Update to new standard for volatility operations (#6682)

* Refactor

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Ac_K <Acoustik666@gmail.com>

* Update src/Ryujinx/UI/Views/Settings/SettingsHotkeysView.axaml.cs

Co-authored-by: Ac_K <Acoustik666@gmail.com>

* Update src/Ryujinx.Input/ButtonValueType.cs

Co-authored-by: Ac_K <Acoustik666@gmail.com>

* Add empty line

* Requested renames

* Update src/Ryujinx/UI/Views/Settings/SettingsHotkeysView.axaml.cs

Co-authored-by: gdkchan <gab.dark.100@gmail.com>

* Make parent models private readonly

* Fix ControllerInputView

* Make line shorter

* Mac keys in locale

* Double line break

* Fix build

* Get rid of _isValid

* Fix potential race condition

* Rename HasAnyButtonPressed to IsAnyButtonPressed

* Use switches

* Simplify enumeration

---------

Co-authored-by: Ac_K <Acoustik666@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: gdkchan <gab.dark.100@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: TSR Berry <20988865+TSRBerry@users.noreply.github.com>

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="LibHac" Version="0.19.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Analyzers" Version="3.3.4" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp" Version="4.9.2" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens" Version="7.4.0" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.JsonWebTokens" Version="7.5.1" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.9.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.IO.RecyclableMemoryStream" Version="3.0.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="MsgPack.Cli" Version="1.0.1" />
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan" Version="2.16.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.EXT" Version="2.16.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Silk.NET.Vulkan.Extensions.KHR" Version="2.16.0" />
-    <PackageVersion Include="SixLabors.ImageSharp" Version="2.1.7" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="SixLabors.ImageSharp" Version="2.1.8" />
     <PackageVersion Include="SixLabors.ImageSharp.Drawing" Version="1.0.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="SPB" Version="0.0.4-build32" />
     <PackageVersion Include="System.IO.Hashing" Version="8.0.0" />

src/ARMeilleure/Instructions/InstEmitAlu32.cs

@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
             Operand n = GetAluN(context);
             Operand m = GetAluM(context, setCarry: false);
 
+            if (op.Rn == RegisterAlias.Aarch32Pc && op is OpCodeT32AluImm12)
+            {
+                // For ADR, PC is always 4 bytes aligned, even in Thumb mode.
+                n = context.BitwiseAnd(n, Const(~3u));
+            }
+
             Operand res = context.Add(n, m);
 
             if (ShouldSetFlags(context))
@@ -467,6 +473,12 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
             Operand n = GetAluN(context);
             Operand m = GetAluM(context, setCarry: false);
 
+            if (op.Rn == RegisterAlias.Aarch32Pc && op is OpCodeT32AluImm12)
+            {
+                // For ADR, PC is always 4 bytes aligned, even in Thumb mode.
+                n = context.BitwiseAnd(n, Const(~3u));
+            }
+
             Operand res = context.Subtract(n, m);
 
             if (ShouldSetFlags(context))

src/ARMeilleure/Instructions/InstEmitSimdArithmetic.cs

@@ -2426,7 +2426,11 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
             }
             else if (Optimizations.FastFP && Optimizations.UseSse41 && sizeF == 0)
             {
-                Operand res = EmitSse41Round32Exp8OpF(context, context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Rsqrtss, GetVec(op.Rn)), scalar: true);
+                // RSQRTSS handles subnormals as zero, which differs from Arm, so we can't use it here.
+
+                Operand res = context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Sqrtss, GetVec(op.Rn));
+                res = context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Rcpss, res);
+                res = EmitSse41Round32Exp8OpF(context, res, scalar: true);
 
                 context.Copy(GetVec(op.Rd), context.VectorZeroUpper96(res));
             }
@@ -2451,7 +2455,11 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
             }
             else if (Optimizations.FastFP && Optimizations.UseSse41 && sizeF == 0)
             {
-                Operand res = EmitSse41Round32Exp8OpF(context, context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Rsqrtps, GetVec(op.Rn)), scalar: false);
+                // RSQRTPS handles subnormals as zero, which differs from Arm, so we can't use it here.
+
+                Operand res = context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Sqrtps, GetVec(op.Rn));
+                res = context.AddIntrinsic(Intrinsic.X86Rcpps, res);
+                res = EmitSse41Round32Exp8OpF(context, res, scalar: false);
 
                 if (op.RegisterSize == RegisterSize.Simd64)
                 {

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/PTC/Ptc.cs

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation.PTC
         private const string OuterHeaderMagicString = "PTCohd\0\0";
         private const string InnerHeaderMagicString = "PTCihd\0\0";
 
-        private const uint InternalVersion = 5518; //! To be incremented manually for each change to the ARMeilleure project.
+        private const uint InternalVersion = 6634; //! To be incremented manually for each change to the ARMeilleure project.
 
         private const string ActualDir = "0";
         private const string BackupDir = "1";

src/Ryujinx.Audio/Renderer/Server/Splitter/SplitterState.cs

@@ -159,6 +159,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Audio.Renderer.Server.Splitter
                 }
             }
 
+            if (destinationCount < parameter.DestinationCount)
+            {
+                input.Advance((parameter.DestinationCount - destinationCount) * sizeof(int));
+            }
+
             Debug.Assert(parameter.Id == Id);
 
             if (parameter.Id == Id)

src/Ryujinx.Common/Configuration/Hid/KeyboardHotkeys.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 namespace Ryujinx.Common.Configuration.Hid
 {
-    // NOTE: Please don't change this to struct.
-    //       This breaks Avalonia's TwoWay binding, which makes us unable to save new KeyboardHotkeys.
     public class KeyboardHotkeys
     {
         public Key ToggleVsync { get; set; }

src/Ryujinx.Common/Memory/SpanOrArray.cs

@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-
-namespace Ryujinx.Common.Memory
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    /// A struct that can represent both a Span and Array.
-    /// This is useful to keep the Array representation when possible to avoid copies.
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <typeparam name="T">Element Type</typeparam>
-    public readonly ref struct SpanOrArray<T> where T : unmanaged
-    {
-        public readonly T[] Array;
-        public readonly ReadOnlySpan<T> Span;
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new SpanOrArray from an array.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="array">Array to store</param>
-        public SpanOrArray(T[] array)
-        {
-            Array = array;
-            Span = ReadOnlySpan<T>.Empty;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Create a new SpanOrArray from a readonly span.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="array">Span to store</param>
-        public SpanOrArray(ReadOnlySpan<T> span)
-        {
-            Array = null;
-            Span = span;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Return the contained array, or convert the span if necessary.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>An array containing the data</returns>
-        public T[] ToArray()
-        {
-            return Array ?? Span.ToArray();
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Return a ReadOnlySpan from either the array or ReadOnlySpan.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>A ReadOnlySpan containing the data</returns>
-        public ReadOnlySpan<T> AsSpan()
-        {
-            return Array ?? Span;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast an array to a SpanOrArray.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="array">Source array</param>
-        public static implicit operator SpanOrArray<T>(T[] array)
-        {
-            return new SpanOrArray<T>(array);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast a ReadOnlySpan to a SpanOrArray.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="span">Source ReadOnlySpan</param>
-        public static implicit operator SpanOrArray<T>(ReadOnlySpan<T> span)
-        {
-            return new SpanOrArray<T>(span);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast a Span to a SpanOrArray.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="span">Source Span</param>
-        public static implicit operator SpanOrArray<T>(Span<T> span)
-        {
-            return new SpanOrArray<T>(span);
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Cast a SpanOrArray to a ReadOnlySpan
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="spanOrArray">Source SpanOrArray</param>
-        public static implicit operator ReadOnlySpan<T>(SpanOrArray<T> spanOrArray)
-        {
-            return spanOrArray.AsSpan();
-        }
-    }
-}

src/Ryujinx.Common/Utilities/EmbeddedResources.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Reflection;
@@ -41,6 +42,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common
             return StreamUtils.StreamToBytes(stream);
         }
 
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ReadFileToRentedMemory(string filename)
+        {
+            var (assembly, path) = ResolveManifestPath(filename);
+
+            return ReadFileToRentedMemory(assembly, path);
+        }
+
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> ReadFileToRentedMemory(Assembly assembly, string filename)
+        {
+            using var stream = GetStream(assembly, filename);
+
+            return stream is null
+                ? null
+                : StreamUtils.StreamToRentedMemory(stream);
+        }
+
         public async static Task<byte[]> ReadAsync(Assembly assembly, string filename)
         {
             using var stream = GetStream(assembly, filename);

src/Ryujinx.Common/Utilities/StreamUtils.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+using Microsoft.IO;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
@@ -9,12 +11,50 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Utilities
     {
         public static byte[] StreamToBytes(Stream input)
         {
-            using MemoryStream stream = MemoryStreamManager.Shared.GetStream();
+            using RecyclableMemoryStream output = StreamToRecyclableMemoryStream(input);
 
+            return output.ToArray();
+        }
 
-            input.CopyTo(stream);
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> StreamToRentedMemory(Stream input)
+        {
+            if (input is MemoryStream inputMemoryStream)
+            {
+                return MemoryStreamToRentedMemory(inputMemoryStream);
+            }
+            else if (input.CanSeek)
+            {
+                long bytesExpected = input.Length;
 
-            return stream.ToArray();
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> ownedMemory = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(bytesExpected);
+
+                var destSpan = ownedMemory.Memory.Span;
+
+                int totalBytesRead = 0;
+
+                while (totalBytesRead < bytesExpected)
+                {
+                    int bytesRead = input.Read(destSpan[totalBytesRead..]);
+
+                    if (bytesRead == 0)
+                    {
+                        ownedMemory.Dispose();
+
+                        throw new IOException($"Tried reading {bytesExpected} but the stream closed after reading {totalBytesRead}.");
+                    }
+
+                    totalBytesRead += bytesRead;
+                }
+
+                return ownedMemory;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // If input is (non-seekable) then copy twice: first into a RecyclableMemoryStream, then to a rented IMemoryOwner<byte>.
+                using RecyclableMemoryStream output = StreamToRecyclableMemoryStream(input);
+
+                return MemoryStreamToRentedMemory(output);
+            }
         }
 
         public static async Task<byte[]> StreamToBytesAsync(Stream input, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
@@ -25,5 +65,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Utilities
 
             return stream.ToArray();
         }
+
+        private static IMemoryOwner<byte> MemoryStreamToRentedMemory(MemoryStream input)
+        {
+            input.Position = 0;
+
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> ownedMemory = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(input.Length);
+
+            // Discard the return value because we assume reading a MemoryStream always succeeds completely.
+            _ = input.Read(ownedMemory.Memory.Span);
+
+            return ownedMemory;
+        }
+
+        private static RecyclableMemoryStream StreamToRecyclableMemoryStream(Stream input)
+        {
+            RecyclableMemoryStream stream = MemoryStreamManager.Shared.GetStream();
+
+            input.CopyTo(stream);
+
+            return stream;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Device/DeviceMemoryManager.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
@@ -143,11 +145,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Device
             }
             else
             {
-                Memory<byte> memory = new byte[size];
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> memoryOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
-                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memory.Span);
+                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memoryOwner.Memory.Span);
 
-                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memory, tracked: true);
+                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memoryOwner, tracked: true);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IImageArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
+{
+    public interface IImageArray
+    {
+        void SetFormats(int index, Format[] imageFormats);
+        void SetImages(int index, ITexture[] images);
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IPipeline.cs

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type);
 
         void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, Format imageFormat);
+        void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array);
 
         void SetLineParameters(float width, bool smooth);
 
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         void SetStorageBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferAssignment> buffers);
 
         void SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, ISampler sampler);
+        void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITextureArray array);
 
         void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers);
         void SetUniformBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferAssignment> buffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IRenderer.cs

@@ -21,10 +21,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         BufferHandle CreateBuffer(nint pointer, int size);
         BufferHandle CreateBufferSparse(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> storageBuffers);
 
+        IImageArray CreateImageArray(int size, bool isBuffer);
+
         IProgram CreateProgram(ShaderSource[] shaders, ShaderInfo info);
 
         ISampler CreateSampler(SamplerCreateInfo info);
         ITexture CreateTexture(TextureCreateInfo info);
+        ITextureArray CreateTextureArray(int size, bool isBuffer);
+
         bool PrepareHostMapping(nint address, ulong size);
 
         void CreateSync(ulong id, bool strict);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ITexture.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 {
@@ -17,10 +17,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         PinnedSpan<byte> GetData();
         PinnedSpan<byte> GetData(int layer, int level);
 
-        void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data);
+        /// <summary>
-        void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level);
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
-        void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region);
+        /// the operation completes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
+        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// the operation completes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
+        /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
+        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// the operation completes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
+        /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
+        /// <param name="region">Target sub-region of the texture to update</param>
+        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region);
+
         void SetStorage(BufferRange buffer);
+
         void Release();
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ITextureArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
+{
+    public interface ITextureArray
+    {
+        void SetSamplers(int index, ISampler[] samplers);
+        void SetTextures(int index, ITexture[] textures);
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandHelper.cs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Buffer;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.CounterEvent;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.ImageArray;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Program;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Renderer;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Sampler;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.TextureArray;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Window;
 using System;
 using System.Linq;
@@ -46,10 +48,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<CreateBufferAccessCommand>(CommandType.CreateBufferAccess);
             Register<CreateBufferSparseCommand>(CommandType.CreateBufferSparse);
             Register<CreateHostBufferCommand>(CommandType.CreateHostBuffer);
+            Register<CreateImageArrayCommand>(CommandType.CreateImageArray);
             Register<CreateProgramCommand>(CommandType.CreateProgram);
             Register<CreateSamplerCommand>(CommandType.CreateSampler);
             Register<CreateSyncCommand>(CommandType.CreateSync);
             Register<CreateTextureCommand>(CommandType.CreateTexture);
+            Register<CreateTextureArrayCommand>(CommandType.CreateTextureArray);
             Register<GetCapabilitiesCommand>(CommandType.GetCapabilities);
             Register<PreFrameCommand>(CommandType.PreFrame);
             Register<ReportCounterCommand>(CommandType.ReportCounter);
@@ -63,6 +67,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<CounterEventDisposeCommand>(CommandType.CounterEventDispose);
             Register<CounterEventFlushCommand>(CommandType.CounterEventFlush);
 
+            Register<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>(CommandType.ImageArraySetFormats);
+            Register<ImageArraySetImagesCommand>(CommandType.ImageArraySetImages);
+
             Register<ProgramDisposeCommand>(CommandType.ProgramDispose);
             Register<ProgramGetBinaryCommand>(CommandType.ProgramGetBinary);
             Register<ProgramCheckLinkCommand>(CommandType.ProgramCheckLink);
@@ -82,6 +89,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>(CommandType.TextureSetDataSliceRegion);
             Register<TextureSetStorageCommand>(CommandType.TextureSetStorage);
 
+            Register<TextureArraySetSamplersCommand>(CommandType.TextureArraySetSamplers);
+            Register<TextureArraySetTexturesCommand>(CommandType.TextureArraySetTextures);
+
             Register<WindowPresentCommand>(CommandType.WindowPresent);
 
             Register<BarrierCommand>(CommandType.Barrier);
@@ -114,6 +124,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetTransformFeedbackBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetTransformFeedbackBuffers);
             Register<SetUniformBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetUniformBuffers);
             Register<SetImageCommand>(CommandType.SetImage);
+            Register<SetImageArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetImageArray);
             Register<SetIndexBufferCommand>(CommandType.SetIndexBuffer);
             Register<SetLineParametersCommand>(CommandType.SetLineParameters);
             Register<SetLogicOpStateCommand>(CommandType.SetLogicOpState);
@@ -130,6 +141,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<SetScissorsCommand>(CommandType.SetScissor);
             Register<SetStencilTestCommand>(CommandType.SetStencilTest);
             Register<SetTextureAndSamplerCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureAndSampler);
+            Register<SetTextureArrayCommand>(CommandType.SetTextureArray);
             Register<SetUserClipDistanceCommand>(CommandType.SetUserClipDistance);
             Register<SetVertexAttribsCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexAttribs);
             Register<SetVertexBuffersCommand>(CommandType.SetVertexBuffers);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandType.cs

@@ -7,10 +7,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         CreateBufferAccess,
         CreateBufferSparse,
         CreateHostBuffer,
+        CreateImageArray,
         CreateProgram,
         CreateSampler,
         CreateSync,
         CreateTexture,
+        CreateTextureArray,
         GetCapabilities,
         Unused,
         PreFrame,
@@ -25,6 +27,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         CounterEventDispose,
         CounterEventFlush,
 
+        ImageArraySetFormats,
+        ImageArraySetImages,
+
         ProgramDispose,
         ProgramGetBinary,
         ProgramCheckLink,
@@ -44,6 +49,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         TextureSetDataSliceRegion,
         TextureSetStorage,
 
+        TextureArraySetSamplers,
+        TextureArraySetTextures,
+
         WindowPresent,
 
         Barrier,
@@ -76,6 +84,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetTransformFeedbackBuffers,
         SetUniformBuffers,
         SetImage,
+        SetImageArray,
         SetIndexBuffer,
         SetLineParameters,
         SetLogicOpState,
@@ -92,6 +101,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         SetScissor,
         SetStencilTest,
         SetTextureAndSampler,
+        SetTextureArray,
         SetUserClipDistance,
         SetVertexAttribs,
         SetVertexBuffers,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/ImageArray/ImageArraySetFormatsCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.ImageArray
+{
+    struct ImageArraySetFormatsCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.ImageArraySetFormats;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> _imageArray;
+        private int _index;
+        private TableRef<Format[]> _imageFormats;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> imageArray, int index, TableRef<Format[]> imageFormats)
+        {
+            _imageArray = imageArray;
+            _index = index;
+            _imageFormats = imageFormats;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref ImageArraySetFormatsCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            ThreadedImageArray imageArray = command._imageArray.Get(threaded);
+            imageArray.Base.SetFormats(command._index, command._imageFormats.Get(threaded));
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/ImageArray/ImageArraySetImagesCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.ImageArray
+{
+    struct ImageArraySetImagesCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<ImageArraySetImagesCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.ImageArraySetImages;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> _imageArray;
+        private int _index;
+        private TableRef<ITexture[]> _images;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> imageArray, int index, TableRef<ITexture[]> images)
+        {
+            _imageArray = imageArray;
+            _index = index;
+            _images = images;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref ImageArraySetImagesCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            ThreadedImageArray imageArray = command._imageArray.Get(threaded);
+            imageArray.Base.SetImages(command._index, command._images.Get(threaded).Select(texture => ((ThreadedTexture)texture)?.Base).ToArray());
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Renderer/CreateImageArrayCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Renderer
+{
+    struct CreateImageArrayCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<CreateImageArrayCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.CreateImageArray;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> _imageArray;
+        private int _size;
+        private bool _isBuffer;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> imageArray, int size, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            _imageArray = imageArray;
+            _size = size;
+            _isBuffer = isBuffer;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref CreateImageArrayCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            command._imageArray.Get(threaded).Base = renderer.CreateImageArray(command._size, command._isBuffer);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Renderer/CreateTextureArrayCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Renderer
+{
+    struct CreateTextureArrayCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<CreateTextureArrayCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.CreateTextureArray;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> _textureArray;
+        private int _size;
+        private bool _isBuffer;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> textureArray, int size, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            _textureArray = textureArray;
+            _size = size;
+            _isBuffer = isBuffer;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref CreateTextureArrayCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            command._textureArray.Get(threaded).Base = renderer.CreateTextureArray(command._size, command._isBuffer);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetImageArrayCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetImageArrayCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetImageArrayCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetImageArray;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _binding;
+        private TableRef<IImageArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int binding, TableRef<IImageArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _binding = binding;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetImageArrayCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(command._stage, command._binding, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedImageArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetTextureArrayCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
+{
+    struct SetTextureArrayCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<SetTextureArrayCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.SetTextureArray;
+        private ShaderStage _stage;
+        private int _binding;
+        private TableRef<ITextureArray> _array;
+
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int binding, TableRef<ITextureArray> array)
+        {
+            _stage = stage;
+            _binding = binding;
+            _array = array;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref SetTextureArrayCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(command._stage, command._binding, command._array.GetAs<ThreadedTextureArray>(threaded)?.Base);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetData;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<byte[]> _data;
+        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<byte[]> data)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
         public static void Run(ref TextureSetDataCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ThreadedTexture texture = command._texture.Get(threaded);
-            texture.Base.SetData(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(command._data.Get(threaded)));
+            texture.Base.SetData(command._data.Get(threaded));
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataSliceCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetDataSlice;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<byte[]> _data;
+        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
         private int _layer;
         private int _level;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<byte[]> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
         public static void Run(ref TextureSetDataSliceCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ThreadedTexture texture = command._texture.Get(threaded);
-            texture.Base.SetData(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(command._data.Get(threaded)), command._layer, command._level);
+            texture.Base.SetData(command._data.Get(threaded), command._layer, command._level);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetDataSliceRegion;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<byte[]> _data;
+        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
         private int _layer;
         private int _level;
         private Rectangle<int> _region;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<byte[]> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
         public static void Run(ref TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
             ThreadedTexture texture = command._texture.Get(threaded);
-            texture.Base.SetData(new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(command._data.Get(threaded)), command._layer, command._level, command._region);
+            texture.Base.SetData(command._data.Get(threaded), command._layer, command._level, command._region);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/TextureAndSamplerArray/TextureArraySetSamplersCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.TextureArray
+{
+    struct TextureArraySetSamplersCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<TextureArraySetSamplersCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureArraySetSamplers;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> _textureArray;
+        private int _index;
+        private TableRef<ISampler[]> _samplers;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> textureArray, int index, TableRef<ISampler[]> samplers)
+        {
+            _textureArray = textureArray;
+            _index = index;
+            _samplers = samplers;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref TextureArraySetSamplersCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            ThreadedTextureArray textureArray = command._textureArray.Get(threaded);
+            textureArray.Base.SetSamplers(command._index, command._samplers.Get(threaded).Select(sampler => ((ThreadedSampler)sampler)?.Base).ToArray());
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/TextureAndSamplerArray/TextureArraySetTexturesCommand.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.TextureArray
+{
+    struct TextureArraySetTexturesCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<TextureArraySetTexturesCommand>
+    {
+        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureArraySetTextures;
+        private TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> _textureArray;
+        private int _index;
+        private TableRef<ITexture[]> _textures;
+
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTextureArray> textureArray, int index, TableRef<ITexture[]> textures)
+        {
+            _textureArray = textureArray;
+            _index = index;
+            _textures = textures;
+        }
+
+        public static void Run(ref TextureArraySetTexturesCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            ThreadedTextureArray textureArray = command._textureArray.Get(threaded);
+            textureArray.Base.SetTextures(command._index, command._textures.Get(threaded).Select(texture => ((ThreadedTexture)texture)?.Base).ToArray());
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedImageArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.ImageArray;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Threaded representation of a image array.
+    /// </summary>
+    class ThreadedImageArray : IImageArray
+    {
+        private readonly ThreadedRenderer _renderer;
+        public IImageArray Base;
+
+        public ThreadedImageArray(ThreadedRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            _renderer = renderer;
+        }
+
+        private TableRef<T> Ref<T>(T reference)
+        {
+            return new TableRef<T>(_renderer, reference);
+        }
+
+        public void SetFormats(int index, Format[] imageFormats)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(imageFormats));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
+        public void SetImages(int index, ITexture[] images)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<ImageArraySetImagesCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(images));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedTexture.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
 {
@@ -110,21 +110,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()));
+            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data));
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
-            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()), layer, level);
+            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data), layer, level);
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
-            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data.ToArray()), layer, level, region);
+            _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data), layer, level, region);
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedTextureArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.TextureArray;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Threaded representation of a texture and sampler array.
+    /// </summary>
+    class ThreadedTextureArray : ITextureArray
+    {
+        private readonly ThreadedRenderer _renderer;
+        public ITextureArray Base;
+
+        public ThreadedTextureArray(ThreadedRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            _renderer = renderer;
+        }
+
+        private TableRef<T> Ref<T>(T reference)
+        {
+            return new TableRef<T>(_renderer, reference);
+        }
+
+        public void SetSamplers(int index, ISampler[] samplers)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<TextureArraySetSamplersCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(samplers.ToArray()));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
+        public void SetTextures(int index, ITexture[] textures)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<TextureArraySetTexturesCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(textures.ToArray()));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedPipeline.cs

@@ -183,6 +183,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetImageArrayCommand>().Set(stage, binding, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetIndexBufferCommand>().Set(buffer, type);
@@ -285,6 +291,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            _renderer.New<SetTextureArrayCommand>().Set(stage, binding, Ref(array));
+            _renderer.QueueCommand();
+        }
+
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {
             _renderer.New<SetTransformFeedbackBuffersCommand>().Set(_renderer.CopySpan(buffers));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedRenderer.cs

@@ -299,6 +299,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             return handle;
         }
 
+        public IImageArray CreateImageArray(int size, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            var imageArray = new ThreadedImageArray(this);
+            New<CreateImageArrayCommand>().Set(Ref(imageArray), size, isBuffer);
+            QueueCommand();
+
+            return imageArray;
+        }
+
         public IProgram CreateProgram(ShaderSource[] shaders, ShaderInfo info)
         {
             var program = new ThreadedProgram(this);
@@ -349,6 +358,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
                 return texture;
             }
         }
+        public ITextureArray CreateTextureArray(int size, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            var textureArray = new ThreadedTextureArray(this);
+            New<CreateTextureArrayCommand>().Set(Ref(textureArray), size, isBuffer);
+            QueueCommand();
+
+            return textureArray;
+        }
 
         public void DeleteBuffer(BufferHandle buffer)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ResourceLayout.cs

@@ -71,19 +71,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
     public readonly struct ResourceUsage : IEquatable<ResourceUsage>
     {
         public int Binding { get; }
+        public int ArrayLength { get; }
         public ResourceType Type { get; }
         public ResourceStages Stages { get; }
 
-        public ResourceUsage(int binding, ResourceType type, ResourceStages stages)
+        public ResourceUsage(int binding, int arrayLength, ResourceType type, ResourceStages stages)
         {
             Binding = binding;
+            ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             Type = type;
             Stages = stages;
         }
 
         public override int GetHashCode()
         {
-            return HashCode.Combine(Binding, Type, Stages);
+            return HashCode.Combine(Binding, ArrayLength, Type, Stages);
         }
 
         public override bool Equals(object obj)
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         public bool Equals(ResourceUsage other)
         {
-            return Binding == other.Binding && Type == other.Type && Stages == other.Stages;
+            return Binding == other.Binding && ArrayLength == other.ArrayLength && Type == other.Type && Stages == other.Stages;
         }
 
         public static bool operator ==(ResourceUsage left, ResourceUsage right)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Constants.cs

@@ -89,5 +89,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
         /// Maximum size that an storage buffer is assumed to have when the correct size is unknown.
         /// </summary>
         public const ulong MaxUnknownStorageSize = 0x100000;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Size of a bindless texture handle as exposed by guest graphics APIs.
+        /// </summary>
+        public const int TextureHandleSizeInBytes = sizeof(ulong);
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Dma/DmaClass.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -308,7 +309,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Dma
 
                     if (target != null)
                     {
-                        byte[] data;
+                        IMemoryOwner<byte> data;
                         if (srcLinear)
                         {
                             data = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/InlineToMemory/InlineToMemoryClass.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Device;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
 using System;
@@ -198,7 +199,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.InlineToMemory
                     if (target != null)
                     {
                         target.SynchronizeMemory();
-                        target.SetData(data, 0, 0, new GAL.Rectangle<int>(_dstX, _dstY, _lineLengthIn / target.Info.FormatInfo.BytesPerPixel, _lineCount));
+                        var dataCopy = ByteMemoryPool.RentCopy(data);
+                        target.SetData(dataCopy, 0, 0, new GAL.Rectangle<int>(_dstX, _dstY, _lineLengthIn / target.Info.FormatInfo.BytesPerPixel, _lineCount));
                         target.SignalModified();
 
                         return;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/ShaderTexture.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine
         /// <returns>Texture target value</returns>
         public static Target GetTarget(SamplerType type)
         {
-            type &= ~(SamplerType.Indexed | SamplerType.Shadow);
+            type &= ~SamplerType.Shadow;
 
             switch (type)
             {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/AutoDeleteCache.cs

@@ -107,8 +107,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 if (texture.CacheNode != _textures.Last)
                 {
                     _textures.Remove(texture.CacheNode);
-
+                    _textures.AddLast(texture.CacheNode);
-                    texture.CacheNode = _textures.AddLast(texture);
                 }
 
                 if (_totalSize > MaxTextureSizeCapacity && _textures.Count >= MinCountForDeletion)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/Pool.cs

@@ -111,6 +111,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <returns>The GPU resource with the given ID</returns>
         public abstract T1 Get(int id);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the cached item with the given ID, or null if there is no cached item for the specified ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">ID of the item. This is effectively a zero-based index</param>
+        /// <returns>The cached item with the given ID</returns>
+        public T1 GetCachedItem(int id)
+        {
+            if (!IsValidId(id))
+            {
+                return default;
+            }
+
+            return Items[id];
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Checks if a given ID is valid and inside the range of the pool.
         /// </summary>
@@ -197,6 +212,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             return false;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the pool was modified by comparing the current <seealso cref="ModifiedSequenceNumber"/> with a cached one.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sequenceNumber">Cached modified sequence number</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the pool was modified, false otherwise</returns>
+        public bool WasModified(ref int sequenceNumber)
+        {
+            if (sequenceNumber != ModifiedSequenceNumber)
+            {
+                sequenceNumber = ModifiedSequenceNumber;
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
         protected abstract void InvalidateRangeImpl(ulong address, ulong size);
 
         protected abstract void Delete(T1 item);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/Texture.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
@@ -7,6 +6,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture.Astc;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Linq;
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 }
             }
 
-            SpanOrArray<byte> result = ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data);
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data);
 
             if (ScaleFactor != 1f && AllowScaledSetData())
             {
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Uploads new texture data to the host GPU.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="data">New data</param>
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="data">New data</param>
         /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
         /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
         /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
         /// <param name="region">Target sub-region of the texture to update</param>
-        public void SetData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="level">Mip level to convert</param>
         /// <param name="single">True to convert a single slice</param>
         /// <returns>Converted data</returns>
-        public SpanOrArray<byte> ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int level = 0, bool single = false)
+        public IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int level = 0, bool single = false)
         {
             int width = Info.Width;
             int height = Info.Height;
@@ -754,11 +754,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             int sliceDepth = single ? 1 : depth;
 
-            SpanOrArray<byte> result;
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> linear;
 
             if (Info.IsLinear)
             {
-                result = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(
+                linear = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(
                     width,
                     height,
                     Info.FormatInfo.BlockWidth,
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
             else
             {
-                result = LayoutConverter.ConvertBlockLinearToLinear(
+                linear = LayoutConverter.ConvertBlockLinearToLinear(
                     width,
                     height,
                     depth,
@@ -787,33 +787,41 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     data);
             }
 
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = linear;
+
             // Handle compressed cases not supported by the host:
             // - ASTC is usually not supported on desktop cards.
             // - BC4/BC5 is not supported on 3D textures.
             if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsAstcCompression && Format.IsAstc())
             {
-                if (!AstcDecoder.TryDecodeToRgba8P(
+                using (result)
-                    result.ToArray(),
-                    Info.FormatInfo.BlockWidth,
-                    Info.FormatInfo.BlockHeight,
-                    width,
-                    height,
-                    sliceDepth,
-                    levels,
-                    layers,
-                    out byte[] decoded))
                 {
-                    string texInfo = $"{Info.Target} {Info.FormatInfo.Format} {Info.Width}x{Info.Height}x{Info.DepthOrLayers} levels {Info.Levels}";
+                    if (!AstcDecoder.TryDecodeToRgba8P(
+                        result.Memory,
+                        Info.FormatInfo.BlockWidth,
+                        Info.FormatInfo.BlockHeight,
+                        width,
+                        height,
+                        sliceDepth,
+                        levels,
+                        layers,
+                        out IMemoryOwner<byte> decoded))
+                    {
+                        string texInfo = $"{Info.Target} {Info.FormatInfo.Format} {Info.Width}x{Info.Height}x{Info.DepthOrLayers} levels {Info.Levels}";
 
-                    Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.Gpu, $"Invalid ASTC texture at 0x{Info.GpuAddress:X} ({texInfo}).");
+                        Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.Gpu, $"Invalid ASTC texture at 0x{Info.GpuAddress:X} ({texInfo}).");
+                    }
+
+                    if (GraphicsConfig.EnableTextureRecompression)
+                    {
+                        using (decoded)
+                        {
+                            return BCnEncoder.EncodeBC7(decoded.Memory, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return decoded;
                 }
-
-                if (GraphicsConfig.EnableTextureRecompression)
-                {
-                    decoded = BCnEncoder.EncodeBC7(decoded, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
-                }
-
-                result = decoded;
             }
             else if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsEtc2Compression && Format.IsEtc2())
             {
@@ -821,16 +829,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     case Format.Etc2RgbaSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbaUnorm:
-                        result = ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgba(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgba(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Etc2RgbPtaSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbPtaUnorm:
-                        result = ETC2Decoder.DecodePta(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodePta(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Etc2RgbSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbUnorm:
-                        result = ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgb(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgb(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                 }
             }
             else if (!TextureCompatibility.HostSupportsBcFormat(Format, Target, _context.Capabilities))
@@ -839,48 +853,75 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     case Format.Bc1RgbaSrgb:
                     case Format.Bc1RgbaUnorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC1(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC1(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc2Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc2Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC2(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC2(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc3Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc3Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC3(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC3(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc4Snorm:
                     case Format.Bc4Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC4(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc4Snorm);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC4(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc4Snorm);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc5Snorm:
                     case Format.Bc5Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC5(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc5Snorm);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC5(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc5Snorm);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc6HSfloat:
                     case Format.Bc6HUfloat:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC6(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc6HSfloat);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC6(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc6HSfloat);
+                        }
                     case Format.Bc7Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc7Unorm:
-                        result = BCnDecoder.DecodeBC7(result, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC7(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                        }
                 }
             }
             else if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4Format && Format == Format.R4G4Unorm)
             {
-                result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4ToR4G4B4A4(result, width);
+                using (result)
-
-                if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
                 {
-                    result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
+                    var converted = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4ToR4G4B4A4(result.Memory.Span, width);
+
+                    if (_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
+                    {
+                        return converted;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        using (converted)
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(converted.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
             else if (Format == Format.R4G4B4A4Unorm)
             {
                 if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
                 {
-                    result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
+                    using (result)
+                    {
+                        return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                    }
                 }
             }
             else if (!_context.Capabilities.Supports5BitComponentFormat && Format.Is16BitPacked())
@@ -889,19 +930,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     case Format.B5G6R5Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G6B5Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertR5G6B5ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR5G6B5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
                     case Format.B5G5R5A1Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G5B5A1Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertR5G5B5ToR8G8B8A8(result, width, Format == Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR5G5B5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width, Format == Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm);
+                        }
                     case Format.A1B5G5R5Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertA1B5G5R5ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertA1B5G5R5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
                     case Format.R4G4B4A4Unorm:
-                        result = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result, width);
+                        using (result)
-                        break;
+                        {
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        }
                 }
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingInfo.cs

@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public int Binding { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int ArrayLength { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Constant buffer slot with the texture handle.
         /// </summary>
@@ -45,14 +50,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
         /// <param name="format">Format of the image as declared on the shader</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
+        /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int binding, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Target = target;
             Format = format;
             Binding = binding;
+            ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
             Handle = handle;
             Flags = flags;
@@ -63,10 +70,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
+        /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, int binding, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags) : this(target, (Format)0, binding, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
+        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags) : this(target, (Format)0, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
         {
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsArrayCache.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Types;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Texture bindings array cache.
+    /// </summary>
+    class TextureBindingsArrayCache
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Minimum timestamp delta until texture array can be removed from the cache.
+        /// </summary>
+        private const int MinDeltaForRemoval = 20000;
+
+        private readonly GpuContext _context;
+        private readonly GpuChannel _channel;
+        private readonly bool _isCompute;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Array cache entry key.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly struct CacheEntryKey : IEquatable<CacheEntryKey>
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether the entry is for an image.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly bool IsImage;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Texture or image target type.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Target Target;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Word offset of the first handle on the constant buffer.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly int HandleIndex;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Number of entries of the array.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly int ArrayLength;
+
+            private readonly TexturePool _texturePool;
+            private readonly SamplerPool _samplerPool;
+
+            private readonly BufferBounds _textureBufferBounds;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="isImage">Whether the entry is for an image</param>
+            /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding information for the array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
+            public CacheEntryKey(
+                bool isImage,
+                TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+                TexturePool texturePool,
+                SamplerPool samplerPool,
+                ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds)
+            {
+                IsImage = isImage;
+                Target = bindingInfo.Target;
+                HandleIndex = bindingInfo.Handle;
+                ArrayLength = bindingInfo.ArrayLength;
+
+                _texturePool = texturePool;
+                _samplerPool = samplerPool;
+
+                _textureBufferBounds = textureBufferBounds;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the texture and sampler pools matches the cached pools.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool instance</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool instance</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the pools match, false otherwise</returns>
+            private bool MatchesPools(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            {
+                return _texturePool == texturePool && _samplerPool == samplerPool;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the cached constant buffer address and size matches.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">New buffer address and size</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the address and size matches, false otherwise</returns>
+            private bool MatchesBufferBounds(BufferBounds textureBufferBounds)
+            {
+                return _textureBufferBounds.Equals(textureBufferBounds);
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(CacheEntryKey other)
+            {
+                return IsImage == other.IsImage &&
+                    Target == other.Target &&
+                    HandleIndex == other.HandleIndex &&
+                    ArrayLength == other.ArrayLength &&
+                    MatchesPools(other._texturePool, other._samplerPool) &&
+                    MatchesBufferBounds(other._textureBufferBounds);
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                return obj is CacheEntryKey other && Equals(other);
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return _textureBufferBounds.Range.GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Array cache entry.
+        /// </summary>
+        private class CacheEntry
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Key for this entry on the cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly CacheEntryKey Key;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Linked list node used on the texture bindings array cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> CacheNode;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Timestamp set on the last use of the array by the cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int CacheTimestamp;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// All cached textures, along with their invalidated sequence number as value.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Dictionary<Texture, int> Textures;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// All pool texture IDs along with their textures.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Dictionary<int, Texture> TextureIds;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// All pool sampler IDs along with their samplers.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Dictionary<int, Sampler> SamplerIds;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Backend texture array if the entry is for a texture, otherwise null.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly ITextureArray TextureArray;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Backend image array if the entry is for an image, otherwise null.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly IImageArray ImageArray;
+
+            private readonly TexturePool _texturePool;
+            private readonly SamplerPool _samplerPool;
+
+            private int _texturePoolSequence;
+            private int _samplerPoolSequence;
+
+            private int[] _cachedTextureBuffer;
+            private int[] _cachedSamplerBuffer;
+
+            private int _lastSequenceNumber;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            private CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            {
+                Key = key;
+                Textures = new Dictionary<Texture, int>();
+                TextureIds = new Dictionary<int, Texture>();
+                SamplerIds = new Dictionary<int, Sampler>();
+
+                _texturePool = texturePool;
+                _samplerPool = samplerPool;
+
+                _lastSequenceNumber = -1;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
+            /// <param name="array">Backend texture array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, ITextureArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(ref key, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            {
+                TextureArray = array;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
+            /// <param name="array">Backend image array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, IImageArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(ref key, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            {
+                ImageArray = array;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Synchronizes memory for all textures in the array.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="isStore">Indicates if the texture may be modified by the access</param>
+            /// <param name="blacklistScale">Indicates if the texture should be blacklisted for scaling</param>
+            public void SynchronizeMemory(bool isStore, bool blacklistScale)
+            {
+                foreach (Texture texture in Textures.Keys)
+                {
+                    texture.SynchronizeMemory();
+
+                    if (isStore)
+                    {
+                        texture.SignalModified();
+                    }
+
+                    if (blacklistScale && texture.ScaleMode != TextureScaleMode.Blacklisted)
+                    {
+                        // Scaling textures used on arrays is currently not supported.
+
+                        texture.BlacklistScale();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Clears all cached texture instances.
+            /// </summary>
+            public void Reset()
+            {
+                Textures.Clear();
+                TextureIds.Clear();
+                SamplerIds.Clear();
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Updates the cached constant buffer data.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="cachedTextureBuffer">Constant buffer data with the texture handles (and sampler handles, if they are combined)</param>
+            /// <param name="cachedSamplerBuffer">Constant buffer data with the sampler handles</param>
+            /// <param name="separateSamplerBuffer">Whether <paramref name="cachedTextureBuffer"/> and <paramref name="cachedSamplerBuffer"/> comes from different buffers</param>
+            public void UpdateData(ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer, bool separateSamplerBuffer)
+            {
+                _cachedTextureBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer.ToArray();
+                _cachedSamplerBuffer = separateSamplerBuffer ? cachedSamplerBuffer.ToArray() : _cachedTextureBuffer;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if any texture has been deleted since the last call to this method.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <returns>True if one or more textures have been deleted, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool ValidateTextures()
+            {
+                foreach ((Texture texture, int invalidatedSequence) in Textures)
+                {
+                    if (texture.InvalidatedSequence != invalidatedSequence)
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the cached texture or sampler pool has been modified since the last call to this method.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pools might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool PoolsModified()
+            {
+                bool texturePoolModified = _texturePool.WasModified(ref _texturePoolSequence);
+                bool samplerPoolModified = _samplerPool.WasModified(ref _samplerPoolSequence);
+
+                // If both pools were not modified since the last check, we have nothing else to check.
+                if (!texturePoolModified && !samplerPoolModified)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                // If the pools were modified, let's check if any of the entries we care about changed.
+
+                // Check if any of our cached textures changed on the pool.
+                foreach ((int textureId, Texture texture) in TextureIds)
+                {
+                    if (_texturePool.GetCachedItem(textureId) != texture)
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Check if any of our cached samplers changed on the pool.
+                foreach ((int samplerId, Sampler sampler) in SamplerIds)
+                {
+                    if (_samplerPool.GetCachedItem(samplerId) != sampler)
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the sequence number matches the one used on the last call to this method.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="currentSequenceNumber">Current sequence number</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the sequence numbers match, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool MatchesSequenceNumber(int currentSequenceNumber)
+            {
+                if (_lastSequenceNumber == currentSequenceNumber)
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                _lastSequenceNumber = currentSequenceNumber;
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the buffer data matches the cached data.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="cachedTextureBuffer">New texture buffer data</param>
+            /// <param name="cachedSamplerBuffer">New sampler buffer data</param>
+            /// <param name="separateSamplerBuffer">Whether <paramref name="cachedTextureBuffer"/> and <paramref name="cachedSamplerBuffer"/> comes from different buffers</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerWordOffset">Word offset of the sampler constant buffer handle that is used</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the data matches, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool MatchesBufferData(
+                ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer,
+                ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer,
+                bool separateSamplerBuffer,
+                int samplerWordOffset)
+            {
+                if (_cachedTextureBuffer != null && cachedTextureBuffer.Length > _cachedTextureBuffer.Length)
+                {
+                    cachedTextureBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer[.._cachedTextureBuffer.Length];
+                }
+
+                if (!_cachedTextureBuffer.AsSpan().SequenceEqual(cachedTextureBuffer))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                if (separateSamplerBuffer)
+                {
+                    if (_cachedSamplerBuffer == null ||
+                        _cachedSamplerBuffer.Length <= samplerWordOffset ||
+                        cachedSamplerBuffer.Length <= samplerWordOffset)
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    int oldValue = _cachedSamplerBuffer[samplerWordOffset];
+                    int newValue = cachedSamplerBuffer[samplerWordOffset];
+
+                    return oldValue == newValue;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly Dictionary<CacheEntryKey, CacheEntry> _cache;
+        private readonly LinkedList<CacheEntry> _lruCache;
+
+        private int _currentTimestamp;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of the texture bindings array cache.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="context">GPU context</param>
+        /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="isCompute">Whether the bindings will be used for compute or graphics pipelines</param>
+        public TextureBindingsArrayCache(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel, bool isCompute)
+        {
+            _context = context;
+            _channel = channel;
+            _isCompute = isCompute;
+            _cache = new Dictionary<CacheEntryKey, CacheEntry>();
+            _lruCache = new LinkedList<CacheEntry>();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture array bindings and textures.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerIndex">Sampler handles source</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        public void UpdateTextureArray(
+            TexturePool texturePool,
+            SamplerPool samplerPool,
+            ShaderStage stage,
+            int stageIndex,
+            int textureBufferIndex,
+            SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        {
+            Update(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: false, samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a image array bindings and textures.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        public void UpdateImageArray(TexturePool texturePool, ShaderStage stage, int stageIndex, int textureBufferIndex, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        {
+            Update(texturePool, null, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: true, SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex, bindingInfo);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture or image array bindings and textures.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerIndex">Sampler handles source</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        private void Update(
+            TexturePool texturePool,
+            SamplerPool samplerPool,
+            ShaderStage stage,
+            int stageIndex,
+            int textureBufferIndex,
+            bool isImage,
+            SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        {
+            (textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, textureBufferIndex);
+
+            bool separateSamplerBuffer = textureBufferIndex != samplerBufferIndex;
+
+            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(_isCompute, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex);
+            ref BufferBounds samplerBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(_isCompute, stageIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
+
+            CacheEntry entry = GetOrAddEntry(
+                texturePool,
+                samplerPool,
+                bindingInfo,
+                isImage,
+                ref textureBufferBounds,
+                out bool isNewEntry);
+
+            bool poolsModified = entry.PoolsModified();
+            bool isStore = bindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
+            bool resScaleUnsupported = bindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ResScaleUnsupported);
+
+            ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer;
+            ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer;
+
+            if (!poolsModified && !isNewEntry && entry.ValidateTextures())
+            {
+                if (entry.MatchesSequenceNumber(_context.SequenceNumber))
+                {
+                    entry.SynchronizeMemory(isStore, resScaleUnsupported);
+
+                    if (isImage)
+                    {
+                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                    }
+
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                cachedTextureBuffer = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, int>(_channel.MemoryManager.Physical.GetSpan(textureBufferBounds.Range));
+
+                if (separateSamplerBuffer)
+                {
+                    cachedSamplerBuffer = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, int>(_channel.MemoryManager.Physical.GetSpan(samplerBufferBounds.Range));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    cachedSamplerBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer;
+                }
+
+                (_, int samplerWordOffset, _) = TextureHandle.UnpackOffsets(bindingInfo.Handle);
+
+                if (entry.MatchesBufferData(cachedTextureBuffer, cachedSamplerBuffer, separateSamplerBuffer, samplerWordOffset))
+                {
+                    entry.SynchronizeMemory(isStore, resScaleUnsupported);
+
+                    if (isImage)
+                    {
+                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                    }
+
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                cachedTextureBuffer = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, int>(_channel.MemoryManager.Physical.GetSpan(textureBufferBounds.Range));
+
+                if (separateSamplerBuffer)
+                {
+                    cachedSamplerBuffer = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, int>(_channel.MemoryManager.Physical.GetSpan(samplerBufferBounds.Range));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    cachedSamplerBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (!isNewEntry)
+            {
+                entry.Reset();
+            }
+
+            entry.UpdateData(cachedTextureBuffer, cachedSamplerBuffer, separateSamplerBuffer);
+
+            Format[] formats = isImage ? new Format[bindingInfo.ArrayLength] : null;
+            ISampler[] samplers = isImage ? null : new ISampler[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
+            ITexture[] textures = new ITexture[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < bindingInfo.ArrayLength; index++)
+            {
+                int handleIndex = bindingInfo.Handle + index * (Constants.TextureHandleSizeInBytes / sizeof(int));
+                int packedId = TextureHandle.ReadPackedId(handleIndex, cachedTextureBuffer, cachedSamplerBuffer);
+                int textureId = TextureHandle.UnpackTextureId(packedId);
+                int samplerId;
+
+                if (samplerIndex == SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex)
+                {
+                    samplerId = textureId;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    samplerId = TextureHandle.UnpackSamplerId(packedId);
+                }
+
+                ref readonly TextureDescriptor descriptor = ref texturePool.GetForBinding(textureId, out Texture texture);
+
+                if (texture != null)
+                {
+                    entry.Textures[texture] = texture.InvalidatedSequence;
+
+                    if (isStore)
+                    {
+                        texture.SignalModified();
+                    }
+
+                    if (resScaleUnsupported && texture.ScaleMode != TextureScaleMode.Blacklisted)
+                    {
+                        // Scaling textures used on arrays is currently not supported.
+
+                        texture.BlacklistScale();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Sampler sampler = samplerPool?.Get(samplerId);
+
+                entry.TextureIds[textureId] = texture;
+                entry.SamplerIds[samplerId] = sampler;
+
+                ITexture hostTexture = texture?.GetTargetTexture(bindingInfo.Target);
+                ISampler hostSampler = sampler?.GetHostSampler(texture);
+
+                Format format = bindingInfo.Format;
+
+                if (hostTexture != null && texture.Target == Target.TextureBuffer)
+                {
+                    // Ensure that the buffer texture is using the correct buffer as storage.
+                    // Buffers are frequently re-created to accommodate larger data, so we need to re-bind
+                    // to ensure we're not using a old buffer that was already deleted.
+                    if (isImage)
+                    {
+                        if (format == 0 && texture != null)
+                        {
+                            format = texture.Format;
+                        }
+
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (isImage)
+                {
+                    if (format == 0 && texture != null)
+                    {
+                        format = texture.Format;
+                    }
+
+                    formats[index] = format;
+                    textures[index] = hostTexture;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    samplers[index] = hostSampler;
+                    textures[index] = hostTexture;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isImage)
+            {
+                entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
+                entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
+
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
+                entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
+
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a cached texture entry, or creates a new one if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
+        /// <param name="isNew">Whether a new entry was created, or an existing one was returned</param>
+        /// <returns>Cache entry</returns>
+        private CacheEntry GetOrAddEntry(
+            TexturePool texturePool,
+            SamplerPool samplerPool,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            bool isImage,
+            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds,
+            out bool isNew)
+        {
+            CacheEntryKey key = new CacheEntryKey(
+                isImage,
+                bindingInfo,
+                texturePool,
+                samplerPool,
+                ref textureBufferBounds);
+
+            isNew = !_cache.TryGetValue(key, out CacheEntry entry);
+
+            if (isNew)
+            {
+                int arrayLength = bindingInfo.ArrayLength;
+
+                if (isImage)
+                {
+                    IImageArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateImageArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
+
+                    _cache.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ITextureArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateTextureArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
+
+                    _cache.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (entry.CacheNode != null)
+            {
+                _lruCache.Remove(entry.CacheNode);
+                _lruCache.AddLast(entry.CacheNode);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                entry.CacheNode = _lruCache.AddLast(entry);
+            }
+
+            entry.CacheTimestamp = ++_currentTimestamp;
+
+            RemoveLeastUsedEntries();
+
+            return entry;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove entries from the cache that have not been used for some time.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void RemoveLeastUsedEntries()
+        {
+            LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> nextNode = _lruCache.First;
+
+            while (nextNode != null && _currentTimestamp - nextNode.Value.CacheTimestamp >= MinDeltaForRemoval)
+            {
+                LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> toRemove = nextNode;
+                nextNode = nextNode.Next;
+                _cache.Remove(toRemove.Value.Key);
+                _lruCache.Remove(toRemove);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsManager.cs

@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private readonly TexturePoolCache _texturePoolCache;
         private readonly SamplerPoolCache _samplerPoolCache;
 
+        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _arrayBindingsCache;
+
         private TexturePool _cachedTexturePool;
         private SamplerPool _cachedSamplerPool;
 
@@ -56,6 +58,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private TextureState[] _textureState;
         private TextureState[] _imageState;
 
+        private int[] _textureCounts;
+
         private int _texturePoolSequence;
         private int _samplerPoolSequence;
 
@@ -85,6 +89,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             _isCompute = isCompute;
 
+            _arrayBindingsCache = new TextureBindingsArrayCache(context, channel, isCompute);
+
             int stages = isCompute ? 1 : Constants.ShaderStages;
 
             _textureBindings = new TextureBindingInfo[stages][];
@@ -95,9 +101,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             for (int stage = 0; stage < stages; stage++)
             {
-                _textureBindings[stage] = new TextureBindingInfo[InitialTextureStateSize];
+                _textureBindings[stage] = Array.Empty<TextureBindingInfo>();
-                _imageBindings[stage] = new TextureBindingInfo[InitialImageStateSize];
+                _imageBindings[stage] = Array.Empty<TextureBindingInfo>();
             }
+
+            _textureCounts = Array.Empty<int>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -109,6 +117,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             _textureBindings = bindings.TextureBindings;
             _imageBindings = bindings.ImageBindings;
 
+            _textureCounts = bindings.TextureCounts;
+
             SetMaxBindings(bindings.MaxTextureBinding, bindings.MaxImageBinding);
         }
 
@@ -401,27 +411,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
         }
 
-#pragma warning disable IDE0051 // Remove unused private member
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Counts the total number of texture bindings used by all shader stages.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>The total amount of textures used</returns>
-        private int GetTextureBindingsCount()
-        {
-            int count = 0;
-
-            foreach (TextureBindingInfo[] textureInfo in _textureBindings)
-            {
-                if (textureInfo != null)
-                {
-                    count += textureInfo.Length;
-                }
-            }
-
-            return count;
-        }
-#pragma warning restore IDE0051
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Ensures that the texture bindings are visible to the host GPU.
         /// Note: this actually performs the binding using the host graphics API.
@@ -465,6 +454,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo = _textureBindings[stageIndex][index];
                 TextureUsageFlags usageFlags = bindingInfo.Flags;
 
+                if (bindingInfo.ArrayLength > 1)
+                {
+                    _arrayBindingsCache.UpdateTextureArray(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, _samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 (int textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, _textureBufferIndex);
 
                 UpdateCachedBuffer(stageIndex, ref cachedTextureBufferIndex, ref cachedSamplerBufferIndex, ref cachedTextureBuffer, ref cachedSamplerBuffer, textureBufferIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
@@ -582,7 +578,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
 
             // Scales for images appear after the texture ones.
-            int baseScaleIndex = _textureBindings[stageIndex].Length;
+            int baseScaleIndex = _textureCounts[stageIndex];
 
             int cachedTextureBufferIndex = -1;
             int cachedSamplerBufferIndex = -1;
@@ -595,6 +591,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             {
                 TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo = _imageBindings[stageIndex][index];
                 TextureUsageFlags usageFlags = bindingInfo.Flags;
+
+                if (bindingInfo.ArrayLength > 1)
+                {
+                    _arrayBindingsCache.UpdateImageArray(pool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, bindingInfo);
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 int scaleIndex = baseScaleIndex + index;
 
                 (int textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, _textureBufferIndex);
@@ -620,7 +624,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                     if (isStore)
                     {
-                        cachedTexture?.SignalModified();
+                        cachedTexture.SignalModified();
                     }
 
                     Format format = bindingInfo.Format == 0 ? cachedTexture.Format : bindingInfo.Format;
@@ -766,7 +770,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 ? _channel.BufferManager.GetComputeUniformBufferAddress(textureBufferIndex)
                 : _channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferAddress(stageIndex, textureBufferIndex);
 
-            int handle = textureBufferAddress != 0
+            int handle = textureBufferAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped
                 ? _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.Read<int>(textureBufferAddress + (uint)textureWordOffset * 4)
                 : 0;
 
@@ -786,7 +790,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                         ? _channel.BufferManager.GetComputeUniformBufferAddress(samplerBufferIndex)
                         : _channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferAddress(stageIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
 
-                    samplerHandle = samplerBufferAddress != 0
+                    samplerHandle = samplerBufferAddress != MemoryManager.PteUnmapped
                         ? _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.Read<int>(samplerBufferAddress + (uint)samplerWordOffset * 4)
                         : 0;
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureCompatibility.cs

@@ -247,6 +247,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     return TextureMatchQuality.FormatAlias;
                 }
+                else if (lhs.FormatInfo.Format == Format.D32FloatS8Uint && rhs.FormatInfo.Format == Format.R32G32Float)
+                {
+                    return TextureMatchQuality.FormatAlias;
+                }
             }
 
             return lhs.FormatInfo.Format == rhs.FormatInfo.Format ? TextureMatchQuality.Perfect : TextureMatchQuality.NoMatch;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureGroup.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
@@ -6,6 +5,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                             ReadOnlySpan<byte> data = dataSpan[(offset - spanBase)..];
 
-                            SpanOrArray<byte> result = Storage.ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data, info.BaseLevel + level, true);
+                            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = Storage.ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data, info.BaseLevel + level, true);
 
                             Storage.SetData(result, info.BaseLayer + layer, info.BaseLevel + level);
                         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferBounds.cs

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
+using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Memory range used for buffers.
     /// </summary>
-    readonly struct BufferBounds
+    readonly struct BufferBounds : IEquatable<BufferBounds>
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// Physical memory ranges where the buffer is mapped.
@@ -33,5 +34,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             Range = range;
             Flags = flags;
         }
+
+        public override bool Equals(object obj)
+        {
+            return obj is BufferBounds bounds && Equals(bounds);
+        }
+
+        public bool Equals(BufferBounds bounds)
+        {
+            return Range == bounds.Range && Flags == bounds.Flags;
+        }
+
+        public bool Equals(ref BufferBounds bounds)
+        {
+            return Range == bounds.Range && Flags == bounds.Flags;
+        }
+
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            return HashCode.Combine(Range, Flags);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferManager.cs

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         private readonly VertexBuffer[] _vertexBuffers;
         private readonly BufferBounds[] _transformFeedbackBuffers;
         private readonly List<BufferTextureBinding> _bufferTextures;
+        private readonly List<BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>> _bufferTextureArrays;
+        private readonly List<BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>> _bufferImageArrays;
         private readonly BufferAssignment[] _ranges;
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -140,11 +142,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
 
             _bufferTextures = new List<BufferTextureBinding>();
+            _bufferTextureArrays = new List<BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>>();
+            _bufferImageArrays = new List<BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>>();
 
             _ranges = new BufferAssignment[Constants.TotalGpUniformBuffers * Constants.ShaderStages];
         }
 
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Sets the memory range with the index buffer data, to be used for subsequent draw calls.
         /// </summary>
@@ -418,6 +421,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             return _cpUniformBuffers.Buffers[index].Range.GetSubRange(0).Address;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the size of the compute uniform buffer currently bound at the given index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the uniform buffer binding</param>
+        /// <returns>The uniform buffer size, or an undefined value if the buffer is not currently bound</returns>
+        public int GetComputeUniformBufferSize(int index)
+        {
+            return (int)_cpUniformBuffers.Buffers[index].Range.GetSubRange(0).Size;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the address of the graphics uniform buffer currently bound at the given index.
         /// </summary>
@@ -429,6 +442,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             return _gpUniformBuffers[stage].Buffers[index].Range.GetSubRange(0).Address;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the size of the graphics uniform buffer currently bound at the given index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Index of the shader stage</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the uniform buffer binding</param>
+        /// <returns>The uniform buffer size, or an undefined value if the buffer is not currently bound</returns>
+        public int GetGraphicsUniformBufferSize(int stage, int index)
+        {
+            return (int)_gpUniformBuffers[stage].Buffers[index].Range.GetSubRange(0).Size;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the bounds of the uniform buffer currently bound at the given index.
         /// </summary>
@@ -459,7 +483,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             BindBuffers(bufferCache, _cpStorageBuffers, isStorage: true);
             BindBuffers(bufferCache, _cpUniformBuffers, isStorage: false);
 
-            CommitBufferTextureBindings();
+            CommitBufferTextureBindings(bufferCache);
 
             // Force rebind after doing compute work.
             Rebind();
@@ -470,14 +494,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <summary>
         /// Commit any queued buffer texture bindings.
         /// </summary>
-        private void CommitBufferTextureBindings()
+        /// <param name="bufferCache">Buffer cache</param>
+        private void CommitBufferTextureBindings(BufferCache bufferCache)
         {
             if (_bufferTextures.Count > 0)
             {
                 foreach (var binding in _bufferTextures)
                 {
                     var isStore = binding.BindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
-                    var range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
                     binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
 
                     // The texture must be rebound to use the new storage if it was updated.
@@ -494,6 +519,33 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 _bufferTextures.Clear();
             }
+
+            if (_bufferTextureArrays.Count > 0 || _bufferImageArrays.Count > 0)
+            {
+                ITexture[] textureArray = new ITexture[1];
+
+                foreach (var binding in _bufferTextureArrays)
+                {
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range);
+                    binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
+
+                    textureArray[0] = binding.Texture;
+                    binding.Array.SetTextures(binding.Index, textureArray);
+                }
+
+                foreach (var binding in _bufferImageArrays)
+                {
+                    var isStore = binding.BindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
+                    binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
+
+                    textureArray[0] = binding.Texture;
+                    binding.Array.SetImages(binding.Index, textureArray);
+                }
+
+                _bufferTextureArrays.Clear();
+                _bufferImageArrays.Clear();
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -676,7 +728,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 UpdateBuffers(_gpUniformBuffers);
             }
 
-            CommitBufferTextureBindings();
+            CommitBufferTextureBindings(bufferCache);
 
             _rebind = false;
 
@@ -828,6 +880,50 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _bufferTextures.Add(new BufferTextureBinding(stage, texture, range, bindingInfo, format, isImage));
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the buffer storage of a buffer texture array element. This will be bound when the buffer manager commits bindings.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="array">Texture array where the element will be inserted</param>
+        /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding info for the buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Format of the buffer texture</param>
+        public void SetBufferTextureStorage(
+            ITextureArray array,
+            ITexture texture,
+            MultiRange range,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            int index,
+            Format format)
+        {
+            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range);
+
+            _bufferTextureArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index, format));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the buffer storage of a buffer image array element. This will be bound when the buffer manager commits bindings.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="array">Image array where the element will be inserted</param>
+        /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding info for the buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Format of the buffer texture</param>
+        public void SetBufferTextureStorage(
+            IImageArray array,
+            ITexture texture,
+            MultiRange range,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            int index,
+            Format format)
+        {
+            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range);
+
+            _bufferImageArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index, format));
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Force all bound textures and images to be rebound the next time CommitBindings is called.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferTextureArrayBinding.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
+using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A buffer binding to apply to a buffer texture array element.
+    /// </summary>
+    readonly struct BufferTextureArrayBinding<T>
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Backend texture or image array.
+        /// </summary>
+        public T Array { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The buffer texture.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ITexture Texture { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located.
+        /// </summary>
+        public MultiRange Range { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The image or sampler binding info for the buffer texture.
+        /// </summary>
+        public TextureBindingInfo BindingInfo { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Index of the binding on the array.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Index { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The image format for the binding.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Format Format { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new buffer texture binding.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding info</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Binding format</param>
+        public BufferTextureArrayBinding(
+            T array,
+            ITexture texture,
+            MultiRange range,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            int index,
+            Format format)
+        {
+            Array = array;
+            Texture = texture;
+            Range = range;
+            BindingInfo = bindingInfo;
+            Index = index;
+            Format = format;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/MemoryManager.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -240,11 +242,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
             else
             {
-                Memory<byte> memory = new byte[size];
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> memoryOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
-                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memory.Span);
+                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memoryOwner.Memory.Span);
 
-                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memory, tracked);
+                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memoryOwner, tracked);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/PhysicalMemory.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Cpu;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Device;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
@@ -6,6 +7,7 @@ using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -190,7 +192,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
             else
             {
-                Memory<byte> memory = new byte[range.GetSize()];
+                IMemoryOwner<byte> memoryOwner = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(range.GetSize());
+
+                Memory<byte> memory = memoryOwner.Memory;
 
                 int offset = 0;
                 for (int i = 0; i < range.Count; i++)
@@ -204,7 +208,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                     offset += size;
                 }
 
-                return new WritableRegion(new MultiRangeWritableBlock(range, this), 0, memory, tracked);
+                return new WritableRegion(new MultiRangeWritableBlock(range, this), 0, memoryOwner, tracked);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/CachedShaderBindings.cs

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         public BufferDescriptor[][] ConstantBufferBindings { get; }
         public BufferDescriptor[][] StorageBufferBindings { get; }
 
+        public int[] TextureCounts { get; }
+
         public int MaxTextureBinding { get; }
         public int MaxImageBinding { get; }
 
@@ -34,6 +36,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             ConstantBufferBindings = new BufferDescriptor[stageCount][];
             StorageBufferBindings = new BufferDescriptor[stageCount][];
 
+            TextureCounts = new int[stageCount];
+
             int maxTextureBinding = -1;
             int maxImageBinding = -1;
             int offset = isCompute ? 0 : 1;
@@ -59,13 +63,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
                         descriptor.Binding,
+                        descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,
                         descriptor.HandleIndex,
                         descriptor.Flags);
 
-                    if (descriptor.Binding > maxTextureBinding)
+                    if (descriptor.ArrayLength <= 1)
                     {
-                        maxTextureBinding = descriptor.Binding;
+                        if (descriptor.Binding > maxTextureBinding)
+                        {
+                            maxTextureBinding = descriptor.Binding;
+                        }
+
+                        TextureCounts[i]++;
                     }
 
                     return result;
@@ -80,11 +90,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                         target,
                         format,
                         descriptor.Binding,
+                        descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,
                         descriptor.HandleIndex,
                         descriptor.Flags);
 
-                    if (descriptor.Binding > maxImageBinding)
+                    if (descriptor.ArrayLength <= 1 && descriptor.Binding > maxImageBinding)
                     {
                         maxImageBinding = descriptor.Binding;
                     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// <param name="cb1Data">The constant buffer 1 data of the shader</param>
         /// <param name="oldSpecState">Shader specialization state of the cached shader</param>
         /// <param name="newSpecState">Shader specialization state of the recompiled shader</param>
+        /// <param name="counts">Resource counts shared across all shader stages</param>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index</param>
         public DiskCacheGpuAccessor(
             GpuContext context,
@@ -108,6 +109,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             return _oldSpecState.GraphicsState.HasConstantBufferDrawParameters;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public SamplerType QuerySamplerType(int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            _newSpecState.RecordTextureSamplerType(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
+            return _oldSpecState.GetTextureTarget(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).ConvertSamplerType();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot)
+        {
+            if (!_oldSpecState.TextureArrayFromBufferRegistered(_stageIndex, 0, slot))
+            {
+                throw new DiskCacheLoadException(DiskCacheLoadResult.MissingTextureArrayLength);
+            }
+
+            int arrayLength = _oldSpecState.GetTextureArrayFromBufferLength(_stageIndex, 0, slot);
+            _newSpecState.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(_stageIndex, 0, slot, arrayLength);
+
+            return arrayLength;
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public TextureFormat QueryTextureFormat(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
@@ -116,13 +138,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             return ConvertToTextureFormat(format, formatSrgb);
         }
 
-        /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public SamplerType QuerySamplerType(int handle, int cbufSlot)
-        {
-            _newSpecState.RecordTextureSamplerType(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
-            return _oldSpecState.GetTextureTarget(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).ConvertSamplerType();
-        }
-
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public bool QueryTextureCoordNormalized(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheHostStorage.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMajor = 1;
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMinor = 2;
         private const uint FileFormatVersionPacked = ((uint)FileFormatVersionMajor << 16) | FileFormatVersionMinor;
-        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6462;
+        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6489;
 
         private const string SharedTocFileName = "shared.toc";
         private const string SharedDataFileName = "shared.data";

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheLoadResult.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// </summary>
         InvalidCb1DataLength,
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The cache is missing the length of a texture array used by the shader.
+        /// </summary>
+        MissingTextureArrayLength,
+
         /// <summary>
         /// The cache is missing the descriptor of a texture used by the shader.
         /// </summary>
@@ -60,6 +65,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.Success => "No error.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.NoAccess => "Could not access the cache file.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.InvalidCb1DataLength => "Constant buffer 1 data length is too low.",
+                DiskCacheLoadResult.MissingTextureArrayLength => "Texture array length missing from the cache file.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.MissingTextureDescriptor => "Texture descriptor missing from the cache file.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.FileCorruptedGeneric => "The cache file is corrupted.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.FileCorruptedInvalidMagic => "Magic check failed, the cache file is corrupted.",

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessor.cs

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         public ReadOnlySpan<ulong> GetCode(ulong address, int minimumSize)
         {
             int size = Math.Max(minimumSize, 0x1000 - (int)(address & 0xfff));
+
             return MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ulong>(_channel.MemoryManager.GetSpan(address, size));
         }
 
@@ -119,6 +120,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return _state.GraphicsState.HasUnalignedStorageBuffer || _state.ComputeState.HasUnalignedStorageBuffer;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public SamplerType QuerySamplerType(int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            _state.SpecializationState?.RecordTextureSamplerType(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
+            return GetTextureDescriptor(handle, cbufSlot).UnpackTextureTarget().ConvertSamplerType();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot)
+        {
+            int size = _compute
+                ? _channel.BufferManager.GetComputeUniformBufferSize(slot)
+                : _channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferSize(_stageIndex, slot);
+
+            int arrayLength = size / Constants.TextureHandleSizeInBytes;
+
+            _state.SpecializationState?.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(_stageIndex, 0, slot, arrayLength);
+
+            return arrayLength;
+        }
+
         //// <inheritdoc/>
         public TextureFormat QueryTextureFormat(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
@@ -127,13 +149,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return ConvertToTextureFormat(descriptor.UnpackFormat(), descriptor.UnpackSrgb());
         }
 
-        /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public SamplerType QuerySamplerType(int handle, int cbufSlot)
-        {
-            _state.SpecializationState?.RecordTextureSamplerType(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
-            return GetTextureDescriptor(handle, cbufSlot).UnpackTextureTarget().ConvertSamplerType();
-        }
-
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public bool QueryTextureCoordNormalized(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorBase.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private int _reservedTextures;
         private int _reservedImages;
 
+        private int _staticTexturesCount;
+        private int _staticImagesCount;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new GPU accessor.
         /// </summary>
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             _reservedImages = rrc.ReservedImages;
         }
 
-        public int QueryBindingConstantBuffer(int index)
+        public int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -64,7 +67,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return binding + _reservedConstantBuffers;
         }
 
-        public int QueryBindingStorageBuffer(int index)
+        public int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            int binding;
+
+            if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
+            {
+                if (count == 1)
+                {
+                    int index = _staticImagesCount++;
+
+                    if (isBuffer)
+                    {
+                        index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage;
+                    }
+
+                    binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage * 2, "Image");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    binding = (int)GetDynamicBaseIndexDual(_context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage) + _resourceCounts.ImagesCount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                binding = _resourceCounts.ImagesCount;
+
+                _resourceCounts.ImagesCount += count;
+            }
+
+            return binding + _reservedImages;
+        }
+
+        public int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -80,48 +115,38 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return binding + _reservedStorageBuffers;
         }
 
-        public int QueryBindingTexture(int index, bool isBuffer)
+        public int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
         {
             int binding;
 
             if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
             {
-                if (isBuffer)
+                if (count == 1)
                 {
-                    index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage;
+                    int index = _staticTexturesCount++;
-                }
 
-                binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage * 2, "Texture");
+                    if (isBuffer)
+                    {
+                        index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage;
+                    }
+
+                    binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage * 2, "Texture");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    binding = (int)GetDynamicBaseIndexDual(_context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage) + _resourceCounts.TexturesCount++;
+                }
             }
             else
             {
-                binding = _resourceCounts.TexturesCount++;
+                binding = _resourceCounts.TexturesCount;
+
+                _resourceCounts.TexturesCount += count;
             }
 
             return binding + _reservedTextures;
         }
 
-        public int QueryBindingImage(int index, bool isBuffer)
-        {
-            int binding;
-
-            if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
-            {
-                if (isBuffer)
-                {
-                    index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage;
-                }
-
-                binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage * 2, "Image");
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                binding = _resourceCounts.ImagesCount++;
-            }
-
-            return binding + _reservedImages;
-        }
-
         private int GetBindingFromIndex(int index, uint maxPerStage, string resourceName)
         {
             if ((uint)index >= maxPerStage)
@@ -148,6 +173,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             };
         }
 
+        private static uint GetDynamicBaseIndexDual(uint maxPerStage)
+        {
+            return GetDynamicBaseIndex(maxPerStage) * 2;
+        }
+
+        private static uint GetDynamicBaseIndex(uint maxPerStage)
+        {
+            return maxPerStage * Constants.ShaderStages;
+        }
+
         public int QueryHostGatherBiasPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.GatherBiasPrecision;
 
         public bool QueryHostReducedPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.ReduceShaderPrecision;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderInfoBuilder.cs

@@ -132,6 +132,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.TextureAndSampler, ResourceType.BufferTexture, TextureSetIndex, textureBinding, texturesPerStage);
             AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.Image, ResourceType.BufferImage, ImageSetIndex, imageBinding, imagesPerStage);
 
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Images, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: true);
+
             AddUsage(info.CBuffers, stages, UniformSetIndex, isStorage: false);
             AddUsage(info.SBuffers, stages, StorageSetIndex, isStorage: true);
             AddUsage(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
@@ -169,6 +172,30 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             AddDescriptor(stages, type2, setIndex, binding + count, count);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds all array descriptors (those with an array length greater than one).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="textures">Textures to be added</param>
+        /// <param name="stages">Stages where the textures are used</param>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the textures will be bound</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">True for images, false for textures</param>
+        private void AddArrayDescriptors(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isImage)
+        {
+            foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
+            {
+                if (texture.ArrayLength > 1)
+                {
+                    bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
+
+                    ResourceType type = isBuffer
+                        ? (isImage ? ResourceType.BufferImage : ResourceType.BufferTexture)
+                        : (isImage ? ResourceType.Image : ResourceType.TextureAndSampler);
+
+                    _resourceDescriptors[setIndex].Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Adds buffer usage information to the list of usages.
         /// </summary>
@@ -181,7 +208,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             for (int index = 0; index < count; index++)
             {
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(binding + index, type, stages));
+                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(binding + index, 1, type, stages));
             }
         }
 
@@ -198,6 +225,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             {
                 _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(
                     buffer.Binding,
+                    1,
                     isStorage ? ResourceType.StorageBuffer : ResourceType.UniformBuffer,
                     stages));
             }
@@ -220,10 +248,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     ? (isImage ? ResourceType.BufferImage : ResourceType.BufferTexture)
                     : (isImage ? ResourceType.Image : ResourceType.TextureAndSampler);
 
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(
+                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
-                    texture.Binding,
-                    type,
-                    stages));
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderSpecializationState.cs

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             PrimitiveTopology = 1 << 1,
             TransformFeedback = 1 << 3,
+            TextureArrayFromBuffer = 1 << 4,
         }
 
         private QueriedStateFlags _queriedState;
@@ -153,6 +154,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         }
 
         private readonly Dictionary<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>> _textureSpecialization;
+        private readonly Dictionary<TextureKey, int> _textureArraySpecialization;
         private KeyValuePair<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>>[] _allTextures;
         private Box<TextureSpecializationState>[][] _textureByBinding;
         private Box<TextureSpecializationState>[][] _imageByBinding;
@@ -163,6 +165,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private ShaderSpecializationState()
         {
             _textureSpecialization = new Dictionary<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>>();
+            _textureArraySpecialization = new Dictionary<TextureKey, int>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -323,6 +326,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             state.Value.CoordNormalized = coordNormalized;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates that the coordinate normalization state of a given texture was used during the shader translation process.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
+        /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="length">Number of elements in the texture array</param>
+        public void RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot, int length)
+        {
+            _textureArraySpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)] = length;
+            _queriedState |= QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Indicates that the format of a given texture was used during the shader translation process.
         /// </summary>
@@ -379,6 +395,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot) != null;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if a given texture array (from constant buffer) was registerd on this specialization state.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
+        /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        public bool TextureArrayFromBufferRegistered(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            return _textureArraySpecialization.ContainsKey(new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot));
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the recorded format of a given texture.
         /// </summary>
@@ -413,6 +440,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).Value.CoordNormalized;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the recorded length of a given texture array (from constant buffer).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
+        /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        public int GetTextureArrayFromBufferLength(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            return _textureArraySpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)];
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets texture specialization state for a given texture, or create a new one if not present.
         /// </summary>
@@ -548,6 +586,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return Matches(channel, ref poolState, checkTextures, isCompute: false);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts special vertex attribute groups to their generic equivalents, for comparison purposes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="type">Vertex attribute type</param>
+        /// <returns>Filtered attribute</returns>
         private static AttributeType FilterAttributeType(GpuChannel channel, AttributeType type)
         {
             type &= ~(AttributeType.Packed | AttributeType.PackedRgb10A2Signed);
@@ -838,6 +882,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 specState._textureSpecialization[textureKey] = textureState;
             }
 
+            if (specState._queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer))
+            {
+                dataReader.Read(ref count);
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < count; index++)
+                {
+                    TextureKey textureKey = default;
+                    int length = 0;
+
+                    dataReader.ReadWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
+                    dataReader.Read(ref length);
+
+                    specState._textureArraySpecialization[textureKey] = length;
+                }
+            }
+
             return specState;
         }
 
@@ -902,6 +962,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 dataWriter.WriteWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
                 dataWriter.WriteWithMagicAndSize(ref textureState.Value, TexsMagic);
             }
+
+            if (_queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer))
+            {
+                count = (ushort)_textureArraySpecialization.Count;
+                dataWriter.Write(ref count);
+
+                foreach (var kv in _textureArraySpecialization)
+                {
+                    var textureKey = kv.Key;
+                    var length = kv.Value;
+
+                    dataWriter.WriteWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
+                    dataWriter.Write(ref length);
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/SmaaPostProcessingEffect.cs

@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Effects.Smaa
 
         public int Quality
         {
-            get => _quality; set
+            get => _quality;
+            set
             {
                 _quality = Math.Clamp(value, 0, _qualities.Length - 1);
             }
@@ -150,8 +151,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Effects.Smaa
             _areaTexture = new TextureStorage(_renderer, areaInfo);
             _searchTexture = new TextureStorage(_renderer, searchInfo);
 
-            var areaTexture = EmbeddedResources.Read("Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/Textures/SmaaAreaTexture.bin");
+            var areaTexture = EmbeddedResources.ReadFileToRentedMemory("Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/Textures/SmaaAreaTexture.bin");
-            var searchTexture = EmbeddedResources.Read("Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/Textures/SmaaSearchTexture.bin");
+            var searchTexture = EmbeddedResources.ReadFileToRentedMemory("Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/Textures/SmaaSearchTexture.bin");
 
             var areaView = _areaTexture.CreateDefaultView();
             var searchView = _searchTexture.CreateDefaultView();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/FormatConverter.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Numerics;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Runtime.Intrinsics;
@@ -8,9 +10,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
 {
     static class FormatConverter
     {
-        public unsafe static byte[] ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
+        public unsafe static IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
         {
-            byte[] output = new byte[data.Length];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> outputMemory = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(data.Length);
+
+            Span<byte> output = outputMemory.Memory.Span;
 
             int start = 0;
 
@@ -74,7 +78,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
                 outSpan[i] = BitOperations.RotateLeft(dataSpan[i], 8);
             }
 
-            return output;
+            return outputMemory;
         }
 
         public unsafe static byte[] ConvertD24S8ToS8D24(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/ImageArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
+{
+    class ImageArray : IImageArray
+    {
+        private record struct TextureRef
+        {
+            public int Handle;
+            public Format Format;
+        }
+
+        private readonly TextureRef[] _images;
+
+        public ImageArray(int size)
+        {
+            _images = new TextureRef[size];
+        }
+
+        public void SetFormats(int index, GAL.Format[] imageFormats)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < imageFormats.Length; i++)
+            {
+                _images[index + i].Format = imageFormats[i];
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void SetImages(int index, ITexture[] images)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < images.Length; i++)
+            {
+                ITexture image = images[i];
+
+                if (image is TextureBase imageBase)
+                {
+                    _images[index + i].Handle = imageBase.Handle;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _images[index + i].Handle = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Bind(int baseBinding)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < _images.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if (_images[i].Handle == 0)
+                {
+                    GL.BindImageTexture(baseBinding + i, 0, 0, true, 0, TextureAccess.ReadWrite, SizedInternalFormat.Rgba8);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    SizedInternalFormat format = FormatTable.GetImageFormat(_images[i].Format);
+
+                    if (format != 0)
+                    {
+                        GL.BindImageTexture(baseBinding + i, _images[i].Handle, 0, true, 0, TextureAccess.ReadWrite, format);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/TextureArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
+{
+    class TextureArray : ITextureArray
+    {
+        private record struct TextureRef
+        {
+            public TextureBase Texture;
+            public Sampler Sampler;
+        }
+
+        private readonly TextureRef[] _textureRefs;
+
+        public TextureArray(int size)
+        {
+            _textureRefs = new TextureRef[size];
+        }
+
+        public void SetSamplers(int index, ISampler[] samplers)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < samplers.Length; i++)
+            {
+                _textureRefs[index + i].Sampler = samplers[i] as Sampler;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void SetTextures(int index, ITexture[] textures)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < textures.Length; i++)
+            {
+                _textureRefs[index + i].Texture = textures[i] as TextureBase;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Bind(int baseBinding)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < _textureRefs.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if (_textureRefs[i].Texture != null)
+                {
+                    _textureRefs[i].Texture.Bind(baseBinding + i);
+                    _textureRefs[i].Sampler?.Bind(baseBinding + i);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    TextureBase.ClearBinding(baseBinding + i);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/TextureBuffer.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
 {
@@ -54,19 +54,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             throw new NotImplementedException();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            var dataSpan = data.AsSpan();
+            var dataSpan = data.Memory.Span;
 
             Buffer.SetData(_buffer, _bufferOffset, dataSpan[..Math.Min(dataSpan.Length, _bufferSize)]);
+
+            data.Dispose();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             throw new NotSupportedException();
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             throw new NotSupportedException();
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/TextureView.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
 using Ryujinx.Common;
-using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
@@ -448,70 +448,59 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             }
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            var dataSpan = data.AsSpan();
+            using (data = EnsureDataFormat(data))
-
-            if (Format == Format.S8UintD24Unorm)
             {
-                dataSpan = FormatConverter.ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(dataSpan);
+                unsafe
-            }
-
-            unsafe
-            {
-                fixed (byte* ptr = dataSpan)
                 {
-                    ReadFrom((IntPtr)ptr, dataSpan.Length);
+                    var dataSpan = data.Memory.Span;
+                    fixed (byte* ptr = dataSpan)
+                    {
+                        ReadFrom((IntPtr)ptr, dataSpan.Length);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
-            var dataSpan = data.AsSpan();
+            using (data = EnsureDataFormat(data))
-
-            if (Format == Format.S8UintD24Unorm)
             {
-                dataSpan = FormatConverter.ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(dataSpan);
+                unsafe
-            }
-
-            unsafe
-            {
-                fixed (byte* ptr = dataSpan)
                 {
-                    int width = Math.Max(Info.Width >> level, 1);
+                    fixed (byte* ptr = data.Memory.Span)
-                    int height = Math.Max(Info.Height >> level, 1);
+                    {
+                        int width = Math.Max(Info.Width >> level, 1);
+                        int height = Math.Max(Info.Height >> level, 1);
 
-                    ReadFrom2D((IntPtr)ptr, layer, level, 0, 0, width, height);
+                        ReadFrom2D((IntPtr)ptr, layer, level, 0, 0, width, height);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        public void SetData(SpanOrArray<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
-            var dataSpan = data.AsSpan();
+            using (data = EnsureDataFormat(data))
-
-            if (Format == Format.S8UintD24Unorm)
             {
-                dataSpan = FormatConverter.ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(dataSpan);
+                int wInBlocks = BitUtils.DivRoundUp(region.Width, Info.BlockWidth);
-            }
+                int hInBlocks = BitUtils.DivRoundUp(region.Height, Info.BlockHeight);
 
-            int wInBlocks = BitUtils.DivRoundUp(region.Width, Info.BlockWidth);
+                unsafe
-            int hInBlocks = BitUtils.DivRoundUp(region.Height, Info.BlockHeight);
-
-            unsafe
-            {
-                fixed (byte* ptr = dataSpan)
                 {
-                    ReadFrom2D(
+                    fixed (byte* ptr = data.Memory.Span)
-                        (IntPtr)ptr,
+                    {
-                        layer,
+                        ReadFrom2D(
-                        level,
+                            (IntPtr)ptr,
-                        region.X,
+                            layer,
-                        region.Y,
+                            level,
-                        region.Width,
+                            region.X,
-                        region.Height,
+                            region.Y,
-                        BitUtils.AlignUp(wInBlocks * Info.BytesPerPixel, 4) * hInBlocks);
+                            region.Width,
+                            region.Height,
+                            BitUtils.AlignUp(wInBlocks * Info.BytesPerPixel, 4) * hInBlocks);
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -533,6 +522,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             ReadFrom2D(data, layer, level, x, y, width, height, mipSize);
         }
 
+        private IMemoryOwner<byte> EnsureDataFormat(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
+        {
+            if (Format == Format.S8UintD24Unorm)
+            {
+                using (data)
+                {
+                    return FormatConverter.ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(data.Memory.Span);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return data;
+        }
+
         private void ReadFrom2D(IntPtr data, int layer, int level, int x, int y, int width, int height, int mipSize)
         {
             TextureTarget target = Target.Convert();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/OpenGLRenderer.cs

@@ -90,6 +90,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             throw new NotSupportedException();
         }
 
+        public IImageArray CreateImageArray(int size, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            return new ImageArray(size);
+        }
+
         public IProgram CreateProgram(ShaderSource[] shaders, ShaderInfo info)
         {
             return new Program(shaders, info.FragmentOutputMap);
@@ -112,6 +117,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             }
         }
 
+        public ITextureArray CreateTextureArray(int size, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            return new TextureArray(size);
+        }
+
         public void DeleteBuffer(BufferHandle buffer)
         {
             PersistentBuffers.Unmap(buffer);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Pipeline.cs

@@ -958,6 +958,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             }
         }
 
+        public void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array)
+        {
+            (array as ImageArray).Bind(binding);
+        }
+
         public void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type)
         {
             _elementsType = type.Convert();
@@ -1302,6 +1307,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             }
         }
 
+        public void SetTextureArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITextureArray array)
+        {
+            (array as TextureArray).Bind(binding);
+        }
 
         public void SetTransformFeedbackBuffers(ReadOnlySpan<BufferRange> buffers)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Declarations.cs

@@ -339,24 +339,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
 
         private static void DeclareSamplers(CodeGenContext context, IEnumerable<TextureDefinition> definitions)
         {
-            int arraySize = 0;
-
             foreach (var definition in definitions)
             {
-                string indexExpr = string.Empty;
+                string arrayDecl = string.Empty;
 
-                if (definition.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed))
+                if (definition.ArrayLength > 1)
                 {
-                    if (arraySize == 0)
+                    arrayDecl = $"[{NumberFormatter.FormatInt(definition.ArrayLength)}]";
-                    {
+                }
-                        arraySize = ResourceManager.SamplerArraySize;
+                else if (definition.ArrayLength == 0)
-                    }
+                {
-                    else if (--arraySize != 0)
+                    arrayDecl = "[]";
-                    {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    indexExpr = $"[{NumberFormatter.FormatInt(arraySize)}]";
                 }
 
                 string samplerTypeName = definition.Type.ToGlslSamplerType();
@@ -368,30 +361,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
                     layout = $", set = {definition.Set}";
                 }
 
-                context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {definition.Binding}{layout}) uniform {samplerTypeName} {definition.Name}{indexExpr};");
+                context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {definition.Binding}{layout}) uniform {samplerTypeName} {definition.Name}{arrayDecl};");
             }
         }
 
         private static void DeclareImages(CodeGenContext context, IEnumerable<TextureDefinition> definitions)
         {
-            int arraySize = 0;
-
             foreach (var definition in definitions)
             {
-                string indexExpr = string.Empty;
+                string arrayDecl = string.Empty;
 
-                if (definition.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed))
+                if (definition.ArrayLength > 1)
                 {
-                    if (arraySize == 0)
+                    arrayDecl = $"[{NumberFormatter.FormatInt(definition.ArrayLength)}]";
-                    {
+                }
-                        arraySize = ResourceManager.SamplerArraySize;
+                else if (definition.ArrayLength == 0)
-                    }
+                {
-                    else if (--arraySize != 0)
+                    arrayDecl = "[]";
-                    {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    indexExpr = $"[{NumberFormatter.FormatInt(arraySize)}]";
                 }
 
                 string imageTypeName = definition.Type.ToGlslImageType(definition.Format.GetComponentType());
@@ -413,7 +399,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
                     layout = $", set = {definition.Set}{layout}";
                 }
 
-                context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {definition.Binding}{layout}) uniform {imageTypeName} {definition.Name}{indexExpr};");
+                context.AppendLine($"layout (binding = {definition.Binding}{layout}) uniform {imageTypeName} {definition.Name}{arrayDecl};");
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGen.cs

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
             AggregateType type = GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 0);
 
-            string srcExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, src, type);
+            string srcExpr = GetSourceExpr(context, src, type);
             string zero;
 
             if (type == AggregateType.FP64)
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
                     for (int argIndex = operation.SourcesCount - arity + 2; argIndex < operation.SourcesCount; argIndex++)
                     {
-                        builder.Append($", {GetSoureExpr(context, operation.GetSource(argIndex), dstType)}");
+                        builder.Append($", {GetSourceExpr(context, operation.GetSource(argIndex), dstType)}");
                     }
                 }
                 else
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
                         AggregateType dstType = GetSrcVarType(inst, argIndex);
 
-                        builder.Append(GetSoureExpr(context, operation.GetSource(argIndex), dstType));
+                        builder.Append(GetSourceExpr(context, operation.GetSource(argIndex), dstType));
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
                 // Return may optionally have a return value (and in this case it is unary).
                 if (inst == Instruction.Return && operation.SourcesCount != 0)
                 {
-                    return $"{op} {GetSoureExpr(context, operation.GetSource(0), context.CurrentFunction.ReturnType)}";
+                    return $"{op} {GetSourceExpr(context, operation.GetSource(0), context.CurrentFunction.ReturnType)}";
                 }
 
                 int arity = (int)(info.Type & InstType.ArityMask);
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
                 {
                     IAstNode src = operation.GetSource(index);
 
-                    string srcExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, src, GetSrcVarType(inst, index));
+                    string srcExpr = GetSourceExpr(context, src, GetSrcVarType(inst, index));
 
                     bool isLhs = arity == 2 && index == 0;
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenBallot.cs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
         {
             AggregateType dstType = GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 0);
 
-            string arg = GetSoureExpr(context, operation.GetSource(0), dstType);
+            string arg = GetSourceExpr(context, operation.GetSource(0), dstType);
             char component = "xyzw"[operation.Index];
 
             if (context.HostCapabilities.SupportsShaderBallot)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenCall.cs

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
             for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
             {
-                args[i] = GetSoureExpr(context, operation.GetSource(i + 1), function.GetArgumentType(i));
+                args[i] = GetSourceExpr(context, operation.GetSource(i + 1), function.GetArgumentType(i));
             }
 
             return $"{function.Name}({string.Join(", ", args)})";

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenHelper.cs

@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             return _infoTable[(int)(inst & Instruction.Mask)];
         }
 
-        public static string GetSoureExpr(CodeGenContext context, IAstNode node, AggregateType dstType)
+        public static string GetSourceExpr(CodeGenContext context, IAstNode node, AggregateType dstType)
         {
             return ReinterpretCast(context, node, OperandManager.GetNodeDestType(context, node), dstType);
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenMemory.cs

@@ -14,35 +14,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
-
-            // TODO: Bindless texture support. For now we just return 0/do nothing.
-            if (isBindless)
-            {
-                switch (texOp.Inst)
-                {
-                    case Instruction.ImageStore:
-                        return "// imageStore(bindless)";
-                    case Instruction.ImageLoad:
-                        AggregateType componentType = texOp.Format.GetComponentType();
-
-                        NumberFormatter.TryFormat(0, componentType, out string imageConst);
-
-                        AggregateType outputType = texOp.GetVectorType(componentType);
-
-                        if ((outputType & AggregateType.ElementCountMask) != 0)
-                        {
-                            return $"{Declarations.GetVarTypeName(context, outputType, precise: false)}({imageConst})";
-                        }
-
-                        return imageConst;
-                    default:
-                        return NumberFormatter.FormatInt(0);
-                }
-            }
-
             bool isArray = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Array) != 0;
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
 
             var texCallBuilder = new StringBuilder();
 
@@ -70,21 +42,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
                 texCallBuilder.Append(texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageLoad ? "imageLoad" : "imageStore");
             }
 
-            int srcIndex = isBindless ? 1 : 0;
+            int srcIndex = 0;
 
             string Src(AggregateType type)
             {
-                return GetSoureExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++), type);
+                return GetSourceExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++), type);
             }
 
-            string indexExpr = null;
+            string imageName = GetImageName(context, texOp, ref srcIndex);
-
-            if (isIndexed)
-            {
-                indexExpr = Src(AggregateType.S32);
-            }
-
-            string imageName = GetImageName(context.Properties, texOp, indexExpr);
 
             texCallBuilder.Append('(');
             texCallBuilder.Append(imageName);
@@ -198,27 +163,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
+            int coordsIndex = 0;
 
-            bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
+            string samplerName = GetSamplerName(context, texOp, ref coordsIndex);
-
-            // TODO: Bindless texture support. For now we just return 0.
-            if (isBindless)
-            {
-                return NumberFormatter.FormatFloat(0);
-            }
-
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
-
-            string indexExpr = null;
-
-            if (isIndexed)
-            {
-                indexExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(0), AggregateType.S32);
-            }
-
-            string samplerName = GetSamplerName(context.Properties, texOp, indexExpr);
-
-            int coordsIndex = isBindless || isIndexed ? 1 : 0;
 
             string coordsExpr;
 
@@ -228,14 +175,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
                 for (int index = 0; index < coordsCount; index++)
                 {
-                    elems[index] = GetSoureExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(coordsIndex + index), AggregateType.FP32);
+                    elems[index] = GetSourceExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(coordsIndex + index), AggregateType.FP32);
                 }
 
                 coordsExpr = "vec" + coordsCount + "(" + string.Join(", ", elems) + ")";
             }
             else
             {
-                coordsExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(coordsIndex), AggregateType.FP32);
+                coordsExpr = GetSourceExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(coordsIndex), AggregateType.FP32);
             }
 
             return $"textureQueryLod({samplerName}, {coordsExpr}){GetMask(texOp.Index)}";
@@ -250,7 +197,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
             bool isGather = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Gather) != 0;
             bool hasDerivatives = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Derivatives) != 0;
             bool intCoords = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.IntCoords) != 0;
@@ -260,12 +206,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             bool hasOffsets = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Offsets) != 0;
 
             bool isArray = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Array) != 0;
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
             bool isMultisample = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Multisample) != 0;
             bool isShadow = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Shadow) != 0;
 
-            bool colorIsVector = isGather || !isShadow;
-
             SamplerType type = texOp.Type & SamplerType.Mask;
 
             bool is2D = type == SamplerType.Texture2D;
@@ -286,24 +229,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
                 hasLodLevel = false;
             }
 
-            // TODO: Bindless texture support. For now we just return 0.
-            if (isBindless)
-            {
-                string scalarValue = NumberFormatter.FormatFloat(0);
-
-                if (colorIsVector)
-                {
-                    AggregateType outputType = texOp.GetVectorType(AggregateType.FP32);
-
-                    if ((outputType & AggregateType.ElementCountMask) != 0)
-                    {
-                        return $"{Declarations.GetVarTypeName(context, outputType, precise: false)}({scalarValue})";
-                    }
-                }
-
-                return scalarValue;
-            }
-
             string texCall = intCoords ? "texelFetch" : "texture";
 
             if (isGather)
@@ -328,21 +253,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
                 texCall += "Offsets";
             }
 
-            int srcIndex = isBindless ? 1 : 0;
+            int srcIndex = 0;
 
             string Src(AggregateType type)
             {
-                return GetSoureExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++), type);
+                return GetSourceExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++), type);
             }
 
-            string indexExpr = null;
+            string samplerName = GetSamplerName(context, texOp, ref srcIndex);
-
-            if (isIndexed)
-            {
-                indexExpr = Src(AggregateType.S32);
-            }
-
-            string samplerName = GetSamplerName(context.Properties, texOp, indexExpr);
 
             texCall += "(" + samplerName;
 
@@ -512,6 +430,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
                 Append(Src(AggregateType.S32));
             }
 
+            bool colorIsVector = isGather || !isShadow;
+
             texCall += ")" + (colorIsVector ? GetMaskMultiDest(texOp.Index) : "");
 
             return texCall;
@@ -521,24 +441,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
+            int srcIndex = 0;
 
-            // TODO: Bindless texture support. For now we just return 0.
+            string samplerName = GetSamplerName(context, texOp, ref srcIndex);
-            if (isBindless)
-            {
-                return NumberFormatter.FormatInt(0);
-            }
-
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
-
-            string indexExpr = null;
-
-            if (isIndexed)
-            {
-                indexExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(0), AggregateType.S32);
-            }
-
-            string samplerName = GetSamplerName(context.Properties, texOp, indexExpr);
 
             return $"textureSamples({samplerName})";
         }
@@ -547,24 +452,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
+            int srcIndex = 0;
 
-            // TODO: Bindless texture support. For now we just return 0.
+            string samplerName = GetSamplerName(context, texOp, ref srcIndex);
-            if (isBindless)
-            {
-                return NumberFormatter.FormatInt(0);
-            }
-
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
-
-            string indexExpr = null;
-
-            if (isIndexed)
-            {
-                indexExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(0), AggregateType.S32);
-            }
-
-            string samplerName = GetSamplerName(context.Properties, texOp, indexExpr);
 
             if (texOp.Index == 3)
             {
@@ -578,9 +468,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
                 if (hasLod)
                 {
-                    int lodSrcIndex = isBindless || isIndexed ? 1 : 0;
+                    IAstNode lod = operation.GetSource(srcIndex);
-                    IAstNode lod = operation.GetSource(lodSrcIndex);
+                    string lodExpr = GetSourceExpr(context, lod, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, srcIndex));
-                    string lodExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, lod, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, lodSrcIndex));
 
                     texCall = $"textureSize({samplerName}, {lodExpr}){GetMask(texOp.Index)}";
                 }
@@ -697,12 +586,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
 
                         if (storageKind == StorageKind.Input)
                         {
-                            string expr = GetSoureExpr(context, operation.GetSource(srcIndex++), AggregateType.S32);
+                            string expr = GetSourceExpr(context, operation.GetSource(srcIndex++), AggregateType.S32);
                             varName = $"gl_in[{expr}].{varName}";
                         }
                         else if (storageKind == StorageKind.Output)
                         {
-                            string expr = GetSoureExpr(context, operation.GetSource(srcIndex++), AggregateType.S32);
+                            string expr = GetSourceExpr(context, operation.GetSource(srcIndex++), AggregateType.S32);
                             varName = $"gl_out[{expr}].{varName}";
                         }
                     }
@@ -735,38 +624,40 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    varName += $"[{GetSoureExpr(context, src, AggregateType.S32)}]";
+                    varName += $"[{GetSourceExpr(context, src, AggregateType.S32)}]";
                 }
             }
 
             if (isStore)
             {
                 varType &= AggregateType.ElementTypeMask;
-                varName = $"{varName} = {GetSoureExpr(context, operation.GetSource(srcIndex), varType)}";
+                varName = $"{varName} = {GetSourceExpr(context, operation.GetSource(srcIndex), varType)}";
             }
 
             return varName;
         }
 
-        private static string GetSamplerName(ShaderProperties resourceDefinitions, AstTextureOperation texOp, string indexExpr)
+        private static string GetSamplerName(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, ref int srcIndex)
         {
-            string name = resourceDefinitions.Textures[texOp.Binding].Name;
+            TextureDefinition definition = context.Properties.Textures[texOp.Binding];
+            string name = definition.Name;
 
-            if (texOp.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed))
+            if (definition.ArrayLength != 1)
             {
-                name = $"{name}[{indexExpr}]";
+                name = $"{name}[{GetSourceExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++), AggregateType.S32)}]";
             }
 
             return name;
         }
 
-        private static string GetImageName(ShaderProperties resourceDefinitions, AstTextureOperation texOp, string indexExpr)
+        private static string GetImageName(CodeGenContext context, AstTextureOperation texOp, ref int srcIndex)
         {
-            string name = resourceDefinitions.Images[texOp.Binding].Name;
+            TextureDefinition definition = context.Properties.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            string name = definition.Name;
 
-            if (texOp.Type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed))
+            if (definition.ArrayLength != 1)
             {
-                name = $"{name}[{indexExpr}]";
+                name = $"{name}[{GetSourceExpr(context, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++), AggregateType.S32)}]";
             }
 
             return name;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenPacking.cs

@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             IAstNode src0 = operation.GetSource(0);
             IAstNode src1 = operation.GetSource(1);
 
-            string src0Expr = GetSoureExpr(context, src0, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 0));
+            string src0Expr = GetSourceExpr(context, src0, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 0));
-            string src1Expr = GetSoureExpr(context, src1, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 1));
+            string src1Expr = GetSourceExpr(context, src1, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 1));
 
             return $"packDouble2x32(uvec2({src0Expr}, {src1Expr}))";
         }
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             IAstNode src0 = operation.GetSource(0);
             IAstNode src1 = operation.GetSource(1);
 
-            string src0Expr = GetSoureExpr(context, src0, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 0));
+            string src0Expr = GetSourceExpr(context, src0, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 0));
-            string src1Expr = GetSoureExpr(context, src1, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 1));
+            string src1Expr = GetSourceExpr(context, src1, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 1));
 
             return $"packHalf2x16(vec2({src0Expr}, {src1Expr}))";
         }
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
         {
             IAstNode src = operation.GetSource(0);
 
-            string srcExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, src, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 0));
+            string srcExpr = GetSourceExpr(context, src, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 0));
 
             return $"unpackDouble2x32({srcExpr}){GetMask(operation.Index)}";
         }
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
         {
             IAstNode src = operation.GetSource(0);
 
-            string srcExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, src, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 0));
+            string srcExpr = GetSourceExpr(context, src, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 0));
 
             return $"unpackHalf2x16({srcExpr}){GetMask(operation.Index)}";
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenShuffle.cs

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
     {
         public static string Shuffle(CodeGenContext context, AstOperation operation)
         {
-            string value = GetSoureExpr(context, operation.GetSource(0), AggregateType.FP32);
+            string value = GetSourceExpr(context, operation.GetSource(0), AggregateType.FP32);
-            string index = GetSoureExpr(context, operation.GetSource(1), AggregateType.U32);
+            string index = GetSourceExpr(context, operation.GetSource(1), AggregateType.U32);
 
             if (context.HostCapabilities.SupportsShaderBallot)
             {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/Instructions/InstGenVector.cs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             IAstNode vector = operation.GetSource(0);
             IAstNode index = operation.GetSource(1);
 
-            string vectorExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, vector, OperandManager.GetNodeDestType(context, vector));
+            string vectorExpr = GetSourceExpr(context, vector, OperandManager.GetNodeDestType(context, vector));
 
             if (index is AstOperand indexOperand && indexOperand.Type == OperandType.Constant)
             {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl.Instructions
             }
             else
             {
-                string indexExpr = GetSoureExpr(context, index, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 1));
+                string indexExpr = GetSourceExpr(context, index, GetSrcVarType(operation.Inst, 1));
 
                 return $"{vectorExpr}[{indexExpr}]";
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Glsl/OperandManager.cs

@@ -146,9 +146,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Glsl
                 }
                 else if (operation is AstTextureOperation texOp)
                 {
-                    if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageLoad ||
+                    if (texOp.Inst.IsImage())
-                        texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageStore ||
-                        texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageAtomic)
                     {
                         return texOp.GetVectorType(texOp.Format.GetComponentType());
                     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/CodeGenContext.cs

@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         public Dictionary<int, Instruction> SharedMemories { get; } = new();
 
         public Dictionary<int, SamplerType> SamplersTypes { get; } = new();
-        public Dictionary<int, (Instruction, Instruction, Instruction)> Samplers { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<int, SamplerDeclaration> Samplers { get; } = new();
-        public Dictionary<int, (Instruction, Instruction)> Images { get; } = new();
+        public Dictionary<int, ImageDeclaration> Images { get; } = new();
 
         public Dictionary<IoDefinition, Instruction> Inputs { get; } = new();
         public Dictionary<IoDefinition, Instruction> Outputs { get; } = new();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Declarations.cs

@@ -181,9 +181,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
                 var sampledImageType = context.TypeSampledImage(imageType);
                 var sampledImagePointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, sampledImageType);
-                var sampledImageVariable = context.Variable(sampledImagePointerType, StorageClass.UniformConstant);
+                var sampledImageArrayPointerType = sampledImagePointerType;
 
-                context.Samplers.Add(sampler.Binding, (imageType, sampledImageType, sampledImageVariable));
+                if (sampler.ArrayLength == 0)
+                {
+                    var sampledImageArrayType = context.TypeRuntimeArray(sampledImageType);
+                    sampledImageArrayPointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, sampledImageArrayType);
+                }
+                else if (sampler.ArrayLength != 1)
+                {
+                    var sampledImageArrayType = context.TypeArray(sampledImageType, context.Constant(context.TypeU32(), sampler.ArrayLength));
+                    sampledImageArrayPointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, sampledImageArrayType);
+                }
+
+                var sampledImageVariable = context.Variable(sampledImageArrayPointerType, StorageClass.UniformConstant);
+
+                context.Samplers.Add(sampler.Binding, new SamplerDeclaration(
+                    imageType,
+                    sampledImageType,
+                    sampledImagePointerType,
+                    sampledImageVariable,
+                    sampler.ArrayLength != 1));
                 context.SamplersTypes.Add(sampler.Binding, sampler.Type);
 
                 context.Name(sampledImageVariable, sampler.Name);
@@ -211,9 +229,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                     GetImageFormat(image.Format));
 
                 var imagePointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, imageType);
-                var imageVariable = context.Variable(imagePointerType, StorageClass.UniformConstant);
+                var imageArrayPointerType = imagePointerType;
 
-                context.Images.Add(image.Binding, (imageType, imageVariable));
+                if (image.ArrayLength == 0)
+                {
+                    var imageArrayType = context.TypeRuntimeArray(imageType);
+                    imageArrayPointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, imageArrayType);
+                }
+                else if (image.ArrayLength != 1)
+                {
+                    var imageArrayType = context.TypeArray(imageType, context.Constant(context.TypeU32(), image.ArrayLength));
+                    imageArrayPointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.UniformConstant, imageArrayType);
+                }
+
+                var imageVariable = context.Variable(imageArrayPointerType, StorageClass.UniformConstant);
+
+                context.Images.Add(image.Binding, new ImageDeclaration(imageType, imagePointerType, imageVariable, image.ArrayLength != 1));
 
                 context.Name(imageVariable, image.Name);
                 context.Decorate(imageVariable, Decoration.DescriptorSet, (LiteralInteger)setIndex);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/ImageDeclaration.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+using Spv.Generator;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
+{
+    readonly struct ImageDeclaration
+    {
+        public readonly Instruction ImageType;
+        public readonly Instruction ImagePointerType;
+        public readonly Instruction Image;
+        public readonly bool IsIndexed;
+
+        public ImageDeclaration(Instruction imageType, Instruction imagePointerType, Instruction image, bool isIndexed)
+        {
+            ImageType = imageType;
+            ImagePointerType = imagePointerType;
+            Image = image;
+            IsIndexed = isIndexed;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/Instructions.cs

@@ -591,34 +591,28 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
-
             var componentType = texOp.Format.GetComponentType();
 
-            // TODO: Bindless texture support. For now we just return 0/do nothing.
-            if (isBindless)
-            {
-                return new OperationResult(componentType, componentType switch
-                {
-                    AggregateType.S32 => context.Constant(context.TypeS32(), 0),
-                    AggregateType.U32 => context.Constant(context.TypeU32(), 0u),
-                    _ => context.Constant(context.TypeFP32(), 0f),
-                });
-            }
-
             bool isArray = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Array) != 0;
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
 
-            int srcIndex = isBindless ? 1 : 0;
+            int srcIndex = 0;
 
             SpvInstruction Src(AggregateType type)
             {
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            if (isIndexed)
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
+
+            SpvInstruction resultType = context.GetType(componentType);
+            SpvInstruction imagePointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.Image, resultType);
+
+            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
             {
-                Src(AggregateType.S32);
+                SpvInstruction textureIndex = Src(AggregateType.S32);
+
+                image = context.AccessChain(imagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
             }
 
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
@@ -646,14 +640,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             SpvInstruction value = Src(componentType);
 
-            (var imageType, var imageVariable) = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            var pointer = context.ImageTexelPointer(imagePointerType, image, pCoords, context.Constant(context.TypeU32(), 0));
-
-            context.Load(imageType, imageVariable);
-
-            SpvInstruction resultType = context.GetType(componentType);
-            SpvInstruction imagePointerType = context.TypePointer(StorageClass.Image, resultType);
-
-            var pointer = context.ImageTexelPointer(imagePointerType, imageVariable, pCoords, context.Constant(context.TypeU32(), 0));
             var one = context.Constant(context.TypeU32(), 1);
             var zero = context.Constant(context.TypeU32(), 0);
 
@@ -683,31 +670,29 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
-
             var componentType = texOp.Format.GetComponentType();
 
-            // TODO: Bindless texture support. For now we just return 0/do nothing.
-            if (isBindless)
-            {
-                return GetZeroOperationResult(context, texOp, componentType, isVector: true);
-            }
-
             bool isArray = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Array) != 0;
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
 
-            int srcIndex = isBindless ? 1 : 0;
+            int srcIndex = 0;
 
             SpvInstruction Src(AggregateType type)
             {
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            if (isIndexed)
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
+
+            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
             {
-                Src(AggregateType.S32);
+                SpvInstruction textureIndex = Src(AggregateType.S32);
+
+                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.ImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
             }
 
+            image = context.Load(declaration.ImageType, image);
+
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
 
             int pCount = coordsCount + (isArray ? 1 : 0);
@@ -731,9 +716,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 pCoords = Src(AggregateType.S32);
             }
 
-            (var imageType, var imageVariable) = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
-
-            var image = context.Load(imageType, imageVariable);
             var imageComponentType = context.GetType(componentType);
             var swizzledResultType = texOp.GetVectorType(componentType);
 
@@ -747,29 +729,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
-
-            // TODO: Bindless texture support. For now we just return 0/do nothing.
-            if (isBindless)
-            {
-                return OperationResult.Invalid;
-            }
-
             bool isArray = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Array) != 0;
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
 
-            int srcIndex = isBindless ? 1 : 0;
+            int srcIndex = 0;
 
             SpvInstruction Src(AggregateType type)
             {
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            if (isIndexed)
+            ImageDeclaration declaration = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
+            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
+
+            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
             {
-                Src(AggregateType.S32);
+                SpvInstruction textureIndex = Src(AggregateType.S32);
+
+                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.ImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
             }
 
+            image = context.Load(declaration.ImageType, image);
+
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
 
             int pCount = coordsCount + (isArray ? 1 : 0);
@@ -818,10 +798,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
             var texel = context.CompositeConstruct(context.TypeVector(context.GetType(componentType), ComponentsCount), cElems);
 
-            (var imageType, var imageVariable) = context.Images[texOp.Binding];
-
-            var image = context.Load(imageType, imageVariable);
-
             context.ImageWrite(image, pCoords, texel, ImageOperandsMask.MaskNone);
 
             return OperationResult.Invalid;
@@ -854,16 +830,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
-
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
-
-            // TODO: Bindless texture support. For now we just return 0.
-            if (isBindless)
-            {
-                return new OperationResult(AggregateType.S32, context.Constant(context.TypeS32(), 0));
-            }
-
             int srcIndex = 0;
 
             SpvInstruction Src(AggregateType type)
@@ -871,11 +837,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            if (isIndexed)
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
+
+            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
             {
-                Src(AggregateType.S32);
+                SpvInstruction textureIndex = Src(AggregateType.S32);
+
+                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
             }
 
+            image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
+
             int pCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
 
             SpvInstruction pCoords;
@@ -897,10 +870,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 pCoords = Src(AggregateType.FP32);
             }
 
-            (_, var sampledImageType, var sampledImageVariable) = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
-
-            var image = context.Load(sampledImageType, sampledImageVariable);
-
             var resultType = context.TypeVector(context.TypeFP32(), 2);
             var packed = context.ImageQueryLod(resultType, image, pCoords);
             var result = context.CompositeExtract(context.TypeFP32(), packed, (SpvLiteralInteger)texOp.Index);
@@ -1182,7 +1151,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
             bool isGather = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Gather) != 0;
             bool hasDerivatives = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Derivatives) != 0;
             bool intCoords = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.IntCoords) != 0;
@@ -1192,30 +1160,28 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             bool hasOffsets = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Offsets) != 0;
 
             bool isArray = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Array) != 0;
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
             bool isMultisample = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Multisample) != 0;
             bool isShadow = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Shadow) != 0;
 
-            bool colorIsVector = isGather || !isShadow;
+            int srcIndex = 0;
-
-            // TODO: Bindless texture support. For now we just return 0.
-            if (isBindless)
-            {
-                return GetZeroOperationResult(context, texOp, AggregateType.FP32, colorIsVector);
-            }
-
-            int srcIndex = isBindless ? 1 : 0;
 
             SpvInstruction Src(AggregateType type)
             {
                 return context.Get(type, texOp.GetSource(srcIndex++));
             }
 
-            if (isIndexed)
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
+
+            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
             {
-                Src(AggregateType.S32);
+                SpvInstruction textureIndex = Src(AggregateType.S32);
+
+                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
             }
 
+            image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
+
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
 
             int pCount = coordsCount;
@@ -1419,15 +1385,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
                 operandsList.Add(sample);
             }
 
+            bool colorIsVector = isGather || !isShadow;
+
             var resultType = colorIsVector ? context.TypeVector(context.TypeFP32(), 4) : context.TypeFP32();
 
-            (var imageType, var sampledImageType, var sampledImageVariable) = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
-
-            var image = context.Load(sampledImageType, sampledImageVariable);
-
             if (intCoords)
             {
-                image = context.Image(imageType, image);
+                image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
             }
 
             var operands = operandsList.ToArray();
@@ -1485,25 +1449,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
-            // TODO: Bindless texture support. For now we just return 0.
+            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
-            if (isBindless)
             {
-                return new OperationResult(AggregateType.S32, context.Constant(context.TypeS32(), 0));
+                SpvInstruction textureIndex = context.GetS32(texOp.GetSource(0));
+
+                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
             }
 
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
+            image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
-
+            image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
-            if (isIndexed)
-            {
-                context.GetS32(texOp.GetSource(0));
-            }
-
-            (var imageType, var sampledImageType, var sampledImageVariable) = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
-
-            var image = context.Load(sampledImageType, sampledImageVariable);
-            image = context.Image(imageType, image);
 
             SpvInstruction result = context.ImageQuerySamples(context.TypeS32(), image);
 
@@ -1514,25 +1471,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
         {
             AstTextureOperation texOp = (AstTextureOperation)operation;
 
-            bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
+            SamplerDeclaration declaration = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
+            SpvInstruction image = declaration.Image;
 
-            // TODO: Bindless texture support. For now we just return 0.
+            if (declaration.IsIndexed)
-            if (isBindless)
             {
-                return new OperationResult(AggregateType.S32, context.Constant(context.TypeS32(), 0));
+                SpvInstruction textureIndex = context.GetS32(texOp.GetSource(0));
+
+                image = context.AccessChain(declaration.SampledImagePointerType, image, textureIndex);
             }
 
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
+            image = context.Load(declaration.SampledImageType, image);
-
+            image = context.Image(declaration.ImageType, image);
-            if (isIndexed)
-            {
-                context.GetS32(texOp.GetSource(0));
-            }
-
-            (var imageType, var sampledImageType, var sampledImageVariable) = context.Samplers[texOp.Binding];
-
-            var image = context.Load(sampledImageType, sampledImageVariable);
-            image = context.Image(imageType, image);
 
             if (texOp.Index == 3)
             {
@@ -1556,7 +1506,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
 
                 if (hasLod)
                 {
-                    int lodSrcIndex = isBindless || isIndexed ? 1 : 0;
+                    int lodSrcIndex = declaration.IsIndexed ? 1 : 0;
                     var lod = context.GetS32(operation.GetSource(lodSrcIndex));
                     result = context.ImageQuerySizeLod(resultType, image, lod);
                 }
@@ -1929,38 +1879,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
             return context.Load(context.GetType(varType), context.Inputs[ioDefinition]);
         }
 
-        private static OperationResult GetZeroOperationResult(
-            CodeGenContext context,
-            AstTextureOperation texOp,
-            AggregateType scalarType,
-            bool isVector)
-        {
-            var zero = scalarType switch
-            {
-                AggregateType.S32 => context.Constant(context.TypeS32(), 0),
-                AggregateType.U32 => context.Constant(context.TypeU32(), 0u),
-                _ => context.Constant(context.TypeFP32(), 0f),
-            };
-
-            if (isVector)
-            {
-                AggregateType outputType = texOp.GetVectorType(scalarType);
-
-                if ((outputType & AggregateType.ElementCountMask) != 0)
-                {
-                    int componentsCount = BitOperations.PopCount((uint)texOp.Index);
-
-                    SpvInstruction[] values = new SpvInstruction[componentsCount];
-
-                    values.AsSpan().Fill(zero);
-
-                    return new OperationResult(outputType, context.ConstantComposite(context.GetType(outputType), values));
-                }
-            }
-
-            return new OperationResult(scalarType, zero);
-        }
-
         private static SpvInstruction GetSwizzledResult(CodeGenContext context, SpvInstruction vector, AggregateType swizzledResultType, int mask)
         {
             if ((swizzledResultType & AggregateType.ElementCountMask) != 0)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/CodeGen/Spirv/SamplerDeclaration.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+using Spv.Generator;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.CodeGen.Spirv
+{
+    readonly struct SamplerDeclaration
+    {
+        public readonly Instruction ImageType;
+        public readonly Instruction SampledImageType;
+        public readonly Instruction SampledImagePointerType;
+        public readonly Instruction Image;
+        public readonly bool IsIndexed;
+
+        public SamplerDeclaration(
+            Instruction imageType,
+            Instruction sampledImageType,
+            Instruction sampledImagePointerType,
+            Instruction image,
+            bool isIndexed)
+        {
+            ImageType = imageType;
+            SampledImageType = sampledImageType;
+            SampledImagePointerType = sampledImagePointerType;
+            Image = image;
+            IsIndexed = isIndexed;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -26,47 +26,42 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         /// <returns>Span of the memory location</returns>
         ReadOnlySpan<ulong> GetCode(ulong address, int minimumSize);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the size in bytes of a bound constant buffer for the current shader stage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="slot">The number of the constant buffer to get the size from</param>
+        /// <returns>Size in bytes</returns>
+        int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries the binding number of a constant buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="index">Constant buffer index</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int QueryBindingConstantBuffer(int index)
+        int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index);
-        {
+
-            return index + 1;
+        /// <summary>
-        }
+        /// Queries the binding number of an image.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="count">For array of images, the number of elements of the array, otherwise it should be 1</param>
+        /// <param name="isBuffer">Indicates if the image is a buffer image</param>
+        /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
+        int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries the binding number of a storage buffer.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="index">Storage buffer index</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int QueryBindingStorageBuffer(int index)
+        int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index);
-        {
-            return index;
-        }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries the binding number of a texture.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="index">Texture index</param>
+        /// <param name="count">For array of textures, the number of elements of the array, otherwise it should be 1</param>
         /// <param name="isBuffer">Indicates if the texture is a buffer texture</param>
         /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int QueryBindingTexture(int index, bool isBuffer)
+        int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer);
-        {
-            return index;
-        }
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Queries the binding number of an image.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="index">Image index</param>
-        /// <param name="isBuffer">Indicates if the image is a buffer image</param>
-        /// <returns>Binding number</returns>
-        int QueryBindingImage(int index, bool isBuffer)
-        {
-            return index;
-        }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Queries Local Size X for compute shaders.

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IntermediateRepresentation/Instruction.cs

@@ -161,5 +161,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             inst &= Instruction.Mask;
             return inst == Instruction.Lod || inst == Instruction.TextureQuerySamples || inst == Instruction.TextureQuerySize;
         }
+
+        public static bool IsImage(this Instruction inst)
+        {
+            inst &= Instruction.Mask;
+            return inst == Instruction.ImageAtomic || inst == Instruction.ImageLoad || inst == Instruction.ImageStore;
+        }
+
+        public static bool IsImageStore(this Instruction inst)
+        {
+            inst &= Instruction.Mask;
+            return inst == Instruction.ImageAtomic || inst == Instruction.ImageStore;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IntermediateRepresentation/Operation.cs

@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             }
             set
             {
-                if (value != null && value.Type == OperandType.LocalVariable)
-                {
-                    value.AsgOp = this;
-                }
-
                 if (value != null)
                 {
+                    if (value.Type == OperandType.LocalVariable)
+                    {
+                        value.AsgOp = this;
+                    }
+
                     _dests = new[] { value };
                 }
                 else

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/IntermediateRepresentation/TextureOperation.cs

@@ -26,9 +26,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation
             Binding = binding;
         }
 
-        public void TurnIntoIndexed(int binding)
+        public void TurnIntoArray(int binding)
         {
-            Type |= SamplerType.Indexed;
             Flags &= ~TextureFlags.Bindless;
             Binding = binding;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/SamplerType.cs

@@ -16,9 +16,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         Mask = 0xff,
 
         Array = 1 << 8,
-        Indexed = 1 << 9,
+        Multisample = 1 << 9,
-        Multisample = 1 << 10,
+        Shadow = 1 << 10,
-        Shadow = 1 << 11,
     }
 
     static class SamplerTypeExtensions
@@ -36,6 +35,36 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
             };
         }
 
+        public static string ToShortSamplerType(this SamplerType type)
+        {
+            string typeName = (type & SamplerType.Mask) switch
+            {
+                SamplerType.Texture1D => "1d",
+                SamplerType.TextureBuffer => "b",
+                SamplerType.Texture2D => "2d",
+                SamplerType.Texture3D => "3d",
+                SamplerType.TextureCube => "cube",
+                _ => throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid sampler type \"{type}\"."),
+            };
+
+            if ((type & SamplerType.Multisample) != 0)
+            {
+                typeName += "ms";
+            }
+
+            if ((type & SamplerType.Array) != 0)
+            {
+                typeName += "a";
+            }
+
+            if ((type & SamplerType.Shadow) != 0)
+            {
+                typeName += "s";
+            }
+
+            return typeName;
+        }
+
         public static string ToGlslSamplerType(this SamplerType type)
         {
             string typeName = (type & SamplerType.Mask) switch

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/StructuredIr/TextureDefinition.cs

@@ -4,15 +4,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
     {
         public int Set { get; }
         public int Binding { get; }
+        public int ArrayLength { get; }
         public string Name { get; }
         public SamplerType Type { get; }
         public TextureFormat Format { get; }
         public TextureUsageFlags Flags { get; }
 
-        public TextureDefinition(int set, int binding, string name, SamplerType type, TextureFormat format, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureDefinition(int set, int binding, int arrayLength, string name, SamplerType type, TextureFormat format, TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
+            ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             Name = name;
             Type = type;
             Format = format;
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
 
         public TextureDefinition SetFlag(TextureUsageFlags flag)
         {
-            return new TextureDefinition(Set, Binding, Name, Type, Format, Flags | flag);
+            return new TextureDefinition(Set, Binding, ArrayLength, Name, Type, Format, Flags | flag);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/TextureDescriptor.cs

@@ -11,16 +11,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
 
         public readonly int CbufSlot;
         public readonly int HandleIndex;
+        public readonly int ArrayLength;
 
         public readonly TextureUsageFlags Flags;
 
-        public TextureDescriptor(int binding, SamplerType type, TextureFormat format, int cbufSlot, int handleIndex, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureDescriptor(
+            int binding,
+            SamplerType type,
+            TextureFormat format,
+            int cbufSlot,
+            int handleIndex,
+            int arrayLength,
+            TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Binding = binding;
             Type = type;
             Format = format;
             CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
             HandleIndex = handleIndex;
+            ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             Flags = flags;
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/TextureHandle.cs

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
         {
             (int textureWordOffset, int samplerWordOffset, TextureHandleType handleType) = UnpackOffsets(wordOffset);
 
-            int handle = cachedTextureBuffer.Length != 0 ? cachedTextureBuffer[textureWordOffset] : 0;
+            int handle = textureWordOffset < cachedTextureBuffer.Length ? cachedTextureBuffer[textureWordOffset] : 0;
 
             // The "wordOffset" (which is really the immediate value used on texture instructions on the shader)
             // is a 13-bit value. However, in order to also support separate samplers and textures (which uses
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader
 
                 if (handleType != TextureHandleType.SeparateConstantSamplerHandle)
                 {
-                    samplerHandle = cachedSamplerBuffer.Length != 0 ? cachedSamplerBuffer[samplerWordOffset] : 0;
+                    samplerHandle = samplerWordOffset < cachedSamplerBuffer.Length ? cachedSamplerBuffer[samplerWordOffset] : 0;
                 }
                 else
                 {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessElimination.cs

@@ -15,8 +15,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
             // - The handle is a constant buffer value.
             // - The handle is the result of a bitwise OR logical operation.
             // - Both sources of the OR operation comes from a constant buffer.
-            for (LinkedListNode<INode> node = block.Operations.First; node != null; node = node.Next)
+            LinkedListNode<INode> nextNode;
+
+            for (LinkedListNode<INode> node = block.Operations.First; node != null; node = nextNode)
             {
+                nextNode = node.Next;
+
                 if (node.Value is not TextureOperation texOp)
                 {
                     continue;
@@ -27,185 +31,207 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.TextureSample || texOp.Inst.IsTextureQuery())
+                if (!TryConvertBindless(block, resourceManager, gpuAccessor, texOp))
                 {
-                    Operand bindlessHandle = texOp.GetSource(0);
+                    // If we can't do bindless elimination, remove the texture operation.
+                    // Set any destination variables to zero.
 
-                    // In some cases the compiler uses a shuffle operation to get the handle,
+                    for (int destIndex = 0; destIndex < texOp.DestsCount; destIndex++)
-                    // for some textureGrad implementations. In those cases, we can skip the shuffle.
-                    if (bindlessHandle.AsgOp is Operation shuffleOp && shuffleOp.Inst == Instruction.Shuffle)
                     {
-                        bindlessHandle = shuffleOp.GetSource(0);
+                        block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.Copy, texOp.GetDest(destIndex), OperandHelper.Const(0)));
                     }
 
-                    bindlessHandle = Utils.FindLastOperation(bindlessHandle, block);
+                    Utils.DeleteNode(node, texOp);
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
-                    // Some instructions do not encode an accurate sampler type:
+        private static bool TryConvertBindless(BasicBlock block, ResourceManager resourceManager, IGpuAccessor gpuAccessor, TextureOperation texOp)
-                    // - Most instructions uses the same type for 1D and Buffer.
+        {
-                    // - Query instructions may not have any type.
+            if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.TextureSample || texOp.Inst.IsTextureQuery())
-                    // For those cases, we need to try getting the type from current GPU state,
+            {
-                    // as long bindless elimination is successful and we know where the texture descriptor is located.
+                Operand bindlessHandle = texOp.GetSource(0);
-                    bool rewriteSamplerType =
-                        texOp.Type == SamplerType.TextureBuffer ||
-                        texOp.Inst == Instruction.TextureQuerySamples ||
-                        texOp.Inst == Instruction.TextureQuerySize;
 
-                    if (bindlessHandle.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
+                // In some cases the compiler uses a shuffle operation to get the handle,
+                // for some textureGrad implementations. In those cases, we can skip the shuffle.
+                if (bindlessHandle.AsgOp is Operation shuffleOp && shuffleOp.Inst == Instruction.Shuffle)
+                {
+                    bindlessHandle = shuffleOp.GetSource(0);
+                }
+
+                bindlessHandle = Utils.FindLastOperation(bindlessHandle, block);
+
+                // Some instructions do not encode an accurate sampler type:
+                // - Most instructions uses the same type for 1D and Buffer.
+                // - Query instructions may not have any type.
+                // For those cases, we need to try getting the type from current GPU state,
+                // as long bindless elimination is successful and we know where the texture descriptor is located.
+                bool rewriteSamplerType =
+                    texOp.Type == SamplerType.TextureBuffer ||
+                    texOp.Inst == Instruction.TextureQuerySamples ||
+                    texOp.Inst == Instruction.TextureQuerySize;
+
+                if (bindlessHandle.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
+                {
+                    SetHandle(
+                        resourceManager,
+                        gpuAccessor,
+                        texOp,
+                        bindlessHandle.GetCbufOffset(),
+                        bindlessHandle.GetCbufSlot(),
+                        rewriteSamplerType,
+                        isImage: false);
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                if (!TryGetOperation(bindlessHandle.AsgOp, out Operation handleCombineOp))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                if (handleCombineOp.Inst != Instruction.BitwiseOr)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                Operand src0 = Utils.FindLastOperation(handleCombineOp.GetSource(0), block);
+                Operand src1 = Utils.FindLastOperation(handleCombineOp.GetSource(1), block);
+
+                // For cases where we have a constant, ensure that the constant is always
+                // the second operand.
+                // Since this is a commutative operation, both are fine,
+                // and having a "canonical" representation simplifies some checks below.
+                if (src0.Type == OperandType.Constant && src1.Type != OperandType.Constant)
+                {
+                    (src0, src1) = (src1, src0);
+                }
+
+                TextureHandleType handleType = TextureHandleType.SeparateSamplerHandle;
+
+                // Try to match the following patterns:
+                // Masked pattern:
+                //  - samplerHandle = samplerHandle & 0xFFF00000;
+                //  - textureHandle = textureHandle & 0xFFFFF;
+                //  - combinedHandle = samplerHandle | textureHandle;
+                //  Where samplerHandle and textureHandle comes from a constant buffer.
+                // Shifted pattern:
+                //  - samplerHandle = samplerId << 20;
+                //  - combinedHandle = samplerHandle | textureHandle;
+                //  Where samplerId and textureHandle comes from a constant buffer.
+                // Constant pattern:
+                //  - combinedHandle = samplerHandleConstant | textureHandle;
+                //  Where samplerHandleConstant is a constant value, and textureHandle comes from a constant buffer.
+                if (src0.AsgOp is Operation src0AsgOp)
+                {
+                    if (src1.AsgOp is Operation src1AsgOp &&
+                        src0AsgOp.Inst == Instruction.BitwiseAnd &&
+                        src1AsgOp.Inst == Instruction.BitwiseAnd)
                     {
-                        SetHandle(
+                        src0 = GetSourceForMaskedHandle(src0AsgOp, 0xFFFFF);
-                            resourceManager,
+                        src1 = GetSourceForMaskedHandle(src1AsgOp, 0xFFF00000);
-                            gpuAccessor,
-                            texOp,
-                            bindlessHandle.GetCbufOffset(),
-                            bindlessHandle.GetCbufSlot(),
-                            rewriteSamplerType,
-                            isImage: false);
 
-                        continue;
+                        // The OR operation is commutative, so we can also try to swap the operands to get a match.
-                    }
+                        if (src0 == null || src1 == null)
-
-                    if (!TryGetOperation(bindlessHandle.AsgOp, out Operation handleCombineOp))
-                    {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    if (handleCombineOp.Inst != Instruction.BitwiseOr)
-                    {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    Operand src0 = Utils.FindLastOperation(handleCombineOp.GetSource(0), block);
-                    Operand src1 = Utils.FindLastOperation(handleCombineOp.GetSource(1), block);
-
-                    // For cases where we have a constant, ensure that the constant is always
-                    // the second operand.
-                    // Since this is a commutative operation, both are fine,
-                    // and having a "canonical" representation simplifies some checks below.
-                    if (src0.Type == OperandType.Constant && src1.Type != OperandType.Constant)
-                    {
-                        (src0, src1) = (src1, src0);
-                    }
-
-                    TextureHandleType handleType = TextureHandleType.SeparateSamplerHandle;
-
-                    // Try to match the following patterns:
-                    // Masked pattern:
-                    //  - samplerHandle = samplerHandle & 0xFFF00000;
-                    //  - textureHandle = textureHandle & 0xFFFFF;
-                    //  - combinedHandle = samplerHandle | textureHandle;
-                    //  Where samplerHandle and textureHandle comes from a constant buffer.
-                    // Shifted pattern:
-                    //  - samplerHandle = samplerId << 20;
-                    //  - combinedHandle = samplerHandle | textureHandle;
-                    //  Where samplerId and textureHandle comes from a constant buffer.
-                    // Constant pattern:
-                    //  - combinedHandle = samplerHandleConstant | textureHandle;
-                    //  Where samplerHandleConstant is a constant value, and textureHandle comes from a constant buffer.
-                    if (src0.AsgOp is Operation src0AsgOp)
-                    {
-                        if (src1.AsgOp is Operation src1AsgOp &&
-                            src0AsgOp.Inst == Instruction.BitwiseAnd &&
-                            src1AsgOp.Inst == Instruction.BitwiseAnd)
                         {
-                            src0 = GetSourceForMaskedHandle(src0AsgOp, 0xFFFFF);
+                            src0 = GetSourceForMaskedHandle(src1AsgOp, 0xFFFFF);
-                            src1 = GetSourceForMaskedHandle(src1AsgOp, 0xFFF00000);
+                            src1 = GetSourceForMaskedHandle(src0AsgOp, 0xFFF00000);
-
-                            // The OR operation is commutative, so we can also try to swap the operands to get a match.
-                            if (src0 == null || src1 == null)
-                            {
-                                src0 = GetSourceForMaskedHandle(src1AsgOp, 0xFFFFF);
-                                src1 = GetSourceForMaskedHandle(src0AsgOp, 0xFFF00000);
-                            }
-
-                            if (src0 == null || src1 == null)
-                            {
-                                continue;
-                            }
                         }
-                        else if (src0AsgOp.Inst == Instruction.ShiftLeft)
-                        {
-                            Operand shift = src0AsgOp.GetSource(1);
 
-                            if (shift.Type == OperandType.Constant && shift.Value == 20)
+                        if (src0 == null || src1 == null)
-                            {
+                        {
-                                src0 = src1;
+                            return false;
-                                src1 = src0AsgOp.GetSource(0);
-                                handleType = TextureHandleType.SeparateSamplerId;
-                            }
                         }
                     }
-                    else if (src1.AsgOp is Operation src1AsgOp && src1AsgOp.Inst == Instruction.ShiftLeft)
+                    else if (src0AsgOp.Inst == Instruction.ShiftLeft)
                     {
-                        Operand shift = src1AsgOp.GetSource(1);
+                        Operand shift = src0AsgOp.GetSource(1);
 
                         if (shift.Type == OperandType.Constant && shift.Value == 20)
                         {
-                            src1 = src1AsgOp.GetSource(0);
+                            src0 = src1;
+                            src1 = src0AsgOp.GetSource(0);
                             handleType = TextureHandleType.SeparateSamplerId;
                         }
                     }
-                    else if (src1.Type == OperandType.Constant && (src1.Value & 0xfffff) == 0)
+                }
-                    {
+                else if (src1.AsgOp is Operation src1AsgOp && src1AsgOp.Inst == Instruction.ShiftLeft)
-                        handleType = TextureHandleType.SeparateConstantSamplerHandle;
+                {
-                    }
+                    Operand shift = src1AsgOp.GetSource(1);
 
-                    if (src0.Type != OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
+                    if (shift.Type == OperandType.Constant && shift.Value == 20)
                     {
-                        continue;
+                        src1 = src1AsgOp.GetSource(0);
-                    }
+                        handleType = TextureHandleType.SeparateSamplerId;
-
-                    if (handleType == TextureHandleType.SeparateConstantSamplerHandle)
-                    {
-                        SetHandle(
-                            resourceManager,
-                            gpuAccessor,
-                            texOp,
-                            TextureHandle.PackOffsets(src0.GetCbufOffset(), ((src1.Value >> 20) & 0xfff), handleType),
-                            TextureHandle.PackSlots(src0.GetCbufSlot(), 0),
-                            rewriteSamplerType,
-                            isImage: false);
-                    }
-                    else if (src1.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
-                    {
-                        SetHandle(
-                            resourceManager,
-                            gpuAccessor,
-                            texOp,
-                            TextureHandle.PackOffsets(src0.GetCbufOffset(), src1.GetCbufOffset(), handleType),
-                            TextureHandle.PackSlots(src0.GetCbufSlot(), src1.GetCbufSlot()),
-                            rewriteSamplerType,
-                            isImage: false);
                     }
                 }
-                else if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageLoad ||
+                else if (src1.Type == OperandType.Constant && (src1.Value & 0xfffff) == 0)
-                         texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageStore ||
-                         texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageAtomic)
                 {
-                    Operand src0 = Utils.FindLastOperation(texOp.GetSource(0), block);
+                    handleType = TextureHandleType.SeparateConstantSamplerHandle;
+                }
 
-                    if (src0.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
+                if (src0.Type != OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
-                    {
+                {
-                        int cbufOffset = src0.GetCbufOffset();
+                    return false;
-                        int cbufSlot = src0.GetCbufSlot();
+                }
 
-                        if (texOp.Format == TextureFormat.Unknown)
+                if (handleType == TextureHandleType.SeparateConstantSamplerHandle)
-                        {
+                {
-                            if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageAtomic)
+                    SetHandle(
-                            {
+                        resourceManager,
-                                texOp.Format = ShaderProperties.GetTextureFormatAtomic(gpuAccessor, cbufOffset, cbufSlot);
+                        gpuAccessor,
-                            }
+                        texOp,
-                            else
+                        TextureHandle.PackOffsets(src0.GetCbufOffset(), ((src1.Value >> 20) & 0xfff), handleType),
-                            {
+                        TextureHandle.PackSlots(src0.GetCbufSlot(), 0),
-                                texOp.Format = ShaderProperties.GetTextureFormat(gpuAccessor, cbufOffset, cbufSlot);
+                        rewriteSamplerType,
-                            }
+                        isImage: false);
-                        }
 
-                        bool rewriteSamplerType = texOp.Type == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
+                    return true;
+                }
+                else if (src1.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
+                {
+                    SetHandle(
+                        resourceManager,
+                        gpuAccessor,
+                        texOp,
+                        TextureHandle.PackOffsets(src0.GetCbufOffset(), src1.GetCbufOffset(), handleType),
+                        TextureHandle.PackSlots(src0.GetCbufSlot(), src1.GetCbufSlot()),
+                        rewriteSamplerType,
+                        isImage: false);
 
-                        SetHandle(resourceManager, gpuAccessor, texOp, cbufOffset, cbufSlot, rewriteSamplerType, isImage: true);
+                    return true;
-                    }
                 }
             }
+            else if (texOp.Inst.IsImage())
+            {
+                Operand src0 = Utils.FindLastOperation(texOp.GetSource(0), block);
+
+                if (src0.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
+                {
+                    int cbufOffset = src0.GetCbufOffset();
+                    int cbufSlot = src0.GetCbufSlot();
+
+                    if (texOp.Format == TextureFormat.Unknown)
+                    {
+                        if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.ImageAtomic)
+                        {
+                            texOp.Format = ShaderProperties.GetTextureFormatAtomic(gpuAccessor, cbufOffset, cbufSlot);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            texOp.Format = ShaderProperties.GetTextureFormat(gpuAccessor, cbufOffset, cbufSlot);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    bool rewriteSamplerType = texOp.Type == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
+
+                    SetHandle(resourceManager, gpuAccessor, texOp, cbufOffset, cbufSlot, rewriteSamplerType, isImage: true);
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
         }
 
         private static bool TryGetOperation(INode asgOp, out Operation outOperation)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessToArray.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using static Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation.OperandHelper;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
+{
+    static class BindlessToArray
+    {
+        private const int NvnTextureBufferIndex = 2;
+        private const int HardcodedArrayLengthOgl = 4;
+
+        // 1 and 0 elements are not considered arrays anymore.
+        private const int MinimumArrayLength = 2;
+
+        public static void RunPassOgl(BasicBlock block, ResourceManager resourceManager)
+        {
+            // We can turn a bindless texture access into a indexed access,
+            // as long the following conditions are true:
+            // - The handle is loaded using a LDC instruction.
+            // - The handle is loaded from the constant buffer with the handles (CB2 for NVN).
+            // - The load has a constant offset.
+            // The base offset of the array of handles on the constant buffer is the constant offset.
+            for (LinkedListNode<INode> node = block.Operations.First; node != null; node = node.Next)
+            {
+                if (node.Value is not TextureOperation texOp)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if ((texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) == 0)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (texOp.GetSource(0).AsgOp is not Operation handleAsgOp)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (handleAsgOp.Inst != Instruction.Load ||
+                    handleAsgOp.StorageKind != StorageKind.ConstantBuffer ||
+                    handleAsgOp.SourcesCount != 4)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Operand ldcSrc0 = handleAsgOp.GetSource(0);
+
+                if (ldcSrc0.Type != OperandType.Constant ||
+                    !resourceManager.TryGetConstantBufferSlot(ldcSrc0.Value, out int src0CbufSlot) ||
+                    src0CbufSlot != NvnTextureBufferIndex)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Operand ldcSrc1 = handleAsgOp.GetSource(1);
+
+                // We expect field index 0 to be accessed.
+                if (ldcSrc1.Type != OperandType.Constant || ldcSrc1.Value != 0)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Operand ldcSrc2 = handleAsgOp.GetSource(2);
+
+                // FIXME: This is missing some checks, for example, a check to ensure that the shift value is 2.
+                // Might be not worth fixing since if that doesn't kick in, the result will be no texture
+                // to access anyway which is also wrong.
+                // Plus this whole transform is fundamentally flawed as-is since we have no way to know the array size.
+                // Eventually, this should be entirely removed in favor of a implementation that supports true bindless
+                // texture access.
+                if (ldcSrc2.AsgOp is not Operation shrOp || shrOp.Inst != Instruction.ShiftRightU32)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (shrOp.GetSource(0).AsgOp is not Operation shrOp2 || shrOp2.Inst != Instruction.ShiftRightU32)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (shrOp2.GetSource(0).AsgOp is not Operation addOp || addOp.Inst != Instruction.Add)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Operand addSrc1 = addOp.GetSource(1);
+
+                if (addSrc1.Type != OperandType.Constant)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                TurnIntoArray(resourceManager, texOp, NvnTextureBufferIndex, addSrc1.Value / 4, HardcodedArrayLengthOgl);
+
+                Operand index = Local();
+
+                Operand source = addOp.GetSource(0);
+
+                Operation shrBy3 = new(Instruction.ShiftRightU32, index, source, Const(3));
+
+                block.Operations.AddBefore(node, shrBy3);
+
+                texOp.SetSource(0, index);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RunPass(BasicBlock block, ResourceManager resourceManager, IGpuAccessor gpuAccessor)
+        {
+            // We can turn a bindless texture access into a indexed access,
+            // as long the following conditions are true:
+            // - The handle is loaded using a LDC instruction.
+            // - The handle is loaded from the constant buffer with the handles (CB2 for NVN).
+            // - The load has a constant offset.
+            // The base offset of the array of handles on the constant buffer is the constant offset.
+            for (LinkedListNode<INode> node = block.Operations.First; node != null; node = node.Next)
+            {
+                if (node.Value is not TextureOperation texOp)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if ((texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) == 0)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (texOp.GetSource(0).AsgOp is not Operation handleAsgOp)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                int secondaryCbufSlot = 0;
+                int secondaryCbufOffset = 0;
+                bool hasSecondaryHandle = false;
+
+                if (handleAsgOp.Inst == Instruction.BitwiseOr)
+                {
+                    Operand src0 = handleAsgOp.GetSource(0);
+                    Operand src1 = handleAsgOp.GetSource(1);
+
+                    if (src0.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer && src1.AsgOp is Operation)
+                    {
+                        handleAsgOp = src1.AsgOp as Operation;
+                        secondaryCbufSlot = src0.GetCbufSlot();
+                        secondaryCbufOffset = src0.GetCbufOffset();
+                        hasSecondaryHandle = true;
+                    }
+                    else if (src0.AsgOp is Operation && src1.Type == OperandType.ConstantBuffer)
+                    {
+                        handleAsgOp = src0.AsgOp as Operation;
+                        secondaryCbufSlot = src1.GetCbufSlot();
+                        secondaryCbufOffset = src1.GetCbufOffset();
+                        hasSecondaryHandle = true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (handleAsgOp.Inst != Instruction.Load ||
+                    handleAsgOp.StorageKind != StorageKind.ConstantBuffer ||
+                    handleAsgOp.SourcesCount != 4)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Operand ldcSrc0 = handleAsgOp.GetSource(0);
+
+                if (ldcSrc0.Type != OperandType.Constant ||
+                    !resourceManager.TryGetConstantBufferSlot(ldcSrc0.Value, out int src0CbufSlot))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Operand ldcSrc1 = handleAsgOp.GetSource(1);
+
+                // We expect field index 0 to be accessed.
+                if (ldcSrc1.Type != OperandType.Constant || ldcSrc1.Value != 0)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Operand ldcVecIndex = handleAsgOp.GetSource(2);
+                Operand ldcElemIndex = handleAsgOp.GetSource(3);
+
+                if (ldcVecIndex.Type != OperandType.LocalVariable || ldcElemIndex.Type != OperandType.LocalVariable)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                int cbufSlot;
+                int handleIndex;
+
+                if (hasSecondaryHandle)
+                {
+                    cbufSlot = TextureHandle.PackSlots(src0CbufSlot, secondaryCbufSlot);
+                    handleIndex = TextureHandle.PackOffsets(0, secondaryCbufOffset, TextureHandleType.SeparateSamplerHandle);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    cbufSlot = src0CbufSlot;
+                    handleIndex = 0;
+                }
+
+                int length = Math.Max(MinimumArrayLength, gpuAccessor.QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(src0CbufSlot));
+
+                TurnIntoArray(resourceManager, texOp, cbufSlot, handleIndex, length);
+
+                Operand vecIndex = Local();
+                Operand elemIndex = Local();
+                Operand index = Local();
+                Operand indexMin = Local();
+
+                block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.ShiftLeft, vecIndex, ldcVecIndex, Const(1)));
+                block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.ShiftRightU32, elemIndex, ldcElemIndex, Const(1)));
+                block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.Add, index, vecIndex, elemIndex));
+                block.Operations.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.MinimumU32, indexMin, index, Const(length - 1)));
+
+                texOp.SetSource(0, indexMin);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void TurnIntoArray(ResourceManager resourceManager, TextureOperation texOp, int cbufSlot, int handleIndex, int length)
+        {
+            int binding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
+                texOp.Inst,
+                texOp.Type,
+                texOp.Format,
+                texOp.Flags & ~TextureFlags.Bindless,
+                cbufSlot,
+                handleIndex,
+                length);
+
+            texOp.TurnIntoArray(binding);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/BindlessToIndexed.cs

@@ -1,118 +0,0 @@
-using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-
-using static Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.IntermediateRepresentation.OperandHelper;
-
-namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
-{
-    static class BindlessToIndexed
-    {
-        private const int NvnTextureBufferIndex = 2;
-
-        public static void RunPass(BasicBlock block, ResourceManager resourceManager)
-        {
-            // We can turn a bindless texture access into a indexed access,
-            // as long the following conditions are true:
-            // - The handle is loaded using a LDC instruction.
-            // - The handle is loaded from the constant buffer with the handles (CB2 for NVN).
-            // - The load has a constant offset.
-            // The base offset of the array of handles on the constant buffer is the constant offset.
-            for (LinkedListNode<INode> node = block.Operations.First; node != null; node = node.Next)
-            {
-                if (node.Value is not TextureOperation texOp)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                if ((texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) == 0)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                if (texOp.GetSource(0).AsgOp is not Operation handleAsgOp)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                if (handleAsgOp.Inst != Instruction.Load ||
-                    handleAsgOp.StorageKind != StorageKind.ConstantBuffer ||
-                    handleAsgOp.SourcesCount != 4)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                Operand ldcSrc0 = handleAsgOp.GetSource(0);
-
-                if (ldcSrc0.Type != OperandType.Constant ||
-                    !resourceManager.TryGetConstantBufferSlot(ldcSrc0.Value, out int src0CbufSlot) ||
-                    src0CbufSlot != NvnTextureBufferIndex)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                Operand ldcSrc1 = handleAsgOp.GetSource(1);
-
-                // We expect field index 0 to be accessed.
-                if (ldcSrc1.Type != OperandType.Constant || ldcSrc1.Value != 0)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                Operand ldcSrc2 = handleAsgOp.GetSource(2);
-
-                // FIXME: This is missing some checks, for example, a check to ensure that the shift value is 2.
-                // Might be not worth fixing since if that doesn't kick in, the result will be no texture
-                // to access anyway which is also wrong.
-                // Plus this whole transform is fundamentally flawed as-is since we have no way to know the array size.
-                // Eventually, this should be entirely removed in favor of a implementation that supports true bindless
-                // texture access.
-                if (ldcSrc2.AsgOp is not Operation shrOp || shrOp.Inst != Instruction.ShiftRightU32)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                if (shrOp.GetSource(0).AsgOp is not Operation shrOp2 || shrOp2.Inst != Instruction.ShiftRightU32)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                if (shrOp2.GetSource(0).AsgOp is not Operation addOp || addOp.Inst != Instruction.Add)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                Operand addSrc1 = addOp.GetSource(1);
-
-                if (addSrc1.Type != OperandType.Constant)
-                {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                TurnIntoIndexed(resourceManager, texOp, addSrc1.Value / 4);
-
-                Operand index = Local();
-
-                Operand source = addOp.GetSource(0);
-
-                Operation shrBy3 = new(Instruction.ShiftRightU32, index, source, Const(3));
-
-                block.Operations.AddBefore(node, shrBy3);
-
-                texOp.SetSource(0, index);
-            }
-        }
-
-        private static void TurnIntoIndexed(ResourceManager resourceManager, TextureOperation texOp, int handle)
-        {
-            int binding = resourceManager.GetTextureOrImageBinding(
-                texOp.Inst,
-                texOp.Type | SamplerType.Indexed,
-                texOp.Format,
-                texOp.Flags & ~TextureFlags.Bindless,
-                NvnTextureBufferIndex,
-                handle);
-
-            texOp.TurnIntoIndexed(binding);
-        }
-    }
-}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Optimizations/Optimizer.cs

@@ -20,7 +20,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Optimizations
             // Those passes are looking for specific patterns and only needs to run once.
             for (int blkIndex = 0; blkIndex < context.Blocks.Length; blkIndex++)
             {
-                BindlessToIndexed.RunPass(context.Blocks[blkIndex], context.ResourceManager);
+                if (context.TargetApi == TargetApi.OpenGL)
+                {
+                    BindlessToArray.RunPassOgl(context.Blocks[blkIndex], context.ResourceManager);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    BindlessToArray.RunPass(context.Blocks[blkIndex], context.ResourceManager, context.GpuAccessor);
+                }
+
                 BindlessElimination.RunPass(context.Blocks[blkIndex], context.ResourceManager, context.GpuAccessor);
 
                 // FragmentCoord only exists on fragment shaders, so we don't need to check other stages.

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/ResourceManager.cs

@@ -14,9 +14,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         private const int DefaultLocalMemorySize = 128;
         private const int DefaultSharedMemorySize = 4096;
 
-        // TODO: Non-hardcoded array size.
-        public const int SamplerArraySize = 4;
-
         private static readonly string[] _stagePrefixes = new string[] { "cp", "vp", "tcp", "tep", "gp", "fp" };
 
         private readonly IGpuAccessor _gpuAccessor;
@@ -32,7 +29,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
         private readonly HashSet<int> _usedConstantBufferBindings;
 
-        private readonly record struct TextureInfo(int CbufSlot, int Handle, bool Indexed, TextureFormat Format);
+        private readonly record struct TextureInfo(int CbufSlot, int Handle, int ArrayLength, SamplerType Type, TextureFormat Format);
 
         private struct TextureMeta
         {
@@ -152,7 +149,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             int binding = _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot];
             if (binding < 0)
             {
-                binding = _gpuAccessor.QueryBindingConstantBuffer(slot);
+                binding = _gpuAccessor.CreateConstantBufferBinding(slot);
                 _cbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = binding;
                 string slotNumber = slot.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
                 AddNewConstantBuffer(binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_c{slotNumber}");
@@ -173,7 +170,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
 
             if (binding < 0)
             {
-                binding = _gpuAccessor.QueryBindingStorageBuffer(slot);
+                binding = _gpuAccessor.CreateStorageBufferBinding(slot);
                 _sbSlotToBindingMap[slot] = binding;
                 string slotNumber = slot.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
                 AddNewStorageBuffer(binding, $"{_stagePrefix}_s{slotNumber}");
@@ -227,11 +224,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             TextureFormat format,
             TextureFlags flags,
             int cbufSlot,
-            int handle)
+            int handle,
+            int arrayLength = 1)
         {
             inst &= Instruction.Mask;
-            bool isImage = inst == Instruction.ImageLoad || inst == Instruction.ImageStore || inst == Instruction.ImageAtomic;
+            bool isImage = inst.IsImage();
-            bool isWrite = inst == Instruction.ImageStore || inst == Instruction.ImageAtomic;
+            bool isWrite = inst.IsImageStore();
             bool accurateType = !inst.IsTextureQuery();
             bool intCoords = isImage || flags.HasFlag(TextureFlags.IntCoords) || inst == Instruction.TextureQuerySize;
             bool coherent = flags.HasFlag(TextureFlags.Coherent);
@@ -241,7 +239,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 format = TextureFormat.Unknown;
             }
 
-            int binding = GetTextureOrImageBinding(cbufSlot, handle, type, format, isImage, intCoords, isWrite, accurateType, coherent);
+            int binding = GetTextureOrImageBinding(cbufSlot, handle, arrayLength, type, format, isImage, intCoords, isWrite, accurateType, coherent);
 
             _gpuAccessor.RegisterTexture(handle, cbufSlot);
 
@@ -251,6 +249,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         private int GetTextureOrImageBinding(
             int cbufSlot,
             int handle,
+            int arrayLength,
             SamplerType type,
             TextureFormat format,
             bool isImage,
@@ -260,7 +259,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             bool coherent)
         {
             var dimensions = type.GetDimensions();
-            var isIndexed = type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed);
             var dict = isImage ? _usedImages : _usedTextures;
 
             var usageFlags = TextureUsageFlags.None;
@@ -269,7 +267,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             {
                 usageFlags |= TextureUsageFlags.NeedsScaleValue;
 
-                var canScale = _stage.SupportsRenderScale() && !isIndexed && !write && dimensions == 2;
+                var canScale = _stage.SupportsRenderScale() && arrayLength == 1 && !write && dimensions == 2;
 
                 if (!canScale)
                 {
@@ -289,76 +287,75 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 usageFlags |= TextureUsageFlags.ImageCoherent;
             }
 
-            int arraySize = isIndexed ? SamplerArraySize : 1;
+            // For array textures, we also want to use type as key,
-            int firstBinding = -1;
+            // since we may have texture handles stores in the same buffer, but for textures with different types.
-
+            var keyType = arrayLength > 1 ? type : SamplerType.None;
-            for (int layer = 0; layer < arraySize; layer++)
+            var info = new TextureInfo(cbufSlot, handle, arrayLength, keyType, format);
+            var meta = new TextureMeta()
             {
-                var info = new TextureInfo(cbufSlot, handle + layer * 2, isIndexed, format);
+                AccurateType = accurateType,
-                var meta = new TextureMeta()
+                Type = type,
-                {
+                UsageFlags = usageFlags,
-                    AccurateType = accurateType,
+            };
-                    Type = type,
-                    UsageFlags = usageFlags,
-                };
 
-                int binding;
+            int binding;
 
-                if (dict.TryGetValue(info, out var existingMeta))
+            if (dict.TryGetValue(info, out var existingMeta))
-                {
+            {
-                    dict[info] = MergeTextureMeta(meta, existingMeta);
+                dict[info] = MergeTextureMeta(meta, existingMeta);
-                    binding = existingMeta.Binding;
+                binding = existingMeta.Binding;
-                }
+            }
-                else
+            else
-                {
+            {
-                    bool isBuffer = (type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
+                bool isBuffer = (type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
 
-                    binding = isImage
+                binding = isImage
-                        ? _gpuAccessor.QueryBindingImage(dict.Count, isBuffer)
+                    ? _gpuAccessor.CreateImageBinding(arrayLength, isBuffer)
-                        : _gpuAccessor.QueryBindingTexture(dict.Count, isBuffer);
+                    : _gpuAccessor.CreateTextureBinding(arrayLength, isBuffer);
 
-                    meta.Binding = binding;
+                meta.Binding = binding;
 
-                    dict.Add(info, meta);
+                dict.Add(info, meta);
-                }
-
-                string nameSuffix;
-
-                if (isImage)
-                {
-                    nameSuffix = cbufSlot < 0
-                        ? $"i_tcb_{handle:X}_{format.ToGlslFormat()}"
-                        : $"i_cb{cbufSlot}_{handle:X}_{format.ToGlslFormat()}";
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    nameSuffix = cbufSlot < 0 ? $"t_tcb_{handle:X}" : $"t_cb{cbufSlot}_{handle:X}";
-                }
-
-                var definition = new TextureDefinition(
-                    isImage ? 3 : 2,
-                    binding,
-                    $"{_stagePrefix}_{nameSuffix}",
-                    meta.Type,
-                    info.Format,
-                    meta.UsageFlags);
-
-                if (isImage)
-                {
-                    Properties.AddOrUpdateImage(definition);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(definition);
-                }
-
-                if (layer == 0)
-                {
-                    firstBinding = binding;
-                }
             }
 
-            return firstBinding;
+            string nameSuffix;
+            string prefix = isImage ? "i" : "t";
+
+            if (arrayLength != 1 && type != SamplerType.None)
+            {
+                prefix += type.ToShortSamplerType();
+            }
+
+            if (isImage)
+            {
+                nameSuffix = cbufSlot < 0
+                    ? $"{prefix}_tcb_{handle:X}_{format.ToGlslFormat()}"
+                    : $"{prefix}_cb{cbufSlot}_{handle:X}_{format.ToGlslFormat()}";
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                nameSuffix = cbufSlot < 0 ? $"{prefix}_tcb_{handle:X}" : $"{prefix}_cb{cbufSlot}_{handle:X}";
+            }
+
+            var definition = new TextureDefinition(
+                isImage ? 3 : 2,
+                binding,
+                arrayLength,
+                $"{_stagePrefix}_{nameSuffix}",
+                meta.Type,
+                info.Format,
+                meta.UsageFlags);
+
+            if (isImage)
+            {
+                Properties.AddOrUpdateImage(definition);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(definition);
+            }
+
+            return binding;
         }
 
         private static TextureMeta MergeTextureMeta(TextureMeta meta, TextureMeta existingMeta)
@@ -399,8 +396,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 selectedMeta.UsageFlags |= TextureUsageFlags.NeedsScaleValue;
 
                 var dimensions = type.GetDimensions();
-                var isIndexed = type.HasFlag(SamplerType.Indexed);
+                var canScale = _stage.SupportsRenderScale() && selectedInfo.ArrayLength == 1 && dimensions == 2;
-                var canScale = _stage.SupportsRenderScale() && !isIndexed && dimensions == 2;
 
                 if (!canScale)
                 {
@@ -468,34 +464,61 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             return descriptors;
         }
 
-        public TextureDescriptor[] GetTextureDescriptors()
+        public TextureDescriptor[] GetTextureDescriptors(bool includeArrays = true)
         {
-            return GetDescriptors(_usedTextures, _usedTextures.Count);
+            return GetDescriptors(_usedTextures, includeArrays);
         }
 
-        public TextureDescriptor[] GetImageDescriptors()
+        public TextureDescriptor[] GetImageDescriptors(bool includeArrays = true)
         {
-            return GetDescriptors(_usedImages, _usedImages.Count);
+            return GetDescriptors(_usedImages, includeArrays);
         }
 
-        private static TextureDescriptor[] GetDescriptors(IReadOnlyDictionary<TextureInfo, TextureMeta> usedResources, int count)
+        private static TextureDescriptor[] GetDescriptors(IReadOnlyDictionary<TextureInfo, TextureMeta> usedResources, bool includeArrays)
         {
-            TextureDescriptor[] descriptors = new TextureDescriptor[count];
+            List<TextureDescriptor> descriptors = new();
 
-            int descriptorIndex = 0;
+            bool hasAnyArray = false;
 
             foreach ((TextureInfo info, TextureMeta meta) in usedResources)
             {
-                descriptors[descriptorIndex++] = new TextureDescriptor(
+                if (info.ArrayLength > 1)
+                {
+                    hasAnyArray = true;
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                descriptors.Add(new TextureDescriptor(
                     meta.Binding,
                     meta.Type,
                     info.Format,
                     info.CbufSlot,
                     info.Handle,
-                    meta.UsageFlags);
+                    info.ArrayLength,
+                    meta.UsageFlags));
             }
 
-            return descriptors;
+            if (hasAnyArray && includeArrays)
+            {
+                foreach ((TextureInfo info, TextureMeta meta) in usedResources)
+                {
+                    if (info.ArrayLength <= 1)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    descriptors.Add(new TextureDescriptor(
+                        meta.Binding,
+                        meta.Type,
+                        info.Format,
+                        info.CbufSlot,
+                        info.Handle,
+                        info.ArrayLength,
+                        meta.UsageFlags));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return descriptors.ToArray();
         }
 
         public bool TryGetCbufSlotAndHandleForTexture(int binding, out int cbufSlot, out int handle)
@@ -531,6 +554,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             return FindDescriptorIndex(GetImageDescriptors(), binding);
         }
 
+        public bool IsArrayOfTexturesOrImages(int binding, bool isImage)
+        {
+            foreach ((TextureInfo info, TextureMeta meta) in isImage ? _usedImages : _usedTextures)
+            {
+                if (meta.Binding == binding)
+                {
+                    return info.ArrayLength != 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
         private void AddNewConstantBuffer(int binding, string name)
         {
             StructureType type = new(new[]

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/TransformContext.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
         public readonly ShaderDefinitions Definitions;
         public readonly ResourceManager ResourceManager;
         public readonly IGpuAccessor GpuAccessor;
+        public readonly TargetApi TargetApi;
         public readonly TargetLanguage TargetLanguage;
         public readonly ShaderStage Stage;
         public readonly ref FeatureFlags UsedFeatures;
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             ShaderDefinitions definitions,
             ResourceManager resourceManager,
             IGpuAccessor gpuAccessor,
+            TargetApi targetApi,
             TargetLanguage targetLanguage,
             ShaderStage stage,
             ref FeatureFlags usedFeatures)
@@ -28,6 +30,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
             Definitions = definitions;
             ResourceManager = resourceManager;
             GpuAccessor = gpuAccessor;
+            TargetApi = targetApi;
             TargetLanguage = targetLanguage;
             Stage = stage;
             UsedFeatures = ref usedFeatures;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/Transforms/TexturePass.cs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                 {
                     node = InsertCoordNormalization(context.Hfm, node, context.ResourceManager, context.GpuAccessor, context.Stage);
                     node = InsertCoordGatherBias(node, context.ResourceManager, context.GpuAccessor);
-                    node = InsertConstOffsets(node, context.GpuAccessor, context.Stage);
+                    node = InsertConstOffsets(node, context.ResourceManager, context.GpuAccessor, context.Stage);
 
                     if (texOp.Type == SamplerType.TextureBuffer && !context.GpuAccessor.QueryHostSupportsSnormBufferTextureFormat())
                     {
@@ -45,13 +45,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
 
             bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
             bool intCoords = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.IntCoords) != 0;
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
-
-            int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
-
-            int coordsIndex = isBindless || isIndexed ? 1 : 0;
 
             bool isImage = IsImageInstructionWithScale(texOp.Inst);
+            bool isIndexed = resourceManager.IsArrayOfTexturesOrImages(texOp.Binding, isImage);
 
             if ((texOp.Inst == Instruction.TextureSample || isImage) &&
                 (intCoords || isImage) &&
@@ -62,9 +58,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
             {
                 int functionId = hfm.GetOrCreateFunctionId(HelperFunctionName.TexelFetchScale);
                 int samplerIndex = isImage
-                    ? resourceManager.GetTextureDescriptors().Length + resourceManager.FindImageDescriptorIndex(texOp.Binding)
+                    ? resourceManager.GetTextureDescriptors(includeArrays: false).Length + resourceManager.FindImageDescriptorIndex(texOp.Binding)
                     : resourceManager.FindTextureDescriptorIndex(texOp.Binding);
 
+                int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
+                int coordsIndex = isBindless ? 1 : 0;
+
                 for (int index = 0; index < coordsCount; index++)
                 {
                     Operand scaledCoord = Local();
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
             TextureOperation texOp = (TextureOperation)node.Value;
 
             bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
+            bool isIndexed = resourceManager.IsArrayOfTexturesOrImages(texOp.Binding, isImage: false);
 
             if (texOp.Inst == Instruction.TextureQuerySize &&
                 texOp.Index < 2 &&
@@ -152,8 +151,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
             TextureOperation texOp = (TextureOperation)node.Value;
 
             bool isBindless = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.Bindless) != 0;
+            bool isIndexed = resourceManager.IsArrayOfTexturesOrImages(texOp.Binding, isImage: false);
 
-            if (isBindless || !resourceManager.TryGetCbufSlotAndHandleForTexture(texOp.Binding, out int cbufSlot, out int handle))
+            if (isBindless || isIndexed || !resourceManager.TryGetCbufSlotAndHandleForTexture(texOp.Binding, out int cbufSlot, out int handle))
             {
                 return node;
             }
@@ -167,10 +167,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                 return node;
             }
 
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
-
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
-            int coordsIndex = isBindless || isIndexed ? 1 : 0;
 
             int normCoordsCount = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureCube ? 2 : coordsCount;
 
@@ -178,16 +175,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
             {
                 Operand coordSize = Local();
 
-                Operand[] texSizeSources;
+                Operand[] texSizeSources = new Operand[] { Const(0) };
-
-                if (isBindless || isIndexed)
-                {
-                    texSizeSources = new Operand[] { texOp.GetSource(0), Const(0) };
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    texSizeSources = new Operand[] { Const(0) };
-                }
 
                 LinkedListNode<INode> textureSizeNode = node.List.AddBefore(node, new TextureOperation(
                     Instruction.TextureQuerySize,
@@ -201,13 +189,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
 
                 resourceManager.SetUsageFlagsForTextureQuery(texOp.Binding, texOp.Type);
 
-                Operand source = texOp.GetSource(coordsIndex + index);
+                Operand source = texOp.GetSource(index);
 
                 Operand coordNormalized = Local();
 
                 node.List.AddBefore(node, new Operation(Instruction.FP32 | Instruction.Divide, coordNormalized, source, GenerateI2f(node, coordSize)));
 
-                texOp.SetSource(coordsIndex + index, coordNormalized);
+                texOp.SetSource(index, coordNormalized);
 
                 InsertTextureSizeUnscale(hfm, textureSizeNode, resourceManager, stage);
             }
@@ -234,7 +222,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                 return node;
             }
 
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
+            bool isIndexed = resourceManager.IsArrayOfTexturesOrImages(texOp.Binding, isImage: false);
 
             int coordsCount = texOp.Type.GetDimensions();
             int coordsIndex = isBindless || isIndexed ? 1 : 0;
@@ -287,7 +275,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
             return node;
         }
 
-        private static LinkedListNode<INode> InsertConstOffsets(LinkedListNode<INode> node, IGpuAccessor gpuAccessor, ShaderStage stage)
+        private static LinkedListNode<INode> InsertConstOffsets(LinkedListNode<INode> node, ResourceManager resourceManager, IGpuAccessor gpuAccessor, ShaderStage stage)
         {
             // Non-constant texture offsets are not allowed (according to the spec),
             // however some GPUs does support that.
@@ -321,7 +309,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
             bool hasLodLevel = (texOp.Flags & TextureFlags.LodLevel) != 0;
 
             bool isArray = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Array) != 0;
-            bool isIndexed = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Indexed) != 0;
             bool isMultisample = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Multisample) != 0;
             bool isShadow = (texOp.Type & SamplerType.Shadow) != 0;
 
@@ -342,6 +329,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation.Transforms
                 offsetsCount = 0;
             }
 
+            bool isIndexed = resourceManager.IsArrayOfTexturesOrImages(texOp.Binding, isImage: false);
+
             Operand[] offsets = new Operand[offsetsCount];
             Operand[] sources = new Operand[texOp.SourcesCount - offsetsCount];
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Translation/TranslatorContext.cs

@@ -294,6 +294,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                         Definitions,
                         resourceManager,
                         GpuAccessor,
+                        Options.TargetApi,
                         Options.TargetLanguage,
                         Definitions.Stage,
                         ref usedFeatures);
@@ -412,7 +413,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 if (Stage == ShaderStage.Vertex)
                 {
                     int ibBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.IndexBufferTextureBinding;
-                    TextureDefinition indexBuffer = new(2, ibBinding, "ib_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None);
+                    TextureDefinition indexBuffer = new(2, ibBinding, 1, "ib_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None);
                     resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(indexBuffer);
 
                     int inputMap = _program.AttributeUsage.UsedInputAttributes;
@@ -421,7 +422,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                     {
                         int location = BitOperations.TrailingZeroCount(inputMap);
                         int binding = resourceManager.Reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(location);
-                        TextureDefinition vaBuffer = new(2, binding, $"vb_data{location}", SamplerType.TextureBuffer, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None);
+                        TextureDefinition vaBuffer = new(2, binding, 1, $"vb_data{location}", SamplerType.TextureBuffer, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None);
                         resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(vaBuffer);
 
                         inputMap &= ~(1 << location);
@@ -430,7 +431,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation
                 else if (Stage == ShaderStage.Geometry)
                 {
                     int trbBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.TopologyRemapBufferTextureBinding;
-                    TextureDefinition remapBuffer = new(2, trbBinding, "trb_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None);
+                    TextureDefinition remapBuffer = new(2, trbBinding, 1, "trb_data", SamplerType.TextureBuffer, TextureFormat.Unknown, TextureUsageFlags.None);
                     resourceManager.Properties.AddOrUpdateTexture(remapBuffer);
 
                     int geometryVbOutputSbBinding = resourceManager.Reservations.GeometryVertexOutputStorageBufferBinding;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture/Astc/AstcDecoder.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Utilities;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
@@ -291,16 +293,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture.Astc
             int depth,
             int levels,
             int layers,
-            out byte[] decoded)
+            out IMemoryOwner<byte> decoded)
         {
-            byte[] output = new byte[QueryDecompressedSize(width, height, depth, levels, layers)];
+            decoded = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(QueryDecompressedSize(width, height, depth, levels, layers));
 
-            AstcDecoder decoder = new(data, output, blockWidth, blockHeight, width, height, depth, levels, layers);
+            AstcDecoder decoder = new(data, decoded.Memory, blockWidth, blockHeight, width, height, depth, levels, layers);
 
             Enumerable.Range(0, decoder.TotalBlockCount).AsParallel().ForAll(x => decoder.ProcessBlock(x));
 
-            decoded = output;
-
             return decoder.Success;
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture/BCnDecoder.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Buffers;
 using System.Buffers.Binary;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Runtime.Intrinsics;
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
         private const int BlockWidth = 4;
         private const int BlockHeight = 4;
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC1(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC1(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -21,12 +23,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 size += Math.Max(1, width >> l) * Math.Max(1, height >> l) * Math.Max(1, depth >> l) * layers * 4;
             }
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
             Span<byte> tile = stackalloc byte[BlockWidth * BlockHeight * 4];
 
             Span<uint> tileAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(tile);
-            Span<uint> outputAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             Span<Vector128<byte>> tileAsVector128 = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, Vector128<byte>>(tile);
 
@@ -100,7 +102,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC2(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC2(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -109,12 +111,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 size += Math.Max(1, width >> l) * Math.Max(1, height >> l) * Math.Max(1, depth >> l) * layers * 4;
             }
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
             Span<byte> tile = stackalloc byte[BlockWidth * BlockHeight * 4];
 
             Span<uint> tileAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(tile);
-            Span<uint> outputAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             Span<Vector128<byte>> tileAsVector128 = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, Vector128<byte>>(tile);
 
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC3(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC3(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -204,13 +206,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 size += Math.Max(1, width >> l) * Math.Max(1, height >> l) * Math.Max(1, depth >> l) * layers * 4;
             }
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
             Span<byte> tile = stackalloc byte[BlockWidth * BlockHeight * 4];
             Span<byte> rPal = stackalloc byte[8];
 
             Span<uint> tileAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(tile);
-            Span<uint> outputAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output);
+            Span<uint> outputAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             Span<Vector128<byte>> tileAsVector128 = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, Vector128<byte>>(tile);
 
@@ -292,7 +294,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC4(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers, bool signed)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC4(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers, bool signed)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -304,8 +306,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             // Backends currently expect a stride alignment of 4 bytes, so output width must be aligned.
             int alignedWidth = BitUtils.AlignUp(width, 4);
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
-            Span<byte> outputSpan = new(output);
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = output.Memory.Span;
 
             ReadOnlySpan<ulong> data64 = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ulong>(data);
 
@@ -400,7 +402,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC5(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers, bool signed)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC5(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers, bool signed)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -412,7 +414,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             // Backends currently expect a stride alignment of 4 bytes, so output width must be aligned.
             int alignedWidth = BitUtils.AlignUp(width, 2);
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
 
             ReadOnlySpan<ulong> data64 = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ulong>(data);
 
@@ -421,7 +423,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             Span<byte> rPal = stackalloc byte[8];
             Span<byte> gPal = stackalloc byte[8];
 
-            Span<ushort> outputAsUshort = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ushort>(output);
+            Span<ushort> outputAsUshort = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ushort>(output.Memory.Span);
 
             Span<uint> rTileAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(rTile);
             Span<uint> gTileAsUint = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, uint>(gTile);
@@ -525,7 +527,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC6(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers, bool signed)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC6(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers, bool signed)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -534,7 +536,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 size += Math.Max(1, width >> l) * Math.Max(1, height >> l) * Math.Max(1, depth >> l) * layers * 8;
             }
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = output.Memory.Span;
 
             int inputOffset = 0;
             int outputOffset = 0;
@@ -548,7 +551,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 {
                     for (int z = 0; z < depth; z++)
                     {
-                        BC6Decoder.Decode(output.AsSpan()[outputOffset..], data[inputOffset..], width, height, signed);
+                        BC6Decoder.Decode(outputSpan[outputOffset..], data[inputOffset..], width, height, signed);
 
                         inputOffset += w * h * 16;
                         outputOffset += width * height * 8;
@@ -563,7 +566,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
             return output;
         }
 
-        public static byte[] DecodeBC7(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
+        public static IMemoryOwner<byte> DecodeBC7(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int width, int height, int depth, int levels, int layers)
         {
             int size = 0;
 
@@ -572,7 +575,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 size += Math.Max(1, width >> l) * Math.Max(1, height >> l) * Math.Max(1, depth >> l) * layers * 4;
             }
 
-            byte[] output = new byte[size];
+            IMemoryOwner<byte> output = ByteMemoryPool.Rent(size);
+            Span<byte> outputSpan = output.Memory.Span;
 
             int inputOffset = 0;
             int outputOffset = 0;
@@ -586,7 +590,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture
                 {
                     for (int z = 0; z < depth; z++)
                     {
-                        BC7Decoder.Decode(output.AsSpan()[outputOffset..], data[inputOffset..], width, height);
+                        BC7Decoder.Decode(outputSpan[outputOffset..], data[inputOffset..], width, height);
 
                         inputOffset += w * h * 16;
                         outputOffset += width * height * 4;