommand command = new(depopBuffer, bufferOffset, bufferCount, nodeId, sampleRate);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandGenerator.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Voice;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Utils;
 using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 {
@@ -46,12 +47,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             {
                 ref MixState mix = ref _mixContext.GetState(voiceState.MixId);
 
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopPrepare(dspState,
-                                                    _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
-                                                    mix.BufferCount,
-                                                    mix.BufferOffset,
-                                                    voiceState.NodeId,
-                                                    voiceState.WasPlaying);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopPrepare(
+                    dspState,
+                    _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
+                    mix.BufferCount,
+                    mix.BufferOffset,
+                    voiceState.NodeId,
+                    voiceState.WasPlaying);
             }
             else if (voiceState.SplitterId != Constants.UnusedSplitterId)
             {
@@ -59,15 +61,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                 while (true)
                 {
-                    Span<SplitterDestination> destinationSpan = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)voiceState.SplitterId, destinationId++);
+                    SplitterDestination destination = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)voiceState.SplitterId, destinationId++);
 
-                    if (destinationSpan.IsEmpty)
+                    if (destination.IsNull)
                     {
                         break;
                     }
 
-                    ref SplitterDestination destination = ref destinationSpan[0];
-
                     if (destination.IsConfigured())
                     {
                         int mixId = destination.DestinationId;
@@ -76,12 +76,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         {
                             ref MixState mix = ref _mixContext.GetState(mixId);
 
-                            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopPrepare(dspState,
-                                                                _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
-                                                                mix.BufferCount,
-                                                                mix.BufferOffset,
-                                                                voiceState.NodeId,
-                                                                voiceState.WasPlaying);
+                            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopPrepare(
+                                dspState,
+                                _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
+                                mix.BufferCount,
+                                mix.BufferOffset,
+                                voiceState.NodeId,
+                                voiceState.WasPlaying);
 
                             destination.MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState();
                         }
@@ -95,35 +96,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                 if (_rendererContext.BehaviourContext.IsWaveBufferVersion2Supported())
                 {
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateDataSourceVersion2(ref voiceState,
-                                                              dspState,
-                                                              (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
-                                                              (ushort)channelIndex,
-                                                              voiceState.NodeId);
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateDataSourceVersion2(
+                        ref voiceState,
+                        dspState,
+                        (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
+                        (ushort)channelIndex,
+                        voiceState.NodeId);
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     switch (voiceState.SampleFormat)
                     {
                         case SampleFormat.PcmInt16:
-                            _commandBuffer.GeneratePcmInt16DataSourceVersion1(ref voiceState,
-                                                                              dspState,
-                                                                              (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
-                                                                              (ushort)channelIndex,
-                                                                              voiceState.NodeId);
+                            _commandBuffer.GeneratePcmInt16DataSourceVersion1(
+                                ref voiceState,
+                                dspState,
+                                (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
+                                (ushort)channelIndex,
+                                voiceState.NodeId);
                             break;
                         case SampleFormat.PcmFloat:
-                            _commandBuffer.GeneratePcmFloatDataSourceVersion1(ref voiceState,
-                                                                              dspState,
-                                                                              (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
-                                                                              (ushort)channelIndex,
-                                                                              voiceState.NodeId);
+                            _commandBuffer.GeneratePcmFloatDataSourceVersion1(
+                                ref voiceState,
+                                dspState,
+                                (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
+                                (ushort)channelIndex,
+                                voiceState.NodeId);
                             break;
                         case SampleFormat.Adpcm:
-                            _commandBuffer.GenerateAdpcmDataSourceVersion1(ref voiceState,
-                                                                           dspState,
-                                                                           (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
-                                                                           voiceState.NodeId);
+                            _commandBuffer.GenerateAdpcmDataSourceVersion1(
+                                ref voiceState,
+                                dspState,
+                                (ushort)_rendererContext.MixBufferCount,
+                                voiceState.NodeId);
                             break;
                         default:
                             throw new NotImplementedException($"Unsupported data source {voiceState.SampleFormat}");
@@ -134,14 +139,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
         private void GenerateBiquadFilterForVoice(ref VoiceState voiceState, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, int baseIndex, int bufferOffset, int nodeId)
         {
-            bool supportsOptimizedPath = _rendererContext.BehaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterGroupedOptimizationSupported();
+            bool supportsOptimizedPath = _rendererContext.BehaviourContext.UseMultiTapBiquadFilterProcessing();
 
             if (supportsOptimizedPath && voiceState.BiquadFilters[0].Enable && voiceState.BiquadFilters[1].Enable)
             {
-                Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(VoiceUpdateState.BiquadStateSize * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
+                Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(Unsafe.SizeOf<BiquadFilterState>() * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
                 Memory<BiquadFilterState> stateMemory = SpanMemoryManager<BiquadFilterState>.Cast(biquadStateRawMemory);
 
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateGroupedBiquadFilter(baseIndex, voiceState.BiquadFilters.AsSpan(), stateMemory, bufferOffset, bufferOffset, voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization, nodeId);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilter(baseIndex, voiceState.BiquadFilters.AsSpan(), stateMemory, bufferOffset, bufferOffset, voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization, nodeId);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -151,33 +156,134 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                     if (filter.Enable)
                     {
-                        Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(VoiceUpdateState.BiquadStateSize * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
-
+                        Memory<byte> biquadStateRawMemory = SpanMemoryManager<byte>.Cast(state)[..(Unsafe.SizeOf<BiquadFilterState>() * Constants.VoiceBiquadFilterCount)];
                         Memory<BiquadFilterState> stateMemory = SpanMemoryManager<BiquadFilterState>.Cast(biquadStateRawMemory);
 
-                        _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilter(baseIndex,
-                                                            ref filter,
-                                                            stateMemory.Slice(i, 1),
-                                                            bufferOffset,
-                                                            bufferOffset,
-                                                            !voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization[i],
-                                                            nodeId);
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilter(
+                            baseIndex,
+                            ref filter,
+                            stateMemory.Slice(i, 1),
+                            bufferOffset,
+                            bufferOffset,
+                            !voiceState.BiquadFilterNeedInitialization[i],
+                            nodeId);
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        private void GenerateVoiceMix(Span<float> mixVolumes, Span<float> previousMixVolumes, Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state, uint bufferOffset, uint bufferCount, uint bufferIndex, int nodeId)
+        private void GenerateVoiceMixWithSplitter(
+            SplitterDestination destination,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            uint bufferOffset,
+            uint bufferCount,
+            uint bufferIndex,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> mixVolumes = destination.MixBufferVolume;
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> previousMixVolumes = destination.PreviousMixBufferVolume;
+
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter bqf0 = ref destination.GetBiquadFilterParameter(0);
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter bqf1 = ref destination.GetBiquadFilterParameter(1);
+
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> bqfState = _splitterContext.GetBiquadFilterState(destination);
+
+            bool isFirstMixBuffer = true;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < bufferCount; i++)
+            {
+                float previousMixVolume = previousMixVolumes[i];
+                float mixVolume = mixVolumes[i];
+
+                if (mixVolume != 0.0f || previousMixVolume != 0.0f)
+                {
+                    if (bqf0.Enable && bqf1.Enable)
+                    {
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                            previousMixVolume,
+                            mixVolume,
+                            bufferIndex,
+                            bufferOffset + (uint)i,
+                            i,
+                            state,
+                            ref bqf0,
+                            ref bqf1,
+                            bqfState[..1],
+                            bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                            bqfState.Slice(2, 1),
+                            bqfState.Slice(3, 1),
+                            !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                            !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                            true,
+                            isFirstMixBuffer,
+                            nodeId);
+
+                        destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(0);
+                        destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(1);
+                    }
+                    else if (bqf0.Enable)
+                    {
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                            previousMixVolume,
+                            mixVolume,
+                            bufferIndex,
+                            bufferOffset + (uint)i,
+                            i,
+                            state,
+                            ref bqf0,
+                            bqfState[..1],
+                            bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                            !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                            true,
+                            isFirstMixBuffer,
+                            nodeId);
+
+                        destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(0);
+                    }
+                    else if (bqf1.Enable)
+                    {
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                            previousMixVolume,
+                            mixVolume,
+                            bufferIndex,
+                            bufferOffset + (uint)i,
+                            i,
+                            state,
+                            ref bqf1,
+                            bqfState[..1],
+                            bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                            !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                            true,
+                            isFirstMixBuffer,
+                            nodeId);
+
+                        destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(1);
+                    }
+
+                    isFirstMixBuffer = false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void GenerateVoiceMix(
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> mixVolumes,
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> previousMixVolumes,
+            Memory<VoiceUpdateState> state,
+            uint bufferOffset,
+            uint bufferCount,
+            uint bufferIndex,
+            int nodeId)
         {
             if (bufferCount > Constants.VoiceChannelCountMax)
             {
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateMixRampGrouped(bufferCount,
-                                                      bufferIndex,
-                                                      bufferOffset,
-                                                      previousMixVolumes,
-                                                      mixVolumes,
-                                                      state,
-                                                      nodeId);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateMixRampGrouped(
+                    bufferCount,
+                    bufferIndex,
+                    bufferOffset,
+                    previousMixVolumes,
+                    mixVolumes,
+                    state,
+                    nodeId);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -188,13 +294,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                     if (mixVolume != 0.0f || previousMixVolume != 0.0f)
                     {
-                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMixRamp(previousMixVolume,
-                                                       mixVolume,
-                                                       bufferIndex,
-                                                       bufferOffset + (uint)i,
-                                                       i,
-                                                       state,
-                                                       nodeId);
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMixRamp(
+                            previousMixVolume,
+                            mixVolume,
+                            bufferIndex,
+                            bufferOffset + (uint)i,
+                            i,
+                            state,
+                            nodeId);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -271,10 +378,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         GeneratePerformance(ref performanceEntry, PerformanceCommand.Type.Start, nodeId);
                     }
 
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateVolumeRamp(voiceState.PreviousVolume,
-                                                      voiceState.Volume,
-                                                      _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
-                                                      nodeId);
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateVolumeRamp(
+                        voiceState.PreviousVolume,
+                        voiceState.Volume,
+                        _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
+                        nodeId);
 
                     if (performanceInitialized)
                     {
@@ -291,15 +399,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                             while (true)
                             {
-                                Span<SplitterDestination> destinationSpan = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)voiceState.SplitterId, destinationId);
+                                SplitterDestination destination = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)voiceState.SplitterId, destinationId);
 
-                                if (destinationSpan.IsEmpty)
+                                if (destination.IsNull)
                                 {
                                     break;
                                 }
 
-                                ref SplitterDestination destination = ref destinationSpan[0];
-
                                 destinationId += (int)channelsCount;
 
                                 if (destination.IsConfigured())
@@ -310,13 +416,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                                     {
                                         ref MixState mix = ref _mixContext.GetState(mixId);
 
-                                        GenerateVoiceMix(destination.MixBufferVolume,
-                                                         destination.PreviousMixBufferVolume,
-                                                         dspStateMemory,
-                                                         mix.BufferOffset,
-                                                         mix.BufferCount,
-                                                         _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
-                                                         nodeId);
+                                        if (destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabled())
+                                        {
+                                            GenerateVoiceMixWithSplitter(
+                                                destination,
+                                                dspStateMemory,
+                                                mix.BufferOffset,
+                                                mix.BufferCount,
+                                                _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
+                                                nodeId);
+                                        }
+                                        else
+                                        {
+                                            GenerateVoiceMix(
+                                                destination.MixBufferVolume,
+                                                destination.PreviousMixBufferVolume,
+                                                dspStateMemory,
+                                                mix.BufferOffset,
+                                                mix.BufferCount,
+                                                _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
+                                                nodeId);
+                                        }
 
                                         destination.MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState();
                                     }
@@ -337,13 +457,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                             GeneratePerformance(ref performanceEntry, PerformanceCommand.Type.Start, nodeId);
                         }
 
-                        GenerateVoiceMix(channelResource.Mix.AsSpan(),
-                                         channelResource.PreviousMix.AsSpan(),
-                                         dspStateMemory,
-                                         mix.BufferOffset,
-                                         mix.BufferCount,
-                                         _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
-                                         nodeId);
+                        GenerateVoiceMix(
+                            channelResource.Mix.AsSpan(),
+                            channelResource.PreviousMix.AsSpan(),
+                            dspStateMemory,
+                            mix.BufferOffset,
+                            mix.BufferCount,
+                            _rendererContext.MixBufferCount + (uint)channelIndex,
+                            nodeId);
 
                         if (performanceInitialized)
                         {
@@ -409,10 +530,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 {
                     if (effect.Parameter.Volumes[i] != 0.0f)
                     {
-                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMix((uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Input[i],
-                                                   (uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Output[i],
-                                                   nodeId,
-                                                   effect.Parameter.Volumes[i]);
+                        _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(
+                            (uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                            (uint)bufferOffset + effect.Parameter.Output[i],
+                            nodeId,
+                            effect.Parameter.Volumes[i]);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -447,17 +569,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         updateCount = newUpdateCount;
                     }
 
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateAuxEffect(bufferOffset,
-                                                     effect.Parameter.Input[i],
-                                                     effect.Parameter.Output[i],
-                                                     ref effect.State,
-                                                     effect.IsEnabled,
-                                                     effect.Parameter.BufferStorageSize,
-                                                     effect.State.SendBufferInfoBase,
-                                                     effect.State.ReturnBufferInfoBase,
-                                                     updateCount,
-                                                     writeOffset,
-                                                     nodeId);
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateAuxEffect(
+                        bufferOffset,
+                        effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                        effect.Parameter.Output[i],
+                        ref effect.State,
+                        effect.IsEnabled,
+                        effect.Parameter.BufferStorageSize,
+                        effect.State.SendBufferInfoBase,
+                        effect.State.ReturnBufferInfoBase,
+                        updateCount,
+                        writeOffset,
+                        nodeId);
 
                     writeOffset = newUpdateCount;
 
@@ -500,7 +623,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             if (effect.IsEnabled)
             {
                 bool needInitialization = effect.Parameter.Status == UsageState.Invalid ||
-                                         (effect.Parameter.Status == UsageState.New && !_rendererContext.BehaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterEffectStateClearBugFixed());
+                    (effect.Parameter.Status == UsageState.New && !_rendererContext.BehaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterEffectStateClearBugFixed());
 
                 BiquadFilterParameter parameter = new()
                 {
@@ -512,11 +635,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                 for (int i = 0; i < effect.Parameter.ChannelCount; i++)
                 {
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilter((int)bufferOffset, ref parameter, effect.State.Slice(i, 1),
-                                                        effect.Parameter.Input[i],
-                                                        effect.Parameter.Output[i],
-                                                        needInitialization,
-                                                        nodeId);
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilter(
+                        (int)bufferOffset,
+                        ref parameter,
+                        effect.State.Slice(i, 1),
+                        effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                        effect.Parameter.Output[i],
+                        needInitialization,
+                        nodeId);
                 }
             }
             else
@@ -591,15 +717,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         updateCount = newUpdateCount;
                     }
 
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateCaptureEffect(bufferOffset,
-                                                         effect.Parameter.Input[i],
-                                                         effect.State.SendBufferInfo,
-                                                         effect.IsEnabled,
-                                                         effect.Parameter.BufferStorageSize,
-                                                         effect.State.SendBufferInfoBase,
-                                                         updateCount,
-                                                         writeOffset,
-                                                         nodeId);
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateCaptureEffect(
+                        bufferOffset,
+                        effect.Parameter.Input[i],
+                        effect.State.SendBufferInfo,
+                        effect.IsEnabled,
+                        effect.Parameter.BufferStorageSize,
+                        effect.State.SendBufferInfoBase,
+                        updateCount,
+                        writeOffset,
+                        nodeId);
 
                     writeOffset = newUpdateCount;
 
@@ -612,11 +739,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             Debug.Assert(effect.Type == EffectType.Compressor);
 
-            _commandBuffer.GenerateCompressorEffect(bufferOffset,
-                                                    effect.Parameter,
-                                                    effect.State,
-                                                    effect.IsEnabled,
-                                                    nodeId);
+            _commandBuffer.GenerateCompressorEffect(
+                bufferOffset,
+                effect.Parameter,
+                effect.State,
+                effect.IsEnabled,
+                nodeId);
         }
 
         private void GenerateEffect(ref MixState mix, int effectId, BaseEffect effect)
@@ -629,8 +757,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             bool performanceInitialized = false;
 
-            if (_performanceManager != null && _performanceManager.GetNextEntry(out performanceEntry, effect.GetPerformanceDetailType(),
-                                                isFinalMix ? PerformanceEntryType.FinalMix : PerformanceEntryType.SubMix, nodeId))
+            if (_performanceManager != null && _performanceManager.GetNextEntry(
+                out performanceEntry,
+                effect.GetPerformanceDetailType(),
+                isFinalMix ? PerformanceEntryType.FinalMix : PerformanceEntryType.SubMix,
+                nodeId))
             {
                 performanceInitialized = true;
 
@@ -706,6 +837,85 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             }
         }
 
+        private void GenerateMixWithSplitter(
+            uint inputBufferIndex,
+            uint outputBufferIndex,
+            float volume,
+            SplitterDestination destination,
+            ref bool isFirstMixBuffer,
+            int nodeId)
+        {
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter bqf0 = ref destination.GetBiquadFilterParameter(0);
+            ref BiquadFilterParameter bqf1 = ref destination.GetBiquadFilterParameter(1);
+
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> bqfState = _splitterContext.GetBiquadFilterState(destination);
+
+            if (bqf0.Enable && bqf1.Enable)
+            {
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateMultiTapBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    0f,
+                    volume,
+                    inputBufferIndex,
+                    outputBufferIndex,
+                    0,
+                    Memory<VoiceUpdateState>.Empty,
+                    ref bqf0,
+                    ref bqf1,
+                    bqfState[..1],
+                    bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                    bqfState.Slice(2, 1),
+                    bqfState.Slice(3, 1),
+                    !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                    !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                    false,
+                    isFirstMixBuffer,
+                    nodeId);
+
+                destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(0);
+                destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(1);
+            }
+            else if (bqf0.Enable)
+            {
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    0f,
+                    volume,
+                    inputBufferIndex,
+                    outputBufferIndex,
+                    0,
+                    Memory<VoiceUpdateState>.Empty,
+                    ref bqf0,
+                    bqfState[..1],
+                    bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                    !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                    false,
+                    isFirstMixBuffer,
+                    nodeId);
+
+                destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(0);
+            }
+            else if (bqf1.Enable)
+            {
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateBiquadFilterAndMix(
+                    0f,
+                    volume,
+                    inputBufferIndex,
+                    outputBufferIndex,
+                    0,
+                    Memory<VoiceUpdateState>.Empty,
+                    ref bqf1,
+                    bqfState[..1],
+                    bqfState.Slice(1, 1),
+                    !destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(),
+                    false,
+                    isFirstMixBuffer,
+                    nodeId);
+
+                destination.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(1);
+            }
+
+            isFirstMixBuffer = false;
+        }
+
         private void GenerateMix(ref MixState mix)
         {
             if (mix.HasAnyDestination())
@@ -722,15 +932,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         {
                             int destinationIndex = destinationId++;
 
-                            Span<SplitterDestination> destinationSpan = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)mix.DestinationSplitterId, destinationIndex);
+                            SplitterDestination destination = _splitterContext.GetDestination((int)mix.DestinationSplitterId, destinationIndex);
 
-                            if (destinationSpan.IsEmpty)
+                            if (destination.IsNull)
                             {
                                 break;
                             }
 
-                            ref SplitterDestination destination = ref destinationSpan[0];
-
                             if (destination.IsConfigured())
                             {
                                 int mixId = destination.DestinationId;
@@ -741,16 +949,32 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                                     uint inputBufferIndex = mix.BufferOffset + ((uint)destinationIndex % mix.BufferCount);
 
+                                    bool isFirstMixBuffer = true;
+
                                     for (uint bufferDestinationIndex = 0; bufferDestinationIndex < destinationMix.BufferCount; bufferDestinationIndex++)
                                     {
                                         float volume = mix.Volume * destination.GetMixVolume((int)bufferDestinationIndex);
 
                                         if (volume != 0.0f)
                                         {
-                                            _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(inputBufferIndex,
-                                                                       destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
-                                                                       mix.NodeId,
-                                                                       volume);
+                                            if (destination.IsBiquadFilterEnabled())
+                                            {
+                                                GenerateMixWithSplitter(
+                                                    inputBufferIndex,
+                                                    destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
+                                                    volume,
+                                                    destination,
+                                                    ref isFirstMixBuffer,
+                                                    mix.NodeId);
+                                            }
+                                            else
+                                            {
+                                                _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(
+                                                    inputBufferIndex,
+                                                    destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
+                                                    mix.NodeId,
+                                                    volume);
+                                            }
                                         }
                                     }
                                 }
@@ -770,10 +994,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
                             if (volume != 0.0f)
                             {
-                                _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(mix.BufferOffset + bufferIndex,
-                                                           destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
-                                                           mix.NodeId,
-                                                           volume);
+                                _commandBuffer.GenerateMix(
+                                    mix.BufferOffset + bufferIndex,
+                                    destinationMix.BufferOffset + bufferDestinationIndex,
+                                    mix.NodeId,
+                                    volume);
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -783,11 +1008,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
         private void GenerateSubMix(ref MixState subMix)
         {
-            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopForMixBuffersCommand(_rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
-                                                             subMix.BufferOffset,
-                                                             subMix.BufferCount,
-                                                             subMix.NodeId,
-                                                             subMix.SampleRate);
+            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopForMixBuffers(
+                _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
+                subMix.BufferOffset,
+                subMix.BufferCount,
+                subMix.NodeId,
+                subMix.SampleRate);
 
             GenerateEffects(ref subMix);
 
@@ -847,11 +1073,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             ref MixState finalMix = ref _mixContext.GetFinalState();
 
-            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopForMixBuffersCommand(_rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
-                                                             finalMix.BufferOffset,
-                                                             finalMix.BufferCount,
-                                                             finalMix.NodeId,
-                                                             finalMix.SampleRate);
+            _commandBuffer.GenerateDepopForMixBuffers(
+                _rendererContext.DepopBuffer,
+                finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                finalMix.BufferCount,
+                finalMix.NodeId,
+                finalMix.SampleRate);
 
             GenerateEffects(ref finalMix);
 
@@ -882,9 +1109,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                         GeneratePerformance(ref performanceEntry, PerformanceCommand.Type.Start, nodeId);
                     }
 
-                    _commandBuffer.GenerateVolume(finalMix.Volume,
-                                                  finalMix.BufferOffset + bufferIndex,
-                                                  nodeId);
+                    _commandBuffer.GenerateVolume(
+                        finalMix.Volume,
+                        finalMix.BufferOffset + bufferIndex,
+                        nodeId);
 
                     if (performanceSubInitialized)
                     {
@@ -938,41 +1166,45 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
 
             if (useCustomDownMixingCommand)
             {
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateDownMixSurroundToStereo(finalMix.BufferOffset,
-                                                               sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
-                                                               sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
-                                                               sink.DownMixCoefficients,
-                                                               Constants.InvalidNodeId);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateDownMixSurroundToStereo(
+                    finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                    sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
+                    sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
+                    sink.DownMixCoefficients,
+                    Constants.InvalidNodeId);
             }
             // NOTE: We do the downmixing at the DSP level as it's easier that way.
             else if (_rendererContext.ChannelCount == 2 && sink.Parameter.InputCount == 6)
             {
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateDownMixSurroundToStereo(finalMix.BufferOffset,
-                                                               sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
-                                                               sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
-                                                               Constants.DefaultSurroundToStereoCoefficients,
-                                                               Constants.InvalidNodeId);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateDownMixSurroundToStereo(
+                    finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                    sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
+                    sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
+                    Constants.DefaultSurroundToStereoCoefficients,
+                    Constants.InvalidNodeId);
             }
 
             CommandList commandList = _commandBuffer.CommandList;
 
             if (sink.UpsamplerState != null)
             {
-                _commandBuffer.GenerateUpsample(finalMix.BufferOffset,
-                                                sink.UpsamplerState,
-                                                sink.Parameter.InputCount,
-                                                sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
-                                                commandList.BufferCount,
-                                                commandList.SampleCount,
-                                                commandList.SampleRate,
-                                                Constants.InvalidNodeId);
+                _commandBuffer.GenerateUpsample(
+                    finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                    sink.UpsamplerState,
+                    sink.Parameter.InputCount,
+                    sink.Parameter.Input.AsSpan(),
+                    commandList.BufferCount,
+                    commandList.SampleCount,
+                    commandList.SampleRate,
+                    Constants.InvalidNodeId);
             }
 
-            _commandBuffer.GenerateDeviceSink(finalMix.BufferOffset,
-                                              sink,
-                                              _rendererContext.SessionId,
-                                              commandList.Buffers,
-                                              Constants.InvalidNodeId);
+            _commandBuffer.GenerateDeviceSink(
+                finalMix.BufferOffset,
+                sink,
+                _rendererContext.SessionId,
+                commandList.Buffers,
+                Constants.InvalidNodeId);
         }
 
         private void GenerateSink(BaseSink sink, ref MixState finalMix)

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion1.cs

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             return 0;
         }
 
-        public uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command)
+        public uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command)
         {
             return 0;
         }
@@ -184,5 +184,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
+        public uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        public uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion2.cs

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             return 0;
         }
 
-        public uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command)
+        public uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command)
         {
             return 0;
         }
@@ -476,5 +476,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
+        public uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        public uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion3.cs

@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
             };
         }
 
-        public virtual uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command)
+        public virtual uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command)
         {
             return 0;
         }
@@ -646,5 +646,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         {
             return 0;
         }
+
+        public virtual uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        public virtual uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion4.cs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
     {
         public CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion4(uint sampleCount, uint bufferCount) : base(sampleCount, bufferCount) { }
 
-        public override uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command)
+        public override uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command)
         {
             Debug.Assert(SampleCount == 160 || SampleCount == 240);
 

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/CommandProcessingTimeEstimatorVersion5.cs

@@ -210,5 +210,53 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
                 _ => throw new NotImplementedException($"{command.Parameter.ChannelCount}"),
             };
         }
+
+        public override uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(SampleCount == 160 || SampleCount == 240);
+
+            if (command.HasVolumeRamp)
+            {
+                if (SampleCount == 160)
+                {
+                    return 5204;
+                }
+
+                return 6683;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (SampleCount == 160)
+                {
+                    return 3427;
+                }
+
+                return 4752;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(SampleCount == 160 || SampleCount == 240);
+
+            if (command.HasVolumeRamp)
+            {
+                if (SampleCount == 160)
+                {
+                    return 7939;
+                }
+
+                return 10669;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (SampleCount == 160)
+                {
+                    return 6256;
+                }
+
+                return 8683;
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/ICommandProcessingTimeEstimator.cs

@@ -33,8 +33,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server
         uint Estimate(UpsampleCommand command);
         uint Estimate(LimiterCommandVersion1 command);
         uint Estimate(LimiterCommandVersion2 command);
-        uint Estimate(GroupedBiquadFilterCommand command);
+        uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterCommand command);
         uint Estimate(CaptureBufferCommand command);
         uint Estimate(CompressorCommand command);
+        uint Estimate(BiquadFilterAndMixCommand command);
+        uint Estimate(MultiTapBiquadFilterAndMixCommand command);
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Mix/MixState.cs

@@ -225,11 +225,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Mix
 
                     for (int i = 0; i < splitter.DestinationCount; i++)
                     {
-                        Span<SplitterDestination> destination = splitter.GetData(i);
+                        SplitterDestination destination = splitter.GetData(i);
 
-                        if (!destination.IsEmpty)
+                        if (!destination.IsNull)
                         {
-                            int destinationMixId = destination[0].DestinationId;
+                            int destinationMixId = destination.DestinationId;
 
                             if (destinationMixId != UnusedMixId)
                             {

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterContext.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Dsp.State;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Utils;
 using Ryujinx.Common;
@@ -15,15 +16,35 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
     /// </summary>
     public class SplitterContext
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Amount of biquad filter states per splitter destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        public const int BqfStatesPerDestination = 4;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Storage for <see cref="SplitterState"/>.
         /// </summary>
         private Memory<SplitterState> _splitters;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Storage for <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Storage for <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        private Memory<SplitterDestination> _splitterDestinations;
+        private Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1> _splitterDestinationsV1;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Storage for <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        private Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2> _splitterDestinationsV2;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Splitter biquad filtering states.
+        /// </summary>
+        private Memory<BiquadFilterState> _splitterBqfStates;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Version of the splitter context that is being used, currently can be 1 or 2.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Version { get; private set; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// If set to true, trust the user destination count in <see cref="SplitterState.Update(SplitterContext, in SplitterInParameter, ref SequenceReader{byte})"/>.
@@ -36,12 +57,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// <param name="behaviourContext">The behaviour context.</param>
         /// <param name="parameter">The audio renderer configuration.</param>
         /// <param name="workBufferAllocator">The <see cref="WorkBufferAllocator"/>.</param>
+        /// <param name="splitterBqfStates">Memory to store the biquad filtering state for splitters during processing.</param>
         /// <returns>Return true if the initialization was successful.</returns>
-        public bool Initialize(ref BehaviourContext behaviourContext, ref AudioRendererConfiguration parameter, WorkBufferAllocator workBufferAllocator)
+        public bool Initialize(
+            ref BehaviourContext behaviourContext,
+            ref AudioRendererConfiguration parameter,
+            WorkBufferAllocator workBufferAllocator,
+            Memory<BiquadFilterState> splitterBqfStates)
         {
             if (!behaviourContext.IsSplitterSupported() || parameter.SplitterCount <= 0 || parameter.SplitterDestinationCount <= 0)
             {
-                Setup(Memory<SplitterState>.Empty, Memory<SplitterDestination>.Empty, false);
+                Setup(Memory<SplitterState>.Empty, Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1>.Empty, Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2>.Empty, false);
 
                 return true;
             }
@@ -60,23 +86,62 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
                 splitter = new SplitterState(splitterId++);
             }
 
-            Memory<SplitterDestination> splitterDestinations = workBufferAllocator.Allocate<SplitterDestination>(parameter.SplitterDestinationCount,
-                SplitterDestination.Alignment);
+            Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1> splitterDestinationsV1 = Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1>.Empty;
+            Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2> splitterDestinationsV2 = Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2>.Empty;
 
-            if (splitterDestinations.IsEmpty)
+            if (!behaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled())
             {
-                return false;
+                Version = 1;
+
+                splitterDestinationsV1 = workBufferAllocator.Allocate<SplitterDestinationVersion1>(parameter.SplitterDestinationCount,
+                    SplitterDestinationVersion1.Alignment);
+
+                if (splitterDestinationsV1.IsEmpty)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                int splitterDestinationId = 0;
+                foreach (ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 data in splitterDestinationsV1.Span)
+                {
+                    data = new SplitterDestinationVersion1(splitterDestinationId++);
+                }
             }
-
-            int splitterDestinationId = 0;
-            foreach (ref SplitterDestination data in splitterDestinations.Span)
+            else
             {
-                data = new SplitterDestination(splitterDestinationId++);
+                Version = 2;
+
+                splitterDestinationsV2 = workBufferAllocator.Allocate<SplitterDestinationVersion2>(parameter.SplitterDestinationCount,
+                    SplitterDestinationVersion2.Alignment);
+
+                if (splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                int splitterDestinationId = 0;
+                foreach (ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 data in splitterDestinationsV2.Span)
+                {
+                    data = new SplitterDestinationVersion2(splitterDestinationId++);
+                }
+
+                if (parameter.SplitterDestinationCount > 0)
+                {
+                    // Official code stores it in the SplitterDestinationVersion2 struct,
+                    // but we don't to avoid using unsafe code.
+
+                    splitterBqfStates.Span.Clear();
+                    _splitterBqfStates = splitterBqfStates;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _splitterBqfStates = Memory<BiquadFilterState>.Empty;
+                }
             }
 
             SplitterState.InitializeSplitters(splitters.Span);
 
-            Setup(splitters, splitterDestinations, behaviourContext.IsSplitterBugFixed());
+            Setup(splitters, splitterDestinationsV1, splitterDestinationsV2, behaviourContext.IsSplitterBugFixed());
 
             return true;
         }
@@ -93,7 +158,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
             if (behaviourContext.IsSplitterSupported())
             {
                 size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<SplitterState>(size, parameter.SplitterCount, SplitterState.Alignment);
-                size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<SplitterDestination>(size, parameter.SplitterDestinationCount, SplitterDestination.Alignment);
+
+                if (behaviourContext.IsBiquadFilterParameterForSplitterEnabled())
+                {
+                    size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<SplitterDestinationVersion2>(size, parameter.SplitterDestinationCount, SplitterDestinationVersion2.Alignment);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    size = WorkBufferAllocator.GetTargetSize<SplitterDestinationVersion1>(size, parameter.SplitterDestinationCount, SplitterDestinationVersion1.Alignment);
+                }
 
                 if (behaviourContext.IsSplitterBugFixed())
                 {
@@ -110,12 +183,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// Setup the <see cref="SplitterContext"/> instance.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="splitters">The <see cref="SplitterState"/> storage.</param>
-        /// <param name="splitterDestinations">The <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> storage.</param>
+        /// <param name="splitterDestinationsV1">The <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> storage.</param>
+        /// <param name="splitterDestinationsV2">The <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> storage.</param>
         /// <param name="isBugFixed">If set to true, trust the user destination count in <see cref="SplitterState.Update(SplitterContext, in SplitterInParameter, ref SequenceReader{byte})"/>.</param>
-        private void Setup(Memory<SplitterState> splitters, Memory<SplitterDestination> splitterDestinations, bool isBugFixed)
+        private void Setup(
+            Memory<SplitterState> splitters,
+            Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion1> splitterDestinationsV1,
+            Memory<SplitterDestinationVersion2> splitterDestinationsV2,
+            bool isBugFixed)
         {
             _splitters = splitters;
-            _splitterDestinations = splitterDestinations;
+            _splitterDestinationsV1 = splitterDestinationsV1;
+            _splitterDestinationsV2 = splitterDestinationsV2;
             IsBugFixed = isBugFixed;
         }
 
@@ -141,7 +220,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
                 return 0;
             }
 
-            return _splitterDestinations.Length / _splitters.Length;
+            int length = _splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty ? _splitterDestinationsV1.Length : _splitterDestinationsV2.Length;
+
+            return length / _splitters.Length;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -178,7 +259,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Update one or multiple <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> from user parameters.
+        /// Update one splitter destination data from user parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="input">The raw data after the splitter header.</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the update was successful, false otherwise</returns>
+        private bool UpdateData<T>(ref SequenceReader<byte> input) where T : unmanaged, ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+        {
+            ref readonly T parameter = ref input.GetRefOrRefToCopy<T>(out _);
+
+            Debug.Assert(parameter.IsMagicValid());
+
+            if (parameter.IsMagicValid())
+            {
+                int length = _splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty ? _splitterDestinationsV1.Length : _splitterDestinationsV2.Length;
+
+                if (parameter.Id >= 0 && parameter.Id < length)
+                {
+                    SplitterDestination destination = GetDestination(parameter.Id);
+
+                    destination.Update(parameter);
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                input.Rewind(Unsafe.SizeOf<T>());
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update one or multiple splitter destination data from user parameters.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="inputHeader">The splitter header.</param>
         /// <param name="input">The raw data after the splitter header.</param>
@@ -186,23 +299,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < inputHeader.SplitterDestinationCount; i++)
             {
-                ref readonly SplitterDestinationInParameter parameter = ref input.GetRefOrRefToCopy<SplitterDestinationInParameter>(out _);
-
-                Debug.Assert(parameter.IsMagicValid());
-
-                if (parameter.IsMagicValid())
+                if (Version == 1)
                 {
-                    if (parameter.Id >= 0 && parameter.Id < _splitterDestinations.Length)
+                    if (!UpdateData<SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion1>(ref input))
                     {
-                        ref SplitterDestination destination = ref GetDestination(parameter.Id);
-
-                        destination.Update(parameter);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (Version == 2)
+                {
+                    if (!UpdateData<SplitterDestinationInParameterVersion2>(ref input))
+                    {
+                        break;
                     }
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    input.Rewind(Unsafe.SizeOf<SplitterDestinationInParameter>());
-                    break;
+                    Debug.Fail($"Invalid splitter context version {Version}.");
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -214,7 +327,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// <returns>Return true if the update was successful.</returns>
         public bool Update(ref SequenceReader<byte> input)
         {
-            if (_splitterDestinations.IsEmpty || _splitters.IsEmpty)
+            if (!UsingSplitter())
             {
                 return true;
             }
@@ -251,45 +364,52 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Get a reference to a <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> at the given <paramref name="id"/>.
+        /// Get a reference to the splitter destination data at the given <paramref name="id"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="id">The index to use.</param>
-        /// <returns>A reference to a <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> at the given <paramref name="id"/>.</returns>
-        public ref SplitterDestination GetDestination(int id)
+        /// <returns>A reference to the splitter destination data at the given <paramref name="id"/>.</returns>
+        public SplitterDestination GetDestination(int id)
         {
-            return ref SpanIOHelper.GetFromMemory(_splitterDestinations, id, (uint)_splitterDestinations.Length);
+            if (_splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty)
+            {
+                return new SplitterDestination(ref SpanIOHelper.GetFromMemory(_splitterDestinationsV1, id, (uint)_splitterDestinationsV1.Length));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return new SplitterDestination(ref SpanIOHelper.GetFromMemory(_splitterDestinationsV2, id, (uint)_splitterDestinationsV2.Length));
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Get a <see cref="Memory{SplitterDestination}"/> at the given <paramref name="id"/>.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="id">The index to use.</param>
-        /// <returns>A <see cref="Memory{SplitterDestination}"/> at the given <paramref name="id"/>.</returns>
-        public Memory<SplitterDestination> GetDestinationMemory(int id)
-        {
-            return SpanIOHelper.GetMemory(_splitterDestinations, id, (uint)_splitterDestinations.Length);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Get a <see cref="Span{SplitterDestination}"/> in the <see cref="SplitterState"/> at <paramref name="id"/> and pass <paramref name="destinationId"/> to <see cref="SplitterState.GetData(int)"/>.
+        /// Get a <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> in the <see cref="SplitterState"/> at <paramref name="id"/> and pass <paramref name="destinationId"/> to <see cref="SplitterState.GetData(int)"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="id">The index to use to get the <see cref="SplitterState"/>.</param>
         /// <param name="destinationId">The index of the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.</param>
-        /// <returns>A <see cref="Span{SplitterDestination}"/>.</returns>
-        public Span<SplitterDestination> GetDestination(int id, int destinationId)
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.</returns>
+        public SplitterDestination GetDestination(int id, int destinationId)
         {
             ref SplitterState splitter = ref GetState(id);
 
             return splitter.GetData(destinationId);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the biquad filter state for a given splitter destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destination">The splitter destination.</param>
+        /// <returns>Biquad filter state for the specified destination.</returns>
+        public Memory<BiquadFilterState> GetBiquadFilterState(SplitterDestination destination)
+        {
+            return _splitterBqfStates.Slice(destination.Id * BqfStatesPerDestination, BqfStatesPerDestination);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Return true if the audio renderer has any splitters.
         /// </summary>
         /// <returns>True if the audio renderer has any splitters.</returns>
         public bool UsingSplitter()
         {
-            return !_splitters.IsEmpty && !_splitterDestinations.IsEmpty;
+            return !_splitters.IsEmpty && (!_splitterDestinationsV1.IsEmpty || !_splitterDestinationsV2.IsEmpty);
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterDestination.cs

@@ -1,115 +1,198 @@
 using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
-using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
 using System.Diagnostics;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Server state for a splitter destination.
     /// </summary>
-    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 0xE0, Pack = Alignment)]
-    public struct SplitterDestination
+    public ref struct SplitterDestination
     {
-        public const int Alignment = 0x10;
+        private ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 _v1;
+        private ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 _v2;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Checks if the splitter destination data reference is null.
         /// </summary>
-        public int Id;
+        public bool IsNull => Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1) && Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// The splitter unique id.
         /// </summary>
-        public int DestinationId;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Mix buffer volumes storage.
-        /// </summary>
-        private MixArray _mix;
-        private MixArray _previousMix;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Pointer to the next linked element.
-        /// </summary>
-        private unsafe SplitterDestination* _next;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Set to true if in use.
-        /// </summary>
-        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
-        public bool IsUsed;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Set to true if the internal state need to be updated.
-        /// </summary>
-        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
-        public bool NeedToUpdateInternalState;
-
-        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 4 * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
-        private struct MixArray { }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Mix buffer volumes.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
-        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mix);
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Previous mix buffer volumes.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
-        public Span<float> PreviousMixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _previousMix);
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Get the  <see cref="Span{SplitterDestination}"/> of the next element or <see cref="Span{SplitterDestination}.Empty"/> if not present.
-        /// </summary>
-        public readonly Span<SplitterDestination> Next
+        public int Id
         {
             get
             {
-                unsafe
+                if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
                 {
-                    return _next != null ? new Span<SplitterDestination>(_next, 1) : Span<SplitterDestination>.Empty;
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                    {
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return _v1.Id;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return _v2.Id;
                 }
             }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="id">The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.</param>
-        public SplitterDestination(int id) : this()
+        public int DestinationId
         {
-            Id = id;
-            DestinationId = Constants.UnusedMixId;
-
-            ClearVolumes();
+            get
+            {
+                if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+                {
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                    {
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return _v1.DestinationId;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return _v2.DestinationId;
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Update the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> from user parameter.
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+                {
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                    {
+                        return Span<float>.Empty;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return _v1.MixBufferVolume;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return _v2.MixBufferVolume;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Previous mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> PreviousMixBufferVolume
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+                {
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                    {
+                        return Span<float>.Empty;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return _v1.PreviousMixBufferVolume;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return _v2.PreviousMixBufferVolume;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> of the next element or null if not present.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly SplitterDestination Next
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+                    {
+                        if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v1))
+                        {
+                            return new SplitterDestination();
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            return new SplitterDestination(ref _v1.Next);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return new SplitterDestination(ref _v2.Next);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new splitter destination wrapper for the version 1 splitter destination data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="v1">Version 1 splitter destination data</param>
+        public SplitterDestination(ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 v1)
+        {
+            _v1 = ref v1;
+            _v2 = ref Unsafe.NullRef<SplitterDestinationVersion2>();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new splitter destination wrapper for the version 2 splitter destination data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="v2">Version 2 splitter destination data</param>
+        public SplitterDestination(ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 v2)
+        {
+
+            _v1 = ref Unsafe.NullRef<SplitterDestinationVersion1>();
+            _v2 = ref v2;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new splitter destination wrapper for the splitter destination data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="v1">Version 1 splitter destination data</param>
+        /// <param name="v2">Version 2 splitter destination data</param>
+        public unsafe SplitterDestination(SplitterDestinationVersion1* v1, SplitterDestinationVersion2* v2)
+        {
+            _v1 = ref Unsafe.AsRef<SplitterDestinationVersion1>(v1);
+            _v2 = ref Unsafe.AsRef<SplitterDestinationVersion2>(v2);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the splitter destination data from user parameter.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
-        public void Update(SplitterDestinationInParameter parameter)
+        public void Update<T>(in T parameter) where T : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
         {
-            Debug.Assert(Id == parameter.Id);
-
-            if (parameter.IsMagicValid() && Id == parameter.Id)
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
             {
-                DestinationId = parameter.DestinationId;
-
-                parameter.MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(MixBufferVolume);
-
-                if (!IsUsed && parameter.IsUsed)
-                {
-                    MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
-
-                    NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
-                }
-
-                IsUsed = parameter.IsUsed;
+                _v1.Update(parameter);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.Update(parameter);
             }
         }
 
@@ -118,12 +201,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public void UpdateInternalState()
         {
-            if (IsUsed && NeedToUpdateInternalState)
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
             {
-                MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+                _v1.UpdateInternalState();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.UpdateInternalState();
             }
-
-            NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -131,16 +216,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public void MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState()
         {
-            NeedToUpdateInternalState = true;
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+            {
+                _v1.MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState();
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Return true if the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> is used and has a destination.
+        /// Return true if the splitter destination is used and has a destination.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>True if the <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> is used and has a destination.</returns>
+        /// <returns>True if the splitter destination is used and has a destination.</returns>
         public readonly bool IsConfigured()
         {
-            return IsUsed && DestinationId != Constants.UnusedMixId;
+            return Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) ? _v1.IsConfigured() : _v2.IsConfigured();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -150,9 +242,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
         public float GetMixVolume(int destinationIndex)
         {
-            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+            return Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) ? _v1.GetMixVolume(destinationIndex) : _v2.GetMixVolume(destinationIndex);
+        }
 
-            return MixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the previous volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolumePrev(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            return Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) ? _v1.GetMixVolumePrev(destinationIndex) : _v2.GetMixVolumePrev(destinationIndex);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -160,22 +260,33 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public void ClearVolumes()
         {
-            MixBufferVolume.Clear();
-            PreviousMixBufferVolume.Clear();
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+            {
+                _v1.ClearVolumes();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.ClearVolumes();
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Link the next element to the given <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Link the next element to the given splitter destination.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="next">The given <see cref="SplitterDestination"/> to link.</param>
-        public void Link(ref SplitterDestination next)
+        /// <param name="next">The given splitter destination to link.</param>
+        public void Link(SplitterDestination next)
         {
-            unsafe
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
             {
-                fixed (SplitterDestination* nextPtr = &next)
-                {
-                    _next = nextPtr;
-                }
+                Debug.Assert(!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref next._v1));
+
+                _v1.Link(ref next._v1);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Debug.Assert(!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref next._v2));
+
+                _v2.Link(ref next._v2);
             }
         }
 
@@ -184,10 +295,74 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public void Unlink()
         {
-            unsafe
+            if (Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
             {
-                _next = null;
+                _v1.Unlink();
             }
+            else
+            {
+                _v2.Unlink();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter is enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if any biquad filter is enabled.</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabled()
+        {
+            return !Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) && _v2.IsBiquadFilterEnabled();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter was previously enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if any biquad filter was previously enabled.</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev()
+        {
+            return !Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2) && _v2.IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the biquad filter parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Biquad filter index (0 or 1).</param>
+        /// <returns>Biquad filter parameters.</returns>
+        public ref BiquadFilterParameter GetBiquadFilterParameter(int index)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2));
+
+            return ref _v2.GetBiquadFilterParameter(index);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter was previously enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Biquad filter index (0 or 1).</param>
+        public void UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(int index)
+        {
+            if (!Unsafe.IsNullRef(ref _v2))
+            {
+                _v2.UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(index);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the reference for the version 1 splitter destination data, or null if version 2 is being used or the destination is null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Reference for the version 1 splitter destination data.</returns>
+        public ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 GetV1RefOrNull()
+        {
+            return ref _v1;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the reference for the version 2 splitter destination data, or null if version 1 is being used or the destination is null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Reference for the version 2 splitter destination data.</returns>
+        public ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 GetV2RefOrNull()
+        {
+            return ref _v2;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterDestinationVersion1.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Server state for a splitter destination (version 1).
+    /// </summary>
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 0xE0, Pack = Alignment)]
+    public struct SplitterDestinationVersion1
+    {
+        public const int Alignment = 0x10;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Id;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int DestinationId;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        private MixArray _mix;
+        private MixArray _previousMix;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pointer to the next linked element.
+        /// </summary>
+        private unsafe SplitterDestinationVersion1* _next;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if in use.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool IsUsed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if the internal state need to be updated.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool NeedToUpdateInternalState;
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = sizeof(float) * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
+        private struct MixArray { }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mix);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Previous mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> PreviousMixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _previousMix);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the reference of the next element or null if not present.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 Next
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    return ref Unsafe.AsRef<SplitterDestinationVersion1>(_next);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.</param>
+        public SplitterDestinationVersion1(int id) : this()
+        {
+            Id = id;
+            DestinationId = Constants.UnusedMixId;
+
+            ClearVolumes();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> from user parameter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
+        public void Update<T>(in T parameter) where T : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(Id == parameter.Id);
+
+            if (parameter.IsMagicValid() && Id == parameter.Id)
+            {
+                DestinationId = parameter.DestinationId;
+
+                parameter.MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(MixBufferVolume);
+
+                if (!IsUsed && parameter.IsUsed)
+                {
+                    MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+
+                    NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+                }
+
+                IsUsed = parameter.IsUsed;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the internal state of the instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void UpdateInternalState()
+        {
+            if (IsUsed && NeedToUpdateInternalState)
+            {
+                MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+            }
+
+            NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the update internal state marker.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState()
+        {
+            NeedToUpdateInternalState = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return true if the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> is used and has a destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> is used and has a destination.</returns>
+        public readonly bool IsConfigured()
+        {
+            return IsUsed && DestinationId != Constants.UnusedMixId;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolume(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+
+            return MixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the previous volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolumePrev(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+
+            return PreviousMixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clear the volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ClearVolumes()
+        {
+            MixBufferVolume.Clear();
+            PreviousMixBufferVolume.Clear();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Link the next element to the given <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="next">The given <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/> to link.</param>
+        public void Link(ref SplitterDestinationVersion1 next)
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                fixed (SplitterDestinationVersion1* nextPtr = &next)
+                {
+                    _next = nextPtr;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove the link to the next element.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Unlink()
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                _next = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterDestinationVersion2.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+using Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Parameter;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Server state for a splitter destination (version 2).
+    /// </summary>
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = 0x110, Pack = Alignment)]
+    public struct SplitterDestinationVersion2
+    {
+        public const int Alignment = 0x10;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Id;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The mix to output the result of the splitter.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int DestinationId;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        private MixArray _mix;
+        private MixArray _previousMix;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pointer to the next linked element.
+        /// </summary>
+        private unsafe SplitterDestinationVersion2* _next;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if in use.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool IsUsed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to true if the internal state need to be updated.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.I1)]
+        public bool NeedToUpdateInternalState;
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Size = sizeof(float) * Constants.MixBufferCountMax, Pack = 1)]
+        private struct MixArray { }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> MixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _mix);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Previous mix buffer volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Used when a splitter id is specified in the mix.</remarks>
+        public Span<float> PreviousMixBufferVolume => SpanHelpers.AsSpan<MixArray, float>(ref _previousMix);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the reference of the next element or null if not present.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 Next
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    return ref Unsafe.AsRef<SplitterDestinationVersion2>(_next);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Array2<BiquadFilterParameter> _biquadFilters;
+
+        private Array2<bool> _isPreviousBiquadFilterEnabled;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.</param>
+        public SplitterDestinationVersion2(int id) : this()
+        {
+            Id = id;
+            DestinationId = Constants.UnusedMixId;
+
+            ClearVolumes();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> from user parameter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="parameter">The user parameter.</param>
+        public void Update<T>(in T parameter) where T : ISplitterDestinationInParameter
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(Id == parameter.Id);
+
+            if (parameter.IsMagicValid() && Id == parameter.Id)
+            {
+                DestinationId = parameter.DestinationId;
+
+                parameter.MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(MixBufferVolume);
+
+                _biquadFilters = parameter.BiquadFilters;
+
+                if (!IsUsed && parameter.IsUsed)
+                {
+                    MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+
+                    NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+                }
+
+                IsUsed = parameter.IsUsed;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update the internal state of the instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void UpdateInternalState()
+        {
+            if (IsUsed && NeedToUpdateInternalState)
+            {
+                MixBufferVolume.CopyTo(PreviousMixBufferVolume);
+            }
+
+            NeedToUpdateInternalState = false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set the update internal state marker.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void MarkAsNeedToUpdateInternalState()
+        {
+            NeedToUpdateInternalState = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return true if the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> is used and has a destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if the <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> is used and has a destination.</returns>
+        public readonly bool IsConfigured()
+        {
+            return IsUsed && DestinationId != Constants.UnusedMixId;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolume(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+
+            return MixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the previous volume for a given destination.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="destinationIndex">The destination index to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The volume for the given destination.</returns>
+        public float GetMixVolumePrev(int destinationIndex)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(destinationIndex >= 0 && destinationIndex < Constants.MixBufferCountMax);
+
+            return PreviousMixBufferVolume[destinationIndex];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clear the volumes.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void ClearVolumes()
+        {
+            MixBufferVolume.Clear();
+            PreviousMixBufferVolume.Clear();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Link the next element to the given <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="next">The given <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/> to link.</param>
+        public void Link(ref SplitterDestinationVersion2 next)
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                fixed (SplitterDestinationVersion2* nextPtr = &next)
+                {
+                    _next = nextPtr;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove the link to the next element.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Unlink()
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                _next = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter is enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if any biquad filter is enabled.</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabled()
+        {
+            return _biquadFilters[0].Enable || _biquadFilters[1].Enable;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter was previously enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>True if any biquad filter was previously enabled.</returns>
+        public bool IsBiquadFilterEnabledPrev()
+        {
+            return _isPreviousBiquadFilterEnabled[0];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the biquad filter parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Biquad filter index (0 or 1).</param>
+        /// <returns>Biquad filter parameters.</returns>
+        public ref BiquadFilterParameter GetBiquadFilterParameter(int index)
+        {
+            return ref _biquadFilters[index];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if any biquad filter was previously enabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Biquad filter index (0 or 1).</param>
+        public void UpdateBiquadFilterEnabledPrev(int index)
+        {
+            _isPreviousBiquadFilterEnabled[index] = _biquadFilters[index].Enable;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterState.cs

@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
     {
         public const int Alignment = 0x10;
 
+        private delegate void SplitterDestinationAction(SplitterDestination destination, int index);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// The unique id of this <see cref="SplitterState"/>.
         /// </summary>
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         public uint SampleRate;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Count of splitter destinations (<see cref="SplitterDestination"/>).
+        /// Count of splitter destinations.
         /// </summary>
         public int DestinationCount;
 
@@ -37,20 +39,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         public bool HasNewConnection;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Linked list of <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Linked list of <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion1"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        private unsafe SplitterDestination* _destinationsData;
+        private unsafe SplitterDestinationVersion1* _destinationDataV1;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Span to the first element of the linked list of <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.
+        /// Linked list of <see cref="SplitterDestinationVersion2"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        public readonly Span<SplitterDestination> Destinations
+        private unsafe SplitterDestinationVersion2* _destinationDataV2;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// First element of the linked list of splitter destinations data.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly SplitterDestination Destination
         {
             get
             {
                 unsafe
                 {
-                    return (IntPtr)_destinationsData != IntPtr.Zero ? new Span<SplitterDestination>(_destinationsData, 1) : Span<SplitterDestination>.Empty;
+                    return new SplitterDestination(_destinationDataV1, _destinationDataV2);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -64,20 +71,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
             Id = id;
         }
 
-        public readonly Span<SplitterDestination> GetData(int index)
+        public readonly SplitterDestination GetData(int index)
         {
             int i = 0;
 
-            Span<SplitterDestination> result = Destinations;
+            SplitterDestination result = Destination;
 
             while (i < index)
             {
-                if (result.IsEmpty)
+                if (result.IsNull)
                 {
                     break;
                 }
 
-                result = result[0].Next;
+                result = result.Next;
                 i++;
             }
 
@@ -93,25 +100,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Utility function to apply a given <see cref="SpanAction{T, TArg}"/> to all <see cref="Destinations"/>.
+        /// Utility function to apply an action to all <see cref="Destination"/>.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="action">The action to execute on each elements.</param>
-        private readonly void ForEachDestination(SpanAction<SplitterDestination, int> action)
+        private readonly void ForEachDestination(SplitterDestinationAction action)
         {
-            Span<SplitterDestination> temp = Destinations;
+            SplitterDestination temp = Destination;
 
             int i = 0;
 
             while (true)
             {
-                if (temp.IsEmpty)
+                if (temp.IsNull)
                 {
                     break;
                 }
 
-                Span<SplitterDestination> next = temp[0].Next;
+                SplitterDestination next = temp.Next;
 
-                action.Invoke(temp, i++);
+                action(temp, i++);
 
                 temp = next;
             }
@@ -142,9 +149,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
             {
                 input.ReadLittleEndian(out int destinationId);
 
-                Memory<SplitterDestination> destination = context.GetDestinationMemory(destinationId);
+                SplitterDestination destination = context.GetDestination(destinationId);
 
-                SetDestination(ref destination.Span[0]);
+                SetDestination(destination);
 
                 DestinationCount = destinationCount;
 
@@ -152,13 +159,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
                 {
                     input.ReadLittleEndian(out destinationId);
 
-                    Memory<SplitterDestination> nextDestination = context.GetDestinationMemory(destinationId);
+                    SplitterDestination nextDestination = context.GetDestination(destinationId);
 
-                    destination.Span[0].Link(ref nextDestination.Span[0]);
+                    destination.Link(nextDestination);
                     destination = nextDestination;
                 }
             }
 
+            if (destinationCount < parameter.DestinationCount)
+            {
+                input.Advance((parameter.DestinationCount - destinationCount) * sizeof(int));
+            }
+
             Debug.Assert(parameter.Id == Id);
 
             if (parameter.Id == Id)
@@ -169,16 +181,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Set the head of the linked list of <see cref="Destinations"/>.
+        /// Set the head of the linked list of <see cref="Destination"/>.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="newValue">A reference to a <see cref="SplitterDestination"/>.</param>
-        public void SetDestination(ref SplitterDestination newValue)
+        /// <param name="newValue">New destination value.</param>
+        public void SetDestination(SplitterDestination newValue)
         {
             unsafe
             {
-                fixed (SplitterDestination* newValuePtr = &newValue)
+                fixed (SplitterDestinationVersion1* newValuePtr = &newValue.GetV1RefOrNull())
                 {
-                    _destinationsData = newValuePtr;
+                    _destinationDataV1 = newValuePtr;
+                }
+
+                fixed (SplitterDestinationVersion2* newValuePtr = &newValue.GetV2RefOrNull())
+                {
+                    _destinationDataV2 = newValuePtr;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -188,19 +205,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
         /// </summary>
         public readonly void UpdateInternalState()
         {
-            ForEachDestination((destination, _) => destination[0].UpdateInternalState());
+            ForEachDestination((destination, _) => destination.UpdateInternalState());
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Clear all links from the <see cref="Destinations"/>.
+        /// Clear all links from the <see cref="Destination"/>.
         /// </summary>
         public void ClearLinks()
         {
-            ForEachDestination((destination, _) => destination[0].Unlink());
+            ForEachDestination((destination, _) => destination.Unlink());
 
             unsafe
             {
-                _destinationsData = (SplitterDestination*)IntPtr.Zero;
+                _destinationDataV1 = null;
+                _destinationDataV2 = null;
             }
         }
 
@@ -214,7 +232,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
             {
                 unsafe
                 {
-                    splitter._destinationsData = (SplitterDestination*)IntPtr.Zero;
+                    splitter._destinationDataV1 = null;
+                    splitter._destinationDataV2 = null;
                 }
 
                 splitter.DestinationCount = 0;

src/Ryujinx.Common/Configuration/Hid/KeyboardHotkeys.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 namespace Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid
 {
-    // NOTE: Please don't change this to struct.
-    //       This breaks Avalonia's TwoWay binding, which makes us unable to save new KeyboardHotkeys.
     public class KeyboardHotkeys
     {
         public Key ToggleVsync { get; set; }

src/Ryujinx.Common/Extensions/SequenceReaderExtensions.cs

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Extensions
         /// <remarks>
         /// DO NOT use <paramref name="copyDestinationIfRequiredDoNotUse"/> after calling this method, as it will only
         /// contain a value if the value couldn't be referenced directly because it spans multiple <see cref="ReadOnlyMemory{Byte}"/> segments.
-        /// To discourage use, it is recommended to to call this method like the following:
+        /// To discourage use, it is recommended to call this method like the following:
         /// <c>
         ///     ref readonly MyStruct value = ref sequenceReader.GetRefOrRefToCopy{MyStruct}(out _);
         /// </c>

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/MemoryOwner.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+#nullable enable
+using System;
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// An <see cref="IMemoryOwner{T}"/> implementation with an embedded length and fast <see cref="Span{T}"/>
+    /// accessor, with memory allocated from <seealso cref="ArrayPool{T}.Shared"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of item to store.</typeparam>
+    public sealed class MemoryOwner<T> : IMemoryOwner<T>
+    {
+        private readonly int _length;
+        private T[]? _array;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> class with the specified parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        private MemoryOwner(int length)
+        {
+            _length = length;
+            _array = ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Rent(length);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance with the specified length.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance of the requested length</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name="length"/> is not valid</exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static MemoryOwner<T> Rent(int length) => new(length);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance with the specified length and the content cleared.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance of the requested length and the content cleared</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name="length"/> is not valid</exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static MemoryOwner<T> RentCleared(int length)
+        {
+            MemoryOwner<T> result = new(length);
+
+            result._array.AsSpan(0, length).Clear();
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance with the content copied from the specified buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="buffer">The buffer to copy</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="MemoryOwner{T}"/> instance with the same length and content as <paramref name="buffer"/></returns>
+        public static MemoryOwner<T> RentCopy(ReadOnlySpan<T> buffer)
+        {
+            MemoryOwner<T> result = new(buffer.Length);
+
+            buffer.CopyTo(result._array);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the number of items in the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Length
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get => _length;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public Memory<T> Memory
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get
+            {
+                T[]? array = _array;
+
+                if (array is null)
+                {
+                    ThrowObjectDisposedException();
+                }
+
+                return new(array, 0, _length);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a <see cref="Span{T}"/> wrapping the memory belonging to the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Uses a trick made possible by the .NET 6+ runtime array layout.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public Span<T> Span
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get
+            {
+                T[]? array = _array;
+
+                if (array is null)
+                {
+                    ThrowObjectDisposedException();
+                }
+
+                ref T firstElementRef = ref MemoryMarshal.GetArrayDataReference(array);
+
+                return MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref firstElementRef, _length);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            T[]? array = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _array, null);
+
+            if (array is not null)
+            {
+                ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Return(array, RuntimeHelpers.IsReferenceOrContainsReferences<T>());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Throws an <see cref="ObjectDisposedException"/> when <see cref="_array"/> is <see langword="null"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        [DoesNotReturn]
+        private static void ThrowObjectDisposedException()
+        {
+            throw new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(MemoryOwner<T>), "The buffer has already been disposed.");
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/SpanOrArray.cs

@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-
-namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    /// A struct that can represent both a Span and Array.
-    /// This is useful to keep the Array representation when possible to avoid copies.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <typeparam name="T">Element Type</typeparam>
-    public readonly ref struct SpanOrArray<T> where T : unmanaged
-    {
-        public readonly T[] Array;
-        public readonly ReadOnlySpan<T> Span;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new SpanOrArray from an array.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="array">Array to store</param>
-        public SpanOrArray(T[] array)
-        {
-            Array = array;
-            Span = ReadOnlySpan<T>.Empty;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new SpanOrArray from a readonly span.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="array">Span to store</param>
-        public SpanOrArray(ReadOnlySpan<T> span)
-        {
-            Array = null;
-            Span = span;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Return the contained array, or convert the span if necessary.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>An array containing the data</returns>
-        public T[] ToArray()
-        {
-            return Array ?? Span.ToArray();
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Return a ReadOnlySpan from either the array or ReadOnlySpan.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>A ReadOnlySpan containing the data</returns>
-        public ReadOnlySpan<T> AsSpan()
-        {
-            return Array ?? Span;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast an array to a SpanOrArray.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="array">Source array</param>
-        public static implicit operator SpanOrArray<T>(T[] array)
-        {
-            return new SpanOrArray<T>(array);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast a ReadOnlySpan to a SpanOrArray.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="span">Source ReadOnlySpan</param>
-        public static implicit operator SpanOrArray<T>(ReadOnlySpan<T> span)
-        {
-            return new SpanOrArray<T>(span);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast a Span to a SpanOrArray.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="span">Source Span</param>
-        public static implicit operator SpanOrArray<T>(Span<T> span)
-        {
-            return new SpanOrArray<T>(span);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast a SpanOrArray to a ReadOnlySpan
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="spanOrArray">Source SpanOrArray</param>
-        public static implicit operator ReadOnlySpan<T>(SpanOrArray<T> spanOrArray)
-        {
-            return spanOrArray.AsSpan();
-        }
-    }
-}

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/SpanOwner.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+using System;
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A stack-only type that rents a buffer of a specified length from <seealso cref="ArrayPool{T}.Shared"/>.
+    /// It does not implement <see cref="IDisposable"/> to avoid being boxed, but should still be disposed. This
+    /// is easy since C# 8, which allows use of C# `using` constructs on any type that has a public Dispose() method.
+    /// To keep this type simple, fast, and read-only, it does not check or guard against multiple disposals.
+    /// For all these reasons, all usage should be with a `using` block or statement.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of item to store.</typeparam>
+    public readonly ref struct SpanOwner<T>
+    {
+        private readonly int _length;
+        private readonly T[] _array;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> struct with the specified parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        private SpanOwner(int length)
+        {
+            _length = length;
+            _array = ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Rent(length);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets an empty <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static SpanOwner<T> Empty
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get => new(0);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance with the specified length.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance of the requested length</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name="length"/> is not valid</exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static SpanOwner<T> Rent(int length) => new(length);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance with the length and the content cleared.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="length">The length of the new memory buffer to use</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance of the requested length and the content cleared</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">Thrown when <paramref name="length"/> is not valid</exception>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public static SpanOwner<T> RentCleared(int length)
+        {
+            SpanOwner<T> result = new(length);
+
+            result._array.AsSpan(0, length).Clear();
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance with the content copied from the specified buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="buffer">The buffer to copy</param>
+        /// <returns>A <see cref="SpanOwner{T}"/> instance with the same length and content as <paramref name="buffer"/></returns>
+        public static SpanOwner<T> RentCopy(ReadOnlySpan<T> buffer)
+        {
+            SpanOwner<T> result = new(buffer.Length);
+
+            buffer.CopyTo(result._array);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the number of items in the current instance
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Length
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get => _length;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a <see cref="Span{T}"/> wrapping the memory belonging to the current instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Uses a trick made possible by the .NET 6+ runtime array layout.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public Span<T> Span
+        {
+            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+            get
+            {
+                ref T firstElementRef = ref MemoryMarshal.GetArrayDataReference(_array);
+
+                return MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref firstElementRef, _length);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Implements the duck-typed <see cref="IDisposable.Dispose"/> method.
+        /// </summary>
+        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            ArrayPool<T>.Shared.Return(_array, RuntimeHelpers.IsReferenceOrContainsReferences<T>());
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Common/Utilities/EmbeddedResources.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Reflection;
@@ -41,6 +42,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common
             return StreamUtils.StreamToBytes(stream);
         }
 
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ReadFileToRentedMemory(string filename)
+        {
+            var (assembly, path) = ResolveManifestPath(filename);
+
+            return ReadFileToRentedMemory(assembly, path);
+        }
+
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ReadFileToRentedMemory(Assembly assembly, string filename)
+        {
+            using var stream = GetStream(assembly, filename);
+
+            return stream is null
+                ? null
+                : StreamUtils.StreamToRentedMemory(stream);
+        }
+
         public async static Task<byte[]> ReadAsync(Assembly assembly, string filename)
         {
             using var stream = GetStream(assembly, filename);

src/Ryujinx.Common/Utilities/StreamUtils.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+using Microsoft.IO;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
@@ -9,12 +11,50 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Utilities
     {
         public static byte[] StreamToBytes(Stream input)
         {
-            using MemoryStream stream = MemoryStreamManager.Shared.GetStream();
+            using RecyclableMemoryStream output = StreamToRecyclableMemoryStream(input);
 
+            return output.ToArray();
+        }
 
-            input.CopyTo(stream);
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> StreamToRentedMemory(Stream input)
+        {
+            if (input is MemoryStream inputMemoryStream)
+            {
+                return MemoryStreamToRentedMemory(inputMemoryStream);
+            }
+            else if (input.CanSeek)
+            {
+                long bytesExpected = input.Length;
 
-            return stream.ToArray();
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> ownedMemory = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(bytesExpected);
+
+                var destSpan = ownedMemory.Memory.Span;
+
+                int totalBytesRead = 0;
+
+                while (totalBytesRead < bytesExpected)
+                {
+                    int bytesRead = input.Read(destSpan[totalBytesRead..]);
+
+                    if (bytesRead == 0)
+                    {
+                        ownedMemory.Dispose();
+
+                        throw new IOException($"Tried reading {bytesExpected} but the stream closed after reading {totalBytesRead}.");
+                    }
+
+                    totalBytesRead += bytesRead;
+                }
+
+                return ownedMemory;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // If input is (non-seekable) then copy twice: first into a RecyclableMemoryStream, then to a rented IMemoryOwner<byte>.
+                using RecyclableMemoryStream output = StreamToRecyclableMemoryStream(input);
+
+                return MemoryStreamToRentedMemory(output);
+            }
         }
 
         public static async Task<byte[]> StreamToBytesAsync(Stream input, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
@@ -25,5 +65,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Utilities
 
             return stream.ToArray();
         }
+
+        private static IMemoryOwner<byte> MemoryStreamToRentedMemory(MemoryStream input)
+        {
+            input.Position = 0;
+
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> ownedMemory = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(input.Length);
+
+            // Discard the return value because we assume reading a MemoryStream always succeeds completely.
+            _ = input.Read(ownedMemory.Memory.Span);
+
+            return ownedMemory;
+        }
+
+        private static RecyclableMemoryStream StreamToRecyclableMemoryStream(Stream input)
+        {
+            RecyclableMemoryStream stream = MemoryStreamManager.Shared.GetStream();
+
+            input.CopyTo(stream);
+
+            return stream;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/Jit/MemoryManagerHostTracked.cs

@@ -85,6 +85,70 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
             _addressSpace = new(Tracking, backingMemory, _nativePageTable, useProtectionMirrors);
         }
 
+        public override ReadOnlySequence<byte> GetReadOnlySequence(ulong va, int size, bool tracked = false)
+        {
+            if (size == 0)
+            {
+                return ReadOnlySequence<byte>.Empty;
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                if (tracked)
+                {
+                    SignalMemoryTracking(va, (ulong)size, false);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    AssertValidAddressAndSize(va, (ulong)size);
+                }
+
+                ulong endVa = va + (ulong)size;
+                int offset = 0;
+
+                BytesReadOnlySequenceSegment first = null, last = null;
+
+                while (va < endVa)
+                {
+                    (MemoryBlock memory, ulong rangeOffset, ulong copySize) = GetMemoryOffsetAndSize(va, (ulong)(size - offset));
+
+                    Memory<byte> physicalMemory = memory.GetMemory(rangeOffset, (int)copySize);
+
+                    if (first is null)
+                    {
+                        first = last = new BytesReadOnlySequenceSegment(physicalMemory);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (last.IsContiguousWith(physicalMemory, out nuint contiguousStart, out int contiguousSize))
+                        {
+                            Memory<byte> contiguousPhysicalMemory = new NativeMemoryManager<byte>(contiguousStart, contiguousSize).Memory;
+
+                            last.Replace(contiguousPhysicalMemory);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            last = last.Append(physicalMemory);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    va += copySize;
+                    offset += (int)copySize;
+                }
+
+                return new ReadOnlySequence<byte>(first, 0, last, (int)(size - last.RunningIndex));
+            }
+            catch (InvalidMemoryRegionException)
+            {
+                if (_invalidAccessHandler == null || !_invalidAccessHandler(va))
+                {
+                    throw;
+                }
+
+                return ReadOnlySequence<byte>.Empty;
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public void Map(ulong va, ulong pa, ulong size, MemoryMapFlags flags)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Device/DeviceMemoryManager.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
@@ -143,11 +145,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Device
             }
             else
             {
-                Memory<byte> memory = new byte[size];
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> memoryOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
-                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memory.Span);
+                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memoryOwner.Memory.Span);
 
-                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memory, tracked: true);
+                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memoryOwner, tracked: true);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/BufferAccess.cs

@@ -6,8 +6,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
     public enum BufferAccess
     {
         Default = 0,
-        FlushPersistent = 1 << 0,
-        Stream = 1 << 1,
-        SparseCompatible = 1 << 2,
+        HostMemory = 1,
+        DeviceMemory = 2,
+        DeviceMemoryMapped = 3,
+
+        MemoryTypeMask = 0xf,
+
+        Stream = 1 << 4,
+        SparseCompatible = 1 << 5,
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Capabilities.cs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
     {
         public readonly TargetApi Api;
         public readonly string VendorName;
+        public readonly SystemMemoryType MemoryType;
 
         public readonly bool HasFrontFacingBug;
         public readonly bool HasVectorIndexingBug;
@@ -36,6 +37,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public readonly bool SupportsMismatchingViewFormat;
         public readonly bool SupportsCubemapView;
         public readonly bool SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset;
+        public readonly bool SupportsQuads;
+        public readonly bool SupportsSeparateSampler;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderBallot;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence;
         public readonly bool SupportsShaderFloat64;
@@ -48,6 +51,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public readonly bool SupportsIndirectParameters;
         public readonly bool SupportsDepthClipControl;
 
+        public readonly int UniformBufferSetIndex;
+        public readonly int StorageBufferSetIndex;
+        public readonly int TextureSetIndex;
+        public readonly int ImageSetIndex;
+        public readonly int ExtraSetBaseIndex;
+        public readonly int MaximumExtraSets;
+
         public readonly uint MaximumUniformBuffersPerStage;
         public readonly uint MaximumStorageBuffersPerStage;
         public readonly uint MaximumTexturesPerStage;
@@ -64,6 +74,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public Capabilities(
             TargetApi api,
             string vendorName,
+            SystemMemoryType memoryType,
             bool hasFrontFacingBug,
             bool hasVectorIndexingBug,
             bool needsFragmentOutputSpecialization,
@@ -92,6 +103,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             bool supportsMismatchingViewFormat,
             bool supportsCubemapView,
             bool supportsNonConstantTextureOffset,
+            bool supportsQuads,
+            bool supportsSeparateSampler,
             bool supportsShaderBallot,
             bool supportsShaderBarrierDivergence,
             bool supportsShaderFloat64,
@@ -103,6 +116,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             bool supportsViewportSwizzle,
             bool supportsIndirectParameters,
             bool supportsDepthClipControl,
+            int uniformBufferSetIndex,
+            int storageBufferSetIndex,
+            int textureSetIndex,
+            int imageSetIndex,
+            int extraSetBaseIndex,
+            int maximumExtraSets,
             uint maximumUniformBuffersPerStage,
             uint maximumStorageBuffersPerStage,
             uint maximumTexturesPerStage,
@@ -116,6 +135,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         {
             Api = api;
             VendorName = vendorName;
+            MemoryType = memoryType;
             HasFrontFacingBug = hasFrontFacingBug;
             HasVectorIndexingBug = hasVectorIndexingBug;
             NeedsFragmentOutputSpecialization = needsFragmentOutputSpecialization;
@@ -144,6 +164,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             SupportsMismatchingViewFormat = supportsMismatchingViewFormat;
             SupportsCubemapView = supportsCubemapView;
             SupportsNonConstantTextureOffset = supportsNonConstantTextureOffset;
+            SupportsQuads = supportsQuads;
+            SupportsSeparateSampler = supportsSeparateSampler;
             SupportsShaderBallot = supportsShaderBallot;
             SupportsShaderBarrierDivergence = supportsShaderBarrierDivergence;
             SupportsShaderFloat64 = supportsShaderFloat64;
@@ -155,6 +177,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
             SupportsViewportSwizzle = supportsViewportSwizzle;
             SupportsIndirectParameters = supportsIndirectParameters;
             SupportsDepthClipControl = supportsDepthClipControl;
+            UniformBufferSetIndex = uniformBufferSetIndex;
+            StorageBufferSetIndex = storageBufferSetIndex;
+            TextureSetIndex = textureSetIndex;
+            ImageSetIndex = imageSetIndex;
+            ExtraSetBaseIndex = extraSetBaseIndex;
+            MaximumExtraSets = maximumExtraSets;
             MaximumUniformBuffersPerStage = maximumUniformBuffersPerStage;
             MaximumStorageBuffersPerStage = maximumStorageBuffersPerStage;
             MaximumTexturesPerStage = maximumTexturesPerStage;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Format.cs

@@ -711,5 +711,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         {
             return format.IsUint() || format.IsSint();
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the texture format is a float or sRGB color format.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Does not include normalized, compressed or depth formats.
+        /// Float and sRGB formats do not participate in logical operations.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="format">Texture format</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the format is a float or sRGB color format, false otherwise</returns>
+        public static bool IsFloatOrSrgb(this Format format)
+        {
+            switch (format)
+            {
+                case Format.R8G8B8A8Srgb:
+                case Format.B8G8R8A8Srgb:
+                case Format.R16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16B16Float:
+                case Format.R16G16B16A16Float:
+                case Format.R32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32B32Float:
+                case Format.R32G32B32A32Float:
+                case Format.R11G11B10Float:
+                case Format.R9G9B9E5Float:
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IImageArray.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+using System;
+
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 {
-    public interface IImageArray
+    public interface IImageArray : IDisposable
     {
         void SetFormats(int index, Format[] imageFormats);
         void SetImages(int index, ITexture[] images);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IPipeline.cs

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, Format imageFormat);
         void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array);
+        void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array);
 
         void SetLineParameters(float width, bool smooth);
 
@@ -91,6 +92,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         void SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, ISampler sampler);
         void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITextureArray array);
+        void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array);
 
         void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers);
         void SetUniformBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferAssignment> buffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IRenderer.cs

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         void BackgroundContextAction(Action action, bool alwaysBackground = false);
 
         BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferAccess access = BufferAccess.Default);
-        BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferAccess access, BufferHandle storageHint);
         BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size);
         BufferHandle CreateBufferSparse(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> storageBuffers);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ITexture.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 {
@@ -17,10 +17,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         PinnedSpan<byte> GetData();
         PinnedSpan<byte> GetData(int layer, int level);
 
-        void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data);
-        void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level);
-        void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region);
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// the operation completes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
+        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// the operation completes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
+        /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
+        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// the operation completes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
+        /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
+        /// <param name="region">Target sub-region of the texture to update</param>
+        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region);
+
         void SetStorage(BufferRange buffer);
+
         void Release();
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ITextureArray.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+using System;
+
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 {
-    public interface ITextureArray
+    public interface ITextureArray : IDisposable
     {
         void SetSamplers(int index, ISampler[] samplers);
         void SetTextures(int index, ITexture[] textures);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandHelper.cs

@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             }
 
             Register<ActionCommand>(CommandType.Action);
-            Register<CreateBufferCommand>(CommandType.CreateBuffer);
             Register<CreateBufferAccessCommand>(CommandType.CreateBufferAccess);
             Register<CreateBufferSparseCommand>(CommandType.CreateBufferSparse);
             Register<CreateHostBufferCommand>(CommandType.CreateHostBuffer);
@@ -67,6 +66,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<CounterEventDisposeCommand>(CommandType.CounterEventDispose);
             Register<CounterEventFlushCommand>(CommandType.CounterEventFlush);
 
+            Register<ImageArrayDisposeCommand>(CommandType.ImageArrayDispose);
             Register<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>(CommandType.ImageArraySetFormats);
             Register<ImageArraySetImagesCommand>(CommandType.ImageArraySetImages);
 
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>(CommandType.TextureSetDataSliceRegion);
             Register<TextureSetStorageCommand>(CommandType.TextureSetStorage);
 
+            Register<TextureArrayDisposeCommand>(CommandType.TextureArrayDispose);
             Register<TextureArraySetSamplersCommand>(CommandType.TextureArraySetSamplers);
             Register<TextureArraySetTexturesCommand>(CommandType.TextureArraySetTextures);
 
@@ -125,6 +126,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetUniformBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetUniformBuffers);
             Register<SetImageCommand>(CommandType.SetImage);
             Register<SetImageArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetImageArray);
+            Register<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>(CommandType.SetImageArraySeparate);
             Register<SetIndexBufferCommand>(CommandType.SetIndexBuffer);
             Register<SetLineParametersCommand>(CommandType.SetLineParameters);
             Register<SetLogicOpStateCommand>(CommandType.SetLogicOpState);
@@ -142,6 +144,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetStencilTestCommand>(CommandType.SetStencilTest);
             Register<SetTextureAndSamplerCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureAndSampler);
             Register<SetTextureArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureArray);
+            Register<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureArraySeparate);
             Register<SetUserClipDistanceCommand>(CommandType.SetUserClipDistance);
             Register<SetVertexAttribsCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexAttribs);
             Register<SetVertexBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexBuffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandType.cs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
     enum CommandType : byte
     {
         Action,
-        CreateBuffer,
         CreateBufferAccess,
         CreateBufferSparse,
         CreateHostBuffer,
@@ -27,6 +26,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         CounterEventDispose,
         CounterEventFlush,
 
+        ImageArrayDispose,
         ImageArraySetFormats,
         ImageArraySetImages,
 
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         TextureSetDataSliceRegion,
         TextureSetStorage,
 
+        TextureArrayDispose,
         TextureArraySetSamplers,
         TextureArraySetTextures,
 
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetUniformBuffers,
         SetImage,
         SetImageArray,
+        SetImageArraySeparate,
         SetIndexBuffer,
         SetLineParameters,
         SetLogicOpState,
@@ -102,6 +104,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetStencilTest,
         SetTextureAndSampler,
         SetTextureArray,
+        SetTextureArraySeparate,
         SetUserClipDistance,
         SetVertexAttribs,
         SetVertexBuffers,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/ImageArray/ImageArrayDisposeCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.ImageArray
+{
+    struct ImageArrayDisposeCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<ImageArrayDisposeCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.ImageArrayDispose;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> _imageArray;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> imageArray)
+        {
+            _imageArray = imageArray;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref ImageArrayDisposeCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            command._imageArray.Get(threaded).Base.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Renderer/CreateBufferCommand.cs

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Renderer
-{
-    struct CreateBufferCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<CreateBufferCommand>
-    {
-        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.CreateBuffer;
-        private BufferHandle _threadedHandle;
-        private int _size;
-        private BufferAccess _access;
-        private BufferHandle _storageHint;
-
-        public void Set(BufferHandle threadedHandle, int size, BufferAccess access, BufferHandle storageHint)
-        {
-            _threadedHandle = threadedHandle;
-            _size = size;
-            _access = access;
-            _storageHint = storageHint;
-        }
-
-        public static void Run(ref CreateBufferCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
-        {
-            BufferHandle hint = BufferHandle.Null;
-
-            if (command._storageHint != BufferHandle.Null)
-            {
-                hint = threaded.Buffers.MapBuffer(command._storageHint);
-            }
-
-            threaded.Buffers.AssignBuffer(command._threadedHandle, renderer.CreateBuffer(command._size, command._access, hint));
-        }
-    }
-}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetImageArraySeparateCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetImageArraySeparateCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetImageArraySeparate;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _setIndex;
+        private TableRef<IImageArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, TableRef<IImageArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _setIndex = setIndex;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetImageArraySeparateCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArraySeparate(command._stage, command._setIndex, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedImageArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetTextureArraySeparateCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetTextureArraySeparateCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetTextureArraySeparate;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _setIndex;
+        private TableRef<ITextureArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, TableRef<ITextureArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _setIndex = setIndex;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetTextureArraySeparateCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArraySeparate(command._stage, command._setIndex, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedTextureArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetData;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<byte[]> _data;
+        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<byte[]> data)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
         public static void Run(ref TextureSetDataCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ThreadedTexture texture = command._texture.Get(threaded);
-            texture.Base.SetData(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(command._data.Get(threaded)));
+            texture.Base.SetData(command._data.Get(threaded));
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataSliceCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetDataSlice;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<byte[]> _data;
+        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
         private int _layer;
         private int _level;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<byte[]> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
         public static void Run(ref TextureSetDataSliceCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ThreadedTexture texture = command._texture.Get(threaded);
-            texture.Base.SetData(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(command._data.Get(threaded)), command._layer, command._level);
+            texture.Base.SetData(command._data.Get(threaded), command._layer, command._level);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetDataSliceRegion;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<byte[]> _data;
+        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
         private int _layer;
         private int _level;
         private Rectangle<int> _region;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<byte[]> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
         public static void Run(ref TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ThreadedTexture texture = command._texture.Get(threaded);
-            texture.Base.SetData(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(command._data.Get(threaded)), command._layer, command._level, command._region);
+            texture.Base.SetData(command._data.Get(threaded), command._layer, command._level, command._region);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/TextureArray/TextureArrayDisposeCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.TextureArray
+{
+    struct TextureArrayDisposeCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<TextureArrayDisposeCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureArrayDispose;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> _textureArray;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> textureArray)
+        {
+            _textureArray = textureArray;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref TextureArrayDisposeCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            command._textureArray.Get(threaded).Base.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedImageArray.cs

@@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
             return new TableRef<T>(_renderer, reference);
         }
 
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _renderer.New<ImageArrayDisposeCommand>().Set(Ref(this));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetFormats(int index, Format[] imageFormats)
         {
             _renderer.New<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(imageFormats));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedTexture.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
 {
@@ -110,21 +110,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()));
+            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data));
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
-            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()), layer, level);
+            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data), layer, level);
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
-            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()), layer, level, region);
+            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data), layer, level, region);
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedTextureArray.cs

@@ -22,6 +22,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
             return new TableRef<T>(_renderer, reference);
         }
 
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _renderer.New<TextureArrayDisposeCommand>().Set(Ref(this));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetSamplers(int index, ISampler[] samplers)
         {
             _renderer.New<TextureArraySetSamplersCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(samplers.ToArray()));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedPipeline.cs

@@ -189,6 +189,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetImageArraySeparateCommand>().Set(stage, setIndex, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetIndexBufferCommand>().Set(buffer, type);
@@ -297,6 +303,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetTextureArraySeparateCommand>().Set(stage, setIndex, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetTransformFeedbackBuffersCommand>().Set(_renderer.CopySpan(buffers));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedRenderer.cs

@@ -272,15 +272,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             return handle;
         }
 
-        public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(int size, BufferAccess access, BufferHandle storageHint)
-        {
-            BufferHandle handle = Buffers.CreateBufferHandle();
-            New<CreateBufferCommand>().Set(handle, size, access, storageHint);
-            QueueCommand();
-
-            return handle;
-        }
-
         public BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size)
         {
             BufferHandle handle = Buffers.CreateBufferHandle();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ResourceLayout.cs

@@ -74,13 +74,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         public int ArrayLength { get; }
         public ResourceType Type { get; }
         public ResourceStages Stages { get; }
+        public bool Write { get; }
 
-        public ResourceUsage(int binding, int arrayLength, ResourceType type, ResourceStages stages)
+        public ResourceUsage(int binding, int arrayLength, ResourceType type, ResourceStages stages, bool write)
         {
             Binding = binding;
             ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             Type = type;
             Stages = stages;
+            Write = write;
         }
 
         public override int GetHashCode()

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/SystemMemoryType.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
+{
+    public enum SystemMemoryType
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The backend manages the ownership of memory. This mode never supports host imported memory.
+        /// </summary>
+        BackendManaged,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Device memory has similar performance to host memory, usually because it's shared between CPU/GPU.
+        /// Use host memory whenever possible.
+        /// </summary>
+        UnifiedMemory,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// GPU storage to host memory goes though a slow interconnect, but it would still be preferable to use it if the data is flushed back often.
+        /// Assumes constant buffer access to host memory is rather fast.
+        /// </summary>
+        DedicatedMemory,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// GPU storage to host memory goes though a slow interconnect, that is very slow when doing access from storage.
+        /// When frequently accessed, copy buffers to host memory using DMA.
+        /// Assumes constant buffer access to host memory is rather fast.
+        /// </summary>
+        DedicatedMemorySlowStorage
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Compute/ComputeClass.cs

@@ -126,6 +126,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Compute
             ulong samplerPoolGpuVa = ((ulong)_state.State.SetTexSamplerPoolAOffsetUpper << 32) | _state.State.SetTexSamplerPoolB;
             ulong texturePoolGpuVa = ((ulong)_state.State.SetTexHeaderPoolAOffsetUpper << 32) | _state.State.SetTexHeaderPoolB;
 
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId = _state.State.SetTexSamplerPoolCMaximumIndex;
+
             GpuChannelPoolState poolState = new(
                 texturePoolGpuVa,
                 _state.State.SetTexHeaderPoolCMaximumIndex,
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Compute
                 sharedMemorySize,
                 _channel.BufferManager.HasUnalignedStorageBuffers);
 
-            CachedShaderProgram cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
+            CachedShaderProgram cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
 
             _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(cs.HostProgram);
 
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Compute
                     sharedMemorySize,
                     _channel.BufferManager.HasUnalignedStorageBuffers);
 
-                cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
+                cs = memoryManager.Physical.ShaderCache.GetComputeShader(_channel, samplerPoolMaximumId, poolState, computeState, shaderGpuVa);
 
                 _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(cs.HostProgram);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Dma/DmaClass.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Dma
 
                     if (target != null)
                     {
-                        byte[] data;
+                        IMemoryOwner<byte> data;
                         if (srcLinear)
                         {
                             data = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/GPFifo/GPFifoClass.cs

@@ -157,6 +157,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo
             }
             else if (operation == SyncpointbOperation.Incr)
             {
+                // "Unbind" render targets since a syncpoint increment might indicate future CPU access for the textures.
+                _parent.TextureManager.RefreshModifiedTextures();
+
                 _context.CreateHostSyncIfNeeded(HostSyncFlags.StrictSyncpoint);
                 _context.Synchronization.IncrementSyncpoint(syncpointId);
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/GPFifo/GPFifoProcessor.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Dma;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.InlineToMemory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Twod;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
@@ -28,6 +29,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo
         /// </summary>
         public MemoryManager MemoryManager => _channel.MemoryManager;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Channel texture manager.
+        /// </summary>
+        public TextureManager TextureManager => _channel.TextureManager;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// 3D Engine.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/InlineToMemory/InlineToMemoryClass.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Device;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
 using System;
@@ -198,7 +199,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.InlineToMemory
                     if (target != null)
                     {
                         target.SynchronizeMemory();
-                        target.SetData(data, 0, 0, new GAL.Rectangle<int>(_dstX, _dstY, _lineLengthIn / target.Info.FormatInfo.BytesPerPixel, _lineCount));
+                        var dataCopy = ByteMemoryPool.RentCopy(data);
+                        target.SetData(dataCopy, 0, 0, new GAL.Rectangle<int>(_dstX, _dstY, _lineLengthIn / target.Info.FormatInfo.BytesPerPixel, _lineCount));
                         target.SignalModified();
 
                         return;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/MME/MacroHLE.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Types;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
@@ -495,8 +496,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.MME
 
             ulong indirectBufferSize = (ulong)maxDrawCount * (ulong)stride;
 
-            MultiRange indirectBufferRange = bufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_processor.MemoryManager, indirectBufferGpuVa, indirectBufferSize);
-            MultiRange parameterBufferRange = bufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_processor.MemoryManager, parameterBufferGpuVa, 4);
+            MultiRange indirectBufferRange = bufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_processor.MemoryManager, indirectBufferGpuVa, indirectBufferSize, BufferStage.Indirect);
+            MultiRange parameterBufferRange = bufferCache.TranslateAndCreateMultiBuffers(_processor.MemoryManager, parameterBufferGpuVa, 4, BufferStage.Indirect);
 
             _processor.ThreedClass.DrawIndirect(
                 topology,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VtgAsComputeContext.cs

@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
 
             ReadOnlySpan<byte> dataBytes = MemoryMarshal.Cast<int, byte>(data);
 
-            BufferHandle buffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(dataBytes.Length);
+            BufferHandle buffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(dataBytes.Length, BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
             _context.Renderer.SetBufferData(buffer, 0, dataBytes);
 
             return new IndexBuffer(buffer, count, dataBytes.Length);
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
         {
             if (_dummyBuffer == BufferHandle.Null)
             {
-                _dummyBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(DummyBufferSize);
+                _dummyBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(DummyBufferSize, BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
                 _context.Renderer.Pipeline.ClearBuffer(_dummyBuffer, 0, DummyBufferSize, 0);
             }
 
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
                     _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(_sequentialIndexBuffer);
                 }
 
-                _sequentialIndexBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(count * sizeof(uint));
+                _sequentialIndexBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(count * sizeof(uint), BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
                 _sequentialIndexBufferCount = count;
 
                 Span<int> data = new int[count];
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
                     _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(buffer.Handle);
                 }
 
-                buffer.Handle = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(newSize);
+                buffer.Handle = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(newSize, BufferAccess.DeviceMemory);
                 buffer.Size = newSize;
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VtgAsComputeState.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Types;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation;
@@ -370,7 +371,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
         {
             var memoryManager = _channel.MemoryManager;
 
-            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(memoryManager.GetPhysicalRegions(address, size));
+            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(memoryManager.GetPhysicalRegions(address, size), BufferStage.VertexBuffer);
 
             ITexture bufferTexture = _vacContext.EnsureBufferTexture(index + 2, format);
             bufferTexture.SetStorage(range);
@@ -412,7 +413,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
             var memoryManager = _channel.MemoryManager;
 
             ulong misalign = address & ((ulong)_context.Capabilities.TextureBufferOffsetAlignment - 1);
-            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(memoryManager.GetPhysicalRegions(address + indexOffset - misalign, size + misalign));
+            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(
+                memoryManager.GetPhysicalRegions(address + indexOffset - misalign, size + misalign),
+                BufferStage.IndexBuffer);
             misalignedOffset = (int)misalign >> shift;
 
             SetIndexBufferTexture(reservations, range, format);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/DrawManager.cs

@@ -684,8 +684,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 
             if (hasCount)
             {
-                var indirectBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(indirectBufferRange);
-                var parameterBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(parameterBufferRange);
+                var indirectBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(indirectBufferRange, BufferStage.Indirect);
+                var parameterBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(parameterBufferRange, BufferStage.Indirect);
 
                 if (indexed)
                 {
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             }
             else
             {
-                var indirectBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(indirectBufferRange);
+                var indirectBuffer = memory.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(indirectBufferRange, BufferStage.Indirect);
 
                 if (indexed)
                 {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/StateUpdater.cs

@@ -1429,7 +1429,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                 addressesSpan[index] = baseAddress + shader.Offset;
             }
 
-            CachedShaderProgram gs = shaderCache.GetGraphicsShader(ref _state.State, ref _pipeline, _channel, ref _currentSpecState.GetPoolState(), ref _currentSpecState.GetGraphicsState(), addresses);
+            int samplerPoolMaximumId = _state.State.SamplerIndex == SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex
+                ? _state.State.TexturePoolState.MaximumId
+                : _state.State.SamplerPoolState.MaximumId;
+
+            CachedShaderProgram gs = shaderCache.GetGraphicsShader(
+                ref _state.State,
+                ref _pipeline,
+                _channel,
+                samplerPoolMaximumId,
+                ref _currentSpecState.GetPoolState(),
+                ref _currentSpecState.GetGraphicsState(),
+                addresses);
 
             // Consume the modified flag for spec state so that it isn't checked again.
             _currentSpecState.SetShader(gs);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/GpuContext.cs

@@ -393,10 +393,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
 
             if (force || _pendingSync || (syncpoint && SyncpointActions.Count > 0))
             {
-                Renderer.CreateSync(SyncNumber, strict);
+                foreach (var action in SyncActions)
+                {
+                    action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint);
+                }
 
-                SyncActions.ForEach(action => action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint));
-                SyncpointActions.ForEach(action => action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint));
+                foreach (var action in SyncpointActions)
+                {
+                    action.SyncPreAction(syncpoint);
+                }
+
+                Renderer.CreateSync(SyncNumber, strict);
 
                 SyncNumber++;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/PoolCache.cs

@@ -62,8 +62,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel that the texture pool cache belongs to</param>
         /// <param name="address">Start address of the texture pool</param>
         /// <param name="maximumId">Maximum ID of the texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingsArrayCache">Cache of texture array bindings</param>
         /// <returns>The found or newly created texture pool</returns>
-        public T FindOrCreate(GpuChannel channel, ulong address, int maximumId)
+        public T FindOrCreate(GpuChannel channel, ulong address, int maximumId, TextureBindingsArrayCache bindingsArrayCache)
         {
             // Remove old entries from the cache, if possible.
             while (_pools.Count > MaxCapacity && (_currentTimestamp - _pools.First.Value.CacheTimestamp) >= MinDeltaForRemoval)
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 _pools.RemoveFirst();
                 oldestPool.Dispose();
                 oldestPool.CacheNode = null;
+                bindingsArrayCache.RemoveAllWithPool(oldestPool);
             }
 
             T pool;
@@ -87,8 +89,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     if (pool.CacheNode != _pools.Last)
                     {
                         _pools.Remove(pool.CacheNode);
-
-                        pool.CacheNode = _pools.AddLast(pool);
+                        _pools.AddLast(pool.CacheNode);
                     }
 
                     pool.CacheTimestamp = _currentTimestamp;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/Texture.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
@@ -7,6 +6,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture.Astc;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Linq;
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         {
             _views.Remove(texture);
 
-            Group.RemoveView(texture);
+            Group.RemoveView(_views, texture);
 
             texture._viewStorage = texture;
 
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 }
             }
 
-            SpanOrArray<byte> result = ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data);
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data);
 
             if (ScaleFactor != 1f && AllowScaledSetData())
             {
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Uploads new texture data to the host GPU.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="data">New data</param>
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="data">New data</param>
         /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
         /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
         /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
         /// <param name="region">Target sub-region of the texture to update</param>
-        public void SetData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="level">Mip level to convert</param>
         /// <param name="single">True to convert a single slice</param>
         /// <returns>Converted data</returns>
-        public SpanOrArray<byte> ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int level = 0, bool single = false)
+        public IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int level = 0, bool single = false)
         {
             int width = Info.Width;
             int height = Info.Height;
@@ -754,11 +754,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             int sliceDepth = single ? 1 : depth;
 
-            SpanOrArray<byte> result;
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> linear;
 
             if (Info.IsLinear)
             {
-                result = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(
+                linear = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(
                     width,
                     height,
                     Info.FormatInfo.BlockWidth,
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
             else
             {
-                result = LayoutConverter.ConvertBlockLinearToLinear(
+                linear = LayoutConverter.ConvertBlockLinearToLinear(
                     width,
                     height,
                     depth,
@@ -787,33 +787,41 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     data);
             }
 
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = linear;
+
             // Handle compressed cases not supported by the host:
             // - ASTC is usually not supported on desktop cards.
             // - BC4/BC5 is not supported on 3D textures.
             if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsAstcCompression && Format.IsAstc())
             {
-                if (!AstcDecoder.TryDecodeToRgba8P(
-                    result.ToArray(),
-                    Info.FormatInfo.BlockWidth,
-                    Info.FormatInfo.BlockHeight,
-                    width,
-                    height,
-                    sliceDepth,
-                    levels,
-                    layers,
-                    out byte[] decoded))
+                using (result)
                 {
-                    string texInfo = $"{Info.Target} {Info.FormatInfo.Format} {Info.Width}x{Info.Height}x{Info.DepthOrLayers} levels {Info.Levels}";
+                    if (!AstcDecoder.TryDecodeToRgba8P(
+                        result.Memory,
+                        Info.FormatInfo.BlockWidth,
+                        Info.FormatInfo.BlockHeight,
+                        width,
+                        height,
+                        sliceDepth,
+                        levels,
+                        layers,
+                        out IMemoryOwner<byte> decoded))
+                    {
+                        string texInfo = $"{Info.Target} {Info.FormatInfo.Format} {Info.Width}x{Info.Height}x{Info.DepthOrLayers} levels {Info.Levels}";
 
-                    Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.Gpu, $"Invalid ASTC texture at 0x{Info.GpuAddress:X} ({texInfo}).");
+                        Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.Gpu, $"Invalid ASTC texture at 0x{Info.GpuAddress:X} ({texInfo}).");
+                    }
+
+                    if (GraphicsConfig.EnableTextureRecompression)
+                    {
+                        using (decoded)
+                        {
+                            return BCnEncoder.EncodeBC7(decoded.Memory, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return decoded;
                 }
-
-                if (GraphicsConfig.EnableTextureRecompression)
-                {
-                    decoded = BCnEncoder.EncodeBC7(decoded, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                }
-
-                result = decoded;
             }
             else if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsEtc2Compression && Format.IsEtc2())
             {
@@ -821,16 +829,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     case Format.Etc2RgbaSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbaUnorm:
-                        result = ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgba(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgba(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Etc2RgbPtaSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbPtaUnorm:
-                        result = ETC2Decoder.DecodePta(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodePta(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Etc2RgbSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbUnorm:
-                        result = ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgb(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgb(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                 }
             }
             else if (!TextureCompatibility.HostSupportsBcFormat(Format, Target, _context.Capabilities))
@@ -839,48 +853,75 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     case Format.Bc1RgbaSrgb:
                     case Format.Bc1RgbaUnorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC1(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC1(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc2Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc2Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC2(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC2(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc3Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc3Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC3(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC3(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc4Snorm:
                     case Format.Bc4Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC4(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc4Snorm);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC4(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc4Snorm);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc5Snorm:
                     case Format.Bc5Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC5(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc5Snorm);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC5(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc5Snorm);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc6HSfloat:
                     case Format.Bc6HUfloat:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC6(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc6HSfloat);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC6(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc6HSfloat);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc7Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc7Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC7(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC7(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                 }
             }
             else if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4Format && Format == Format.R4G4Unorm)
             {
-                result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4ToR4G4B4A4(result, width);
-
-                if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
+                using (result)
                 {
-                    result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
+                    var converted = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4ToR4G4B4A4(result.Memory.Span, width);
+
+                    if (_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
+                    {
+                        return converted;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        using (converted)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(converted.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
             else if (Format == Format.R4G4B4A4Unorm)
             {
                 if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
                 {
-                    result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
+                    using (result)
+                    {
+                        return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                    }
                 }
             }
             else if (!_context.Capabilities.Supports5BitComponentFormat && Format.Is16BitPacked())
@@ -889,19 +930,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     case Format.B5G6R5Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G6B5Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertR5G6B5ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR5G6B5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
                     case Format.B5G5R5A1Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G5B5A1Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertR5G5B5ToR8G8B8A8(result, width, Format == Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR5G5B5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width, Format == Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm);
+                        }
                     case Format.A1B5G5R5Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertA1B5G5R5ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertA1B5G5R5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
                     case Format.R4G4B4A4Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
-                        break;
+                        using (result)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
                 }
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingInfo.cs

@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public Format Format { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Shader texture host set index.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Set { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Shader texture host binding point.
         /// </summary>
@@ -44,20 +49,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public TextureUsageFlags Flags { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates that the binding is for a sampler.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsSamplerOnly { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Constructs the texture binding information structure.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
         /// <param name="format">Format of the image as declared on the shader</param>
+        /// <param name="set">Shader texture host set index</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
         /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int set, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Target = target;
             Format = format;
+            Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
@@ -69,13 +81,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Constructs the texture binding information structure.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
+        /// <param name="set">Shader texture host set index</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
         /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags) : this(target, (Format)0, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
+        /// <param name="isSamplerOnly">Indicates that the binding is for a sampler</param>
+        public TextureBindingInfo(
+            Target target,
+            int set,
+            int binding,
+            int arrayLength,
+            int cbufSlot,
+            int handle,
+            TextureUsageFlags flags,
+            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, set, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
         {
+            IsSamplerOnly = isSamplerOnly;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsArrayCache.cs

@@ -21,12 +21,98 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
         private readonly GpuContext _context;
         private readonly GpuChannel _channel;
-        private readonly bool _isCompute;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Array cache entry key.
         /// </summary>
-        private readonly struct CacheEntryKey : IEquatable<CacheEntryKey>
+        private readonly struct CacheEntryFromPoolKey : IEquatable<CacheEntryFromPoolKey>
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether the entry is for an image.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly bool IsImage;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether the entry is for a sampler.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly bool IsSampler;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Texture or image target type.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Target Target;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Number of entries of the array.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly int ArrayLength;
+
+            private readonly TexturePool _texturePool;
+            private readonly SamplerPool _samplerPool;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="isImage">Whether the entry is for an image</param>
+            /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding information for the array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntryFromPoolKey(bool isImage, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            {
+                IsImage = isImage;
+                IsSampler = bindingInfo.IsSamplerOnly;
+                Target = bindingInfo.Target;
+                ArrayLength = bindingInfo.ArrayLength;
+
+                _texturePool = texturePool;
+                _samplerPool = samplerPool;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the pool matches the cached pool.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture or sampler pool instance</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the pool matches, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool MatchesPool<T>(IPool<T> pool)
+            {
+                return _texturePool == pool || _samplerPool == pool;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the texture and sampler pools matches the cached pools.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool instance</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool instance</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the pools match, false otherwise</returns>
+            private bool MatchesPools(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            {
+                return _texturePool == texturePool && _samplerPool == samplerPool;
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(CacheEntryFromPoolKey other)
+            {
+                return IsImage == other.IsImage &&
+                    IsSampler == other.IsSampler &&
+                    Target == other.Target &&
+                    ArrayLength == other.ArrayLength &&
+                    MatchesPools(other._texturePool, other._samplerPool);
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                return obj is CacheEntryFromBufferKey other && Equals(other);
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return HashCode.Combine(_texturePool, _samplerPool, IsSampler);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Array cache entry key.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly struct CacheEntryFromBufferKey : IEquatable<CacheEntryFromBufferKey>
         {
             /// <summary>
             /// Whether the entry is for an image.
@@ -61,7 +147,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
             /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
             /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
-            public CacheEntryKey(
+            public CacheEntryFromBufferKey(
                 bool isImage,
                 TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
                 TexturePool texturePool,
@@ -100,7 +186,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 return _textureBufferBounds.Equals(textureBufferBounds);
             }
 
-            public bool Equals(CacheEntryKey other)
+            public bool Equals(CacheEntryFromBufferKey other)
             {
                 return IsImage == other.IsImage &&
                     Target == other.Target &&
@@ -112,7 +198,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             public override bool Equals(object obj)
             {
-                return obj is CacheEntryKey other && Equals(other);
+                return obj is CacheEntryFromBufferKey other && Equals(other);
             }
 
             public override int GetHashCode()
@@ -122,40 +208,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Array cache entry.
+        /// Array cache entry from pool.
         /// </summary>
         private class CacheEntry
         {
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Key for this entry on the cache.
-            /// </summary>
-            public readonly CacheEntryKey Key;
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Linked list node used on the texture bindings array cache.
-            /// </summary>
-            public LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> CacheNode;
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Timestamp set on the last use of the array by the cache.
-            /// </summary>
-            public int CacheTimestamp;
-
             /// <summary>
             /// All cached textures, along with their invalidated sequence number as value.
             /// </summary>
             public readonly Dictionary<Texture, int> Textures;
 
-            /// <summary>
-            /// All pool texture IDs along with their textures.
-            /// </summary>
-            public readonly Dictionary<int, Texture> TextureIds;
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// All pool sampler IDs along with their samplers.
-            /// </summary>
-            public readonly Dictionary<int, Sampler> SamplerIds;
-
             /// <summary>
             /// Backend texture array if the entry is for a texture, otherwise null.
             /// </summary>
@@ -166,44 +227,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// </summary>
             public readonly IImageArray ImageArray;
 
-            private readonly TexturePool _texturePool;
-            private readonly SamplerPool _samplerPool;
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Texture pool where the array textures are located.
+            /// </summary>
+            protected readonly TexturePool TexturePool;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Sampler pool where the array samplers are located.
+            /// </summary>
+            protected readonly SamplerPool SamplerPool;
 
             private int _texturePoolSequence;
             private int _samplerPoolSequence;
 
-            private int[] _cachedTextureBuffer;
-            private int[] _cachedSamplerBuffer;
-
-            private int _lastSequenceNumber;
-
             /// <summary>
             /// Creates a new array cache entry.
             /// </summary>
-            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
             /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
             /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
-            private CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            private CacheEntry(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
             {
-                Key = key;
                 Textures = new Dictionary<Texture, int>();
-                TextureIds = new Dictionary<int, Texture>();
-                SamplerIds = new Dictionary<int, Sampler>();
 
-                _texturePool = texturePool;
-                _samplerPool = samplerPool;
-
-                _lastSequenceNumber = -1;
+                TexturePool = texturePool;
+                SamplerPool = samplerPool;
             }
 
             /// <summary>
             /// Creates a new array cache entry.
             /// </summary>
-            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
             /// <param name="array">Backend texture array</param>
             /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
             /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
-            public CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, ITextureArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(ref key, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            public CacheEntry(ITextureArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(texturePool, samplerPool)
             {
                 TextureArray = array;
             }
@@ -211,11 +267,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// <summary>
             /// Creates a new array cache entry.
             /// </summary>
-            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
             /// <param name="array">Backend image array</param>
             /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
             /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
-            public CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, IImageArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(ref key, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            public CacheEntry(IImageArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(texturePool, samplerPool)
             {
                 ImageArray = array;
             }
@@ -224,7 +279,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// Synchronizes memory for all textures in the array.
             /// </summary>
             /// <param name="isStore">Indicates if the texture may be modified by the access</param>
-            public void SynchronizeMemory(bool isStore)
+            /// <param name="blacklistScale">Indicates if the texture should be blacklisted for scaling</param>
+            public void SynchronizeMemory(bool isStore, bool blacklistScale)
             {
                 foreach (Texture texture in Textures.Keys)
                 {
@@ -234,29 +290,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     {
                         texture.SignalModified();
                     }
+
+                    if (blacklistScale && texture.ScaleMode != TextureScaleMode.Blacklisted)
+                    {
+                        // Scaling textures used on arrays is currently not supported.
+
+                        texture.BlacklistScale();
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
             /// <summary>
             /// Clears all cached texture instances.
             /// </summary>
-            public void Reset()
+            public virtual void Reset()
             {
                 Textures.Clear();
-                TextureIds.Clear();
-                SamplerIds.Clear();
-            }
-
-            /// <summary>
-            /// Updates the cached constant buffer data.
-            /// </summary>
-            /// <param name="cachedTextureBuffer">Constant buffer data with the texture handles (and sampler handles, if they are combined)</param>
-            /// <param name="cachedSamplerBuffer">Constant buffer data with the sampler handles</param>
-            /// <param name="separateSamplerBuffer">Whether <paramref name="cachedTextureBuffer"/> and <paramref name="cachedSamplerBuffer"/> comes from different buffers</param>
-            public void UpdateData(ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer, bool separateSamplerBuffer)
-            {
-                _cachedTextureBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer.ToArray();
-                _cachedSamplerBuffer = separateSamplerBuffer ? cachedSamplerBuffer.ToArray() : _cachedTextureBuffer;
             }
 
             /// <summary>
@@ -279,39 +328,105 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             /// <summary>
             /// Checks if the cached texture or sampler pool has been modified since the last call to this method.
             /// </summary>
-            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pools might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
-            public bool PoolsModified()
+            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pool might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool TexturePoolModified()
             {
-                bool texturePoolModified = _texturePool.WasModified(ref _texturePoolSequence);
-                bool samplerPoolModified = _samplerPool.WasModified(ref _samplerPoolSequence);
+                return TexturePool.WasModified(ref _texturePoolSequence);
+            }
 
-                // If both pools were not modified since the last check, we have nothing else to check.
-                if (!texturePoolModified && !samplerPoolModified)
-                {
-                    return false;
-                }
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the cached texture or sampler pool has been modified since the last call to this method.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pool might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool SamplerPoolModified()
+            {
+                return SamplerPool.WasModified(ref _samplerPoolSequence);
+            }
+        }
 
-                // If the pools were modified, let's check if any of the entries we care about changed.
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Array cache entry from constant buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        private class CacheEntryFromBuffer : CacheEntry
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Key for this entry on the cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly CacheEntryFromBufferKey Key;
 
-                // Check if any of our cached textures changed on the pool.
-                foreach ((int textureId, Texture texture) in TextureIds)
-                {
-                    if (_texturePool.GetCachedItem(textureId) != texture)
-                    {
-                        return true;
-                    }
-                }
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Linked list node used on the texture bindings array cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public LinkedListNode<CacheEntryFromBuffer> CacheNode;
 
-                // Check if any of our cached samplers changed on the pool.
-                foreach ((int samplerId, Sampler sampler) in SamplerIds)
-                {
-                    if (_samplerPool.GetCachedItem(samplerId) != sampler)
-                    {
-                        return true;
-                    }
-                }
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Timestamp set on the last use of the array by the cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int CacheTimestamp;
 
-                return false;
+            /// <summary>
+            /// All pool texture IDs along with their textures.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Dictionary<int, (Texture, TextureDescriptor)> TextureIds;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// All pool sampler IDs along with their samplers.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Dictionary<int, (Sampler, SamplerDescriptor)> SamplerIds;
+
+            private int[] _cachedTextureBuffer;
+            private int[] _cachedSamplerBuffer;
+
+            private int _lastSequenceNumber;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
+            /// <param name="array">Backend texture array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntryFromBuffer(ref CacheEntryFromBufferKey key, ITextureArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : base(array, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            {
+                Key = key;
+                _lastSequenceNumber = -1;
+                TextureIds = new Dictionary<int, (Texture, TextureDescriptor)>();
+                SamplerIds = new Dictionary<int, (Sampler, SamplerDescriptor)>();
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
+            /// <param name="array">Backend image array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntryFromBuffer(ref CacheEntryFromBufferKey key, IImageArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : base(array, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            {
+                Key = key;
+                _lastSequenceNumber = -1;
+                TextureIds = new Dictionary<int, (Texture, TextureDescriptor)>();
+                SamplerIds = new Dictionary<int, (Sampler, SamplerDescriptor)>();
+            }
+
+            /// <inheritdoc/>
+            public override void Reset()
+            {
+                base.Reset();
+                TextureIds.Clear();
+                SamplerIds.Clear();
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Updates the cached constant buffer data.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="cachedTextureBuffer">Constant buffer data with the texture handles (and sampler handles, if they are combined)</param>
+            /// <param name="cachedSamplerBuffer">Constant buffer data with the sampler handles</param>
+            /// <param name="separateSamplerBuffer">Whether <paramref name="cachedTextureBuffer"/> and <paramref name="cachedSamplerBuffer"/> comes from different buffers</param>
+            public void UpdateData(ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer, bool separateSamplerBuffer)
+            {
+                _cachedTextureBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer.ToArray();
+                _cachedSamplerBuffer = separateSamplerBuffer ? cachedSamplerBuffer.ToArray() : _cachedTextureBuffer;
             }
 
             /// <summary>
@@ -372,10 +487,51 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 return true;
             }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the cached texture or sampler pool has been modified since the last call to this method.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pools might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool PoolsModified()
+            {
+                bool texturePoolModified = TexturePoolModified();
+                bool samplerPoolModified = SamplerPoolModified();
+
+                // If both pools were not modified since the last check, we have nothing else to check.
+                if (!texturePoolModified && !samplerPoolModified)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                // If the pools were modified, let's check if any of the entries we care about changed.
+
+                // Check if any of our cached textures changed on the pool.
+                foreach ((int textureId, (Texture texture, TextureDescriptor descriptor)) in TextureIds)
+                {
+                    if (TexturePool.GetCachedItem(textureId) != texture ||
+                        (texture == null && TexturePool.IsValidId(textureId) && !TexturePool.GetDescriptorRef(textureId).Equals(descriptor)))
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Check if any of our cached samplers changed on the pool.
+                foreach ((int samplerId, (Sampler sampler, SamplerDescriptor descriptor)) in SamplerIds)
+                {
+                    if (SamplerPool.GetCachedItem(samplerId) != sampler ||
+                        (sampler == null && SamplerPool.IsValidId(samplerId) && !SamplerPool.GetDescriptorRef(samplerId).Equals(descriptor)))
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
         }
 
-        private readonly Dictionary<CacheEntryKey, CacheEntry> _cache;
-        private readonly LinkedList<CacheEntry> _lruCache;
+        private readonly Dictionary<CacheEntryFromBufferKey, CacheEntryFromBuffer> _cacheFromBuffer;
+        private readonly Dictionary<CacheEntryFromPoolKey, CacheEntry> _cacheFromPool;
+        private readonly LinkedList<CacheEntryFromBuffer> _lruCache;
 
         private int _currentTimestamp;
 
@@ -384,14 +540,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="context">GPU context</param>
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
-        /// <param name="isCompute">Whether the bindings will be used for compute or graphics pipelines</param>
-        public TextureBindingsArrayCache(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel, bool isCompute)
+        public TextureBindingsArrayCache(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel)
         {
             _context = context;
             _channel = channel;
-            _isCompute = isCompute;
-            _cache = new Dictionary<CacheEntryKey, CacheEntry>();
-            _lruCache = new LinkedList<CacheEntry>();
+            _cacheFromBuffer = new Dictionary<CacheEntryFromBufferKey, CacheEntryFromBuffer>();
+            _cacheFromPool = new Dictionary<CacheEntryFromPoolKey, CacheEntry>();
+            _lruCache = new LinkedList<CacheEntryFromBuffer>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -411,7 +566,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int stageIndex,
             int textureBufferIndex,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             Update(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: false, samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
         }
@@ -424,7 +579,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
         /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
-        public void UpdateImageArray(TexturePool texturePool, ShaderStage stage, int stageIndex, int textureBufferIndex, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        public void UpdateImageArray(TexturePool texturePool, ShaderStage stage, int stageIndex, int textureBufferIndex, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             Update(texturePool, null, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: true, SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex, bindingInfo);
         }
@@ -448,16 +603,181 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int textureBufferIndex,
             bool isImage,
             SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        {
+            if (IsDirectHandleType(bindingInfo.Handle))
+            {
+                UpdateFromPool(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, isImage, bindingInfo);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                UpdateFromBuffer(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage, samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture or image array bindings and textures from a texture or sampler pool.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        private void UpdateFromPool(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool, ShaderStage stage, bool isImage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        {
+            CacheEntry entry = GetOrAddEntry(texturePool, samplerPool, bindingInfo, isImage, out bool isNewEntry);
+
+            bool isSampler = bindingInfo.IsSamplerOnly;
+            bool poolModified = isSampler ? entry.SamplerPoolModified() : entry.TexturePoolModified();
+            bool isStore = bindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
+            bool resScaleUnsupported = bindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ResScaleUnsupported);
+
+            if (!poolModified && !isNewEntry && entry.ValidateTextures())
+            {
+                entry.SynchronizeMemory(isStore, resScaleUnsupported);
+
+                if (isImage)
+                {
+                    SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
+                }
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (!isNewEntry)
+            {
+                entry.Reset();
+            }
+
+            int length = (isSampler ? samplerPool.MaximumId : texturePool.MaximumId) + 1;
+            length = Math.Min(length, bindingInfo.ArrayLength);
+
+            Format[] formats = isImage ? new Format[bindingInfo.ArrayLength] : null;
+            ISampler[] samplers = isImage ? null : new ISampler[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
+            ITexture[] textures = new ITexture[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < length; index++)
+            {
+                Texture texture = null;
+                Sampler sampler = null;
+
+                if (isSampler)
+                {
+                    sampler = samplerPool?.Get(index);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ref readonly TextureDescriptor descriptor = ref texturePool.GetForBinding(index, out texture);
+
+                    if (texture != null)
+                    {
+                        entry.Textures[texture] = texture.InvalidatedSequence;
+
+                        if (isStore)
+                        {
+                            texture.SignalModified();
+                        }
+
+                        if (resScaleUnsupported && texture.ScaleMode != TextureScaleMode.Blacklisted)
+                        {
+                            // Scaling textures used on arrays is currently not supported.
+
+                            texture.BlacklistScale();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ITexture hostTexture = texture?.GetTargetTexture(bindingInfo.Target);
+                ISampler hostSampler = sampler?.GetHostSampler(texture);
+
+                Format format = bindingInfo.Format;
+
+                if (hostTexture != null && texture.Target == Target.TextureBuffer)
+                {
+                    // Ensure that the buffer texture is using the correct buffer as storage.
+                    // Buffers are frequently re-created to accommodate larger data, so we need to re-bind
+                    // to ensure we're not using a old buffer that was already deleted.
+                    if (isImage)
+                    {
+                        if (format == 0 && texture != null)
+                        {
+                            format = texture.Format;
+                        }
+
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (isImage)
+                {
+                    if (format == 0 && texture != null)
+                    {
+                        format = texture.Format;
+                    }
+
+                    formats[index] = format;
+                    textures[index] = hostTexture;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    samplers[index] = hostSampler;
+                    textures[index] = hostTexture;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isImage)
+            {
+                entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
+                entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
+
+                SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
+                entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
+
+                SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture or image array bindings and textures from constant buffer handles.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerIndex">Sampler handles source</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        private void UpdateFromBuffer(
+            TexturePool texturePool,
+            SamplerPool samplerPool,
+            ShaderStage stage,
+            int stageIndex,
+            int textureBufferIndex,
+            bool isImage,
+            SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
         {
             (textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, textureBufferIndex);
 
             bool separateSamplerBuffer = textureBufferIndex != samplerBufferIndex;
+            bool isCompute = stage == ShaderStage.Compute;
 
-            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(_isCompute, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex);
-            ref BufferBounds samplerBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(_isCompute, stageIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
+            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(isCompute, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex);
+            ref BufferBounds samplerBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(isCompute, stageIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
 
-            CacheEntry entry = GetOrAddEntry(
+            CacheEntryFromBuffer entry = GetOrAddEntry(
                 texturePool,
                 samplerPool,
                 bindingInfo,
@@ -467,6 +787,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             bool poolsModified = entry.PoolsModified();
             bool isStore = bindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
+            bool resScaleUnsupported = bindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ResScaleUnsupported);
 
             ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer;
             ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer;
@@ -475,15 +796,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             {
                 if (entry.MatchesSequenceNumber(_context.SequenceNumber))
                 {
-                    entry.SynchronizeMemory(isStore);
+                    entry.SynchronizeMemory(isStore, resScaleUnsupported);
 
                     if (isImage)
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                        SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                        SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                     }
 
                     return;
@@ -504,15 +825,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (entry.MatchesBufferData(cachedTextureBuffer, cachedSamplerBuffer, separateSamplerBuffer, samplerWordOffset))
                 {
-                    entry.SynchronizeMemory(isStore);
+                    entry.SynchronizeMemory(isStore, resScaleUnsupported);
 
                     if (isImage)
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                        SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                        SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
                     }
 
                     return;
@@ -569,12 +890,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     {
                         texture.SignalModified();
                     }
+
+                    if (resScaleUnsupported && texture.ScaleMode != TextureScaleMode.Blacklisted)
+                    {
+                        // Scaling textures used on arrays is currently not supported.
+
+                        texture.BlacklistScale();
+                    }
                 }
 
                 Sampler sampler = samplerPool?.Get(samplerId);
 
-                entry.TextureIds[textureId] = texture;
-                entry.SamplerIds[samplerId] = sampler;
+                entry.TextureIds[textureId] = (texture, descriptor);
+                entry.SamplerIds[samplerId] = (sampler, samplerPool?.GetDescriptorRef(samplerId) ?? default);
 
                 ITexture hostTexture = texture?.GetTargetTexture(bindingInfo.Target);
                 ISampler hostSampler = sampler?.GetHostSampler(texture);
@@ -593,11 +921,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                             format = texture.Format;
                         }
 
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
                     }
                 }
                 else if (isImage)
@@ -622,43 +950,72 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
                 entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
             }
             else
             {
                 entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
                 entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.TextureArray);
             }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Gets a cached texture entry, or creates a new one if not found.
+        /// Updates a texture array binding on the host.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="array">Texture array</param>
+        private void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            if (bindingInfo.Set >= _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex && _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets != 0)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArraySeparate(stage, bindingInfo.Set, array);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, array);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a image array binding on the host.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="array">Image array</param>
+        private void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            if (bindingInfo.Set >= _context.Capabilities.ExtraSetBaseIndex && _context.Capabilities.MaximumExtraSets != 0)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArraySeparate(stage, bindingInfo.Set, array);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, array);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a cached texture entry from pool, or creates a new one if not found.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
         /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
-        /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
         /// <param name="isNew">Whether a new entry was created, or an existing one was returned</param>
         /// <returns>Cache entry</returns>
         private CacheEntry GetOrAddEntry(
             TexturePool texturePool,
             SamplerPool samplerPool,
-            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
             bool isImage,
-            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds,
             out bool isNew)
         {
-            CacheEntryKey key = new CacheEntryKey(
-                isImage,
-                bindingInfo,
-                texturePool,
-                samplerPool,
-                ref textureBufferBounds);
+            CacheEntryFromPoolKey key = new CacheEntryFromPoolKey(isImage, bindingInfo, texturePool, samplerPool);
 
-            isNew = !_cache.TryGetValue(key, out CacheEntry entry);
+            isNew = !_cacheFromPool.TryGetValue(key, out CacheEntry entry);
 
             if (isNew)
             {
@@ -668,13 +1025,61 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     IImageArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateImageArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
 
-                    _cache.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                    _cacheFromPool.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(array, texturePool, samplerPool));
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     ITextureArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateTextureArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
 
-                    _cache.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                    _cacheFromPool.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return entry;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a cached texture entry from constant buffer, or creates a new one if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
+        /// <param name="isNew">Whether a new entry was created, or an existing one was returned</param>
+        /// <returns>Cache entry</returns>
+        private CacheEntryFromBuffer GetOrAddEntry(
+            TexturePool texturePool,
+            SamplerPool samplerPool,
+            in TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            bool isImage,
+            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds,
+            out bool isNew)
+        {
+            CacheEntryFromBufferKey key = new CacheEntryFromBufferKey(
+                isImage,
+                bindingInfo,
+                texturePool,
+                samplerPool,
+                ref textureBufferBounds);
+
+            isNew = !_cacheFromBuffer.TryGetValue(key, out CacheEntryFromBuffer entry);
+
+            if (isNew)
+            {
+                int arrayLength = bindingInfo.ArrayLength;
+
+                if (isImage)
+                {
+                    IImageArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateImageArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
+
+                    _cacheFromBuffer.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntryFromBuffer(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ITextureArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateTextureArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
+
+                    _cacheFromBuffer.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntryFromBuffer(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
                 }
             }
 
@@ -700,15 +1105,70 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         private void RemoveLeastUsedEntries()
         {
-            LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> nextNode = _lruCache.First;
+            LinkedListNode<CacheEntryFromBuffer> nextNode = _lruCache.First;
 
             while (nextNode != null && _currentTimestamp - nextNode.Value.CacheTimestamp >= MinDeltaForRemoval)
             {
-                LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> toRemove = nextNode;
+                LinkedListNode<CacheEntryFromBuffer> toRemove = nextNode;
                 nextNode = nextNode.Next;
-                _cache.Remove(toRemove.Value.Key);
+                _cacheFromBuffer.Remove(toRemove.Value.Key);
                 _lruCache.Remove(toRemove);
+
+                if (toRemove.Value.Key.IsImage)
+                {
+                    toRemove.Value.ImageArray.Dispose();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    toRemove.Value.TextureArray.Dispose();
+                }
             }
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes all cached texture arrays matching the specified texture pool.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="pool">Texture pool</param>
+        public void RemoveAllWithPool<T>(IPool<T> pool)
+        {
+            List<CacheEntryFromPoolKey> keysToRemove = null;
+
+            foreach ((CacheEntryFromPoolKey key, CacheEntry entry) in _cacheFromPool)
+            {
+                if (key.MatchesPool(pool))
+                {
+                    (keysToRemove ??= new()).Add(key);
+
+                    if (key.IsImage)
+                    {
+                        entry.ImageArray.Dispose();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        entry.TextureArray.Dispose();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (keysToRemove != null)
+            {
+                foreach (CacheEntryFromPoolKey key in keysToRemove)
+                {
+                    _cacheFromPool.Remove(key);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if a handle indicates the binding should have all its textures sourced directly from a pool.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="handle">Handle to check</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the handle represents direct pool access, false otherwise</returns>
+        private static bool IsDirectHandleType(int handle)
+        {
+            (_, _, TextureHandleType type) = TextureHandle.UnpackOffsets(handle);
+
+            return type == TextureHandleType.Direct;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsManager.cs

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private readonly TexturePoolCache _texturePoolCache;
         private readonly SamplerPoolCache _samplerPoolCache;
 
-        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _arrayBindingsCache;
+        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _bindingsArrayCache;
 
         private TexturePool _cachedTexturePool;
         private SamplerPool _cachedSamplerPool;
@@ -72,12 +72,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="context">The GPU context that the texture bindings manager belongs to</param>
         /// <param name="channel">The GPU channel that the texture bindings manager belongs to</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingsArrayCache">Cache of texture array bindings</param>
         /// <param name="texturePoolCache">Texture pools cache used to get texture pools from</param>
         /// <param name="samplerPoolCache">Sampler pools cache used to get sampler pools from</param>
         /// <param name="isCompute">True if the bindings manager is used for the compute engine</param>
         public TextureBindingsManager(
             GpuContext context,
             GpuChannel channel,
+            TextureBindingsArrayCache bindingsArrayCache,
             TexturePoolCache texturePoolCache,
             SamplerPoolCache samplerPoolCache,
             bool isCompute)
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             _isCompute = isCompute;
 
-            _arrayBindingsCache = new TextureBindingsArrayCache(context, channel, isCompute);
+            _bindingsArrayCache = bindingsArrayCache;
 
             int stages = isCompute ? 1 : Constants.ShaderStages;
 
@@ -456,7 +458,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (bindingInfo.ArrayLength > 1)
                 {
-                    _arrayBindingsCache.UpdateTextureArray(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, _samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
+                    _bindingsArrayCache.UpdateTextureArray(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, _samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
 
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -594,7 +596,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (bindingInfo.ArrayLength > 1)
                 {
-                    _arrayBindingsCache.UpdateImageArray(pool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, bindingInfo);
+                    _bindingsArrayCache.UpdateImageArray(pool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, bindingInfo);
 
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -732,7 +734,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             ulong poolAddress = _channel.MemoryManager.Translate(poolGpuVa);
 
-            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId);
+            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
 
             TextureDescriptor descriptor;
 
@@ -770,7 +772,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 ? _channel.BufferManager.GetComputeUniformBufferAddress(textureBufferIndex)
                 : _channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferAddress(stageIndex, textureBufferIndex);
 
-            int handle = textureBufferAddress != 0
+            int handle = textureBufferAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped
                 ? _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.Read<int>(textureBufferAddress + (uint)textureWordOffset * 4)
                 : 0;
 
@@ -790,7 +792,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                         ? _channel.BufferManager.GetComputeUniformBufferAddress(samplerBufferIndex)
                         : _channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferAddress(stageIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
 
-                    samplerHandle = samplerBufferAddress != 0
+                    samplerHandle = samplerBufferAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped
                         ? _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.Read<int>(samplerBufferAddress + (uint)samplerWordOffset * 4)
                         : 0;
                 }
@@ -828,7 +830,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (poolAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _texturePoolMaximumId);
+                    texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _texturePoolMaximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
                     _texturePool = texturePool;
                 }
             }
@@ -839,7 +841,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (poolAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped)
                 {
-                    samplerPool = _samplerPoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _samplerPoolMaximumId);
+                    samplerPool = _samplerPoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, _samplerPoolMaximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
                     _samplerPool = samplerPool;
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureCache.cs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 {
@@ -39,6 +40,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private readonly MultiRangeList<Texture> _textures;
         private readonly HashSet<Texture> _partiallyMappedTextures;
 
+        private readonly ReaderWriterLockSlim _texturesLock;
+
         private Texture[] _textureOverlaps;
         private OverlapInfo[] _overlapInfo;
 
@@ -57,6 +60,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             _textures = new MultiRangeList<Texture>();
             _partiallyMappedTextures = new HashSet<Texture>();
 
+            _texturesLock = new ReaderWriterLockSlim();
+
             _textureOverlaps = new Texture[OverlapsBufferInitialCapacity];
             _overlapInfo = new OverlapInfo[OverlapsBufferInitialCapacity];
 
@@ -75,10 +80,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             MultiRange unmapped = ((MemoryManager)sender).GetPhysicalRegions(e.Address, e.Size);
 
-            lock (_textures)
+            _texturesLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+            try
             {
                 overlapCount = _textures.FindOverlaps(unmapped, ref overlaps);
             }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitReadLock();
+            }
 
             if (overlapCount > 0)
             {
@@ -217,7 +228,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         public bool UpdateMapping(Texture texture, MultiRange range)
         {
             // There cannot be an existing texture compatible with this mapping in the texture cache already.
-            int overlapCount = _textures.FindOverlaps(range, ref _textureOverlaps);
+            int overlapCount;
+
+            _texturesLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+            try
+            {
+                overlapCount = _textures.FindOverlaps(range, ref _textureOverlaps);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitReadLock();
+            }
 
             for (int i = 0; i < overlapCount; i++)
             {
@@ -231,11 +253,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 }
             }
 
-            _textures.Remove(texture);
+            _texturesLock.EnterWriteLock();
 
-            texture.ReplaceRange(range);
+            try
+            {
+                _textures.Remove(texture);
 
-            _textures.Add(texture);
+                texture.ReplaceRange(range);
+
+                _textures.Add(texture);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitWriteLock();
+            }
 
             return true;
         }
@@ -611,11 +642,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             int sameAddressOverlapsCount;
 
-            lock (_textures)
+            _texturesLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+            try
             {
                 // Try to find a perfect texture match, with the same address and parameters.
                 sameAddressOverlapsCount = _textures.FindOverlaps(address, ref _textureOverlaps);
             }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitReadLock();
+            }
 
             Texture texture = null;
 
@@ -698,10 +735,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             if (info.Target != Target.TextureBuffer)
             {
-                lock (_textures)
+                _texturesLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+                try
                 {
                     overlapsCount = _textures.FindOverlaps(range.Value, ref _textureOverlaps);
                 }
+                finally
+                {
+                    _texturesLock.ExitReadLock();
+                }
             }
 
             if (_overlapInfo.Length != _textureOverlaps.Length)
@@ -1025,10 +1068,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 _cache.Add(texture);
             }
 
-            lock (_textures)
+            _texturesLock.EnterWriteLock();
+
+            try
             {
                 _textures.Add(texture);
             }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitWriteLock();
+            }
 
             if (partiallyMapped)
             {
@@ -1091,7 +1140,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 return null;
             }
 
-            int addressMatches = _textures.FindOverlaps(address, ref _textureOverlaps);
+            int addressMatches;
+
+            _texturesLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+            try
+            {
+                addressMatches = _textures.FindOverlaps(address, ref _textureOverlaps);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitReadLock();
+            }
+
             Texture textureMatch = null;
 
             for (int i = 0; i < addressMatches; i++)
@@ -1232,10 +1293,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="texture">The texture to be removed</param>
         public void RemoveTextureFromCache(Texture texture)
         {
-            lock (_textures)
+            _texturesLock.EnterWriteLock();
+
+            try
             {
                 _textures.Remove(texture);
             }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitWriteLock();
+            }
 
             lock (_partiallyMappedTextures)
             {
@@ -1324,13 +1391,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public void Dispose()
         {
-            lock (_textures)
+            _texturesLock.EnterReadLock();
+
+            try
             {
                 foreach (Texture texture in _textures)
                 {
                     texture.Dispose();
                 }
             }
+            finally
+            {
+                _texturesLock.ExitReadLock();
+            }
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureCompatibility.cs

@@ -247,6 +247,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     return TextureMatchQuality.FormatAlias;
                 }
+                else if (lhs.FormatInfo.Format == Format.D32FloatS8Uint && rhs.FormatInfo.Format == Format.R32G32Float)
+                {
+                    return TextureMatchQuality.FormatAlias;
+                }
             }
 
             return lhs.FormatInfo.Format == rhs.FormatInfo.Format ? TextureMatchQuality.Perfect : TextureMatchQuality.NoMatch;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureGroup.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
@@ -6,6 +5,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private MultiRange TextureRange => Storage.Range;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// The views list from the storage texture.
+        /// The views array from the storage texture.
         /// </summary>
-        private List<Texture> _views;
+        private Texture[] _views;
         private TextureGroupHandle[] _handles;
         private bool[] _loadNeeded;
 
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                             ReadOnlySpan<byte> data = dataSpan[(offset - spanBase)..];
 
-                            SpanOrArray<byte> result = Storage.ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data, info.BaseLevel + level, true);
+                            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = Storage.ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data, info.BaseLevel + level, true);
 
                             Storage.SetData(result, info.BaseLayer + layer, info.BaseLevel + level);
                         }
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    _flushBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)Storage.Size, BufferAccess.FlushPersistent);
+                    _flushBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer((int)Storage.Size, BufferAccess.HostMemory);
                     _flushBufferImported = false;
                 }
 
@@ -1074,7 +1074,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         public void UpdateViews(List<Texture> views, Texture texture)
         {
             // This is saved to calculate overlapping views for each handle.
-            _views = views;
+            _views = views.ToArray();
 
             bool layerViews = _hasLayerViews;
             bool mipViews = _hasMipViews;
@@ -1136,9 +1136,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <summary>
         /// Removes a view from the group, removing it from all overlap lists.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="views">The views list of the storage texture</param>
         /// <param name="view">View to remove from the group</param>
-        public void RemoveView(Texture view)
+        public void RemoveView(List<Texture> views, Texture view)
         {
+            // This is saved to calculate overlapping views for each handle.
+            _views = views.ToArray();
+
             int offset = FindOffset(view);
 
             foreach (TextureGroupHandle handle in _handles)
@@ -1605,9 +1609,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             Storage.SignalModifiedDirty();
 
-            if (_views != null)
+            Texture[] views = _views;
+
+            if (views != null)
             {
-                foreach (Texture texture in _views)
+                foreach (Texture texture in views)
                 {
                     texture.SignalModifiedDirty();
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureGroupHandle.cs

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         public TextureGroupHandle(TextureGroup group,
                                   int offset,
                                   ulong size,
-                                  List<Texture> views,
+                                  IEnumerable<Texture> views,
                                   int firstLayer,
                                   int firstLevel,
                                   int baseSlice,
@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Calculate a list of which views overlap this handle.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="group">The parent texture group, used to find a view's base CPU VA offset</param>
-        /// <param name="views">The list of views to search for overlaps</param>
-        public void RecalculateOverlaps(TextureGroup group, List<Texture> views)
+        /// <param name="views">The views to search for overlaps</param>
+        public void RecalculateOverlaps(TextureGroup group, IEnumerable<Texture> views)
         {
             // Overlaps can be accessed from the memory tracking signal handler, so access must be atomic.
             lock (Overlaps)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureManager.cs

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
         private readonly TextureBindingsManager _cpBindingsManager;
         private readonly TextureBindingsManager _gpBindingsManager;
+        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _bindingsArrayCache;
         private readonly TexturePoolCache _texturePoolCache;
         private readonly SamplerPoolCache _samplerPoolCache;
 
@@ -46,8 +47,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             TexturePoolCache texturePoolCache = new(context);
             SamplerPoolCache samplerPoolCache = new(context);
 
-            _cpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: true);
-            _gpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: false);
+            _bindingsArrayCache = new TextureBindingsArrayCache(context, channel);
+            _cpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, _bindingsArrayCache, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: true);
+            _gpBindingsManager = new TextureBindingsManager(context, channel, _bindingsArrayCache, texturePoolCache, samplerPoolCache, isCompute: false);
             _texturePoolCache = texturePoolCache;
             _samplerPoolCache = samplerPoolCache;
 
@@ -384,7 +386,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         {
             ulong poolAddress = _channel.MemoryManager.Translate(poolGpuVa);
 
-            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId);
+            TexturePool texturePool = _texturePoolCache.FindOrCreate(_channel, poolAddress, maximumId, _bindingsArrayCache);
 
             return texturePool;
         }